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Gu S, Yu J, Du L, Zhang D, Zhao L, Xie J. Characterization, Semirational Design for pH Robustness, and the Application in Bioactive Peptide Production of a X-Prolyl Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase from Lactococcus lactis MY-3. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7279-7290. [PMID: 38519413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
PepXLcMY-3, an X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase derived from Lactobacillus lactis MY-3, was screened and recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme could exhibit about 40% activity within the pH range of 6.0-10. To further improve the pH robustness, site E396 located in the active pocket was discovered through alanine scanning. The mutant E396I displayed both developed activity and kcat/Km. The optimal pH of E396I shifted from 6.0 to 10 compared to WT, with the relative activity within the pH range of 6.0-10 significantly increased. The site K648 was then proposed by semirational design. The activity of mutant E396I/K648D reached 4.03 U/mg. The optimal pH was restored to 6.0, and the pH stability was further improved. E396I/K648D could totally hydrolyze β-casomorphin 7 within 30 min. The hydrolysate showed 64.5% inhibition on angiotensin I converting enzyme, which was more efficient than those produced by E396I and WT, 23.2 and 44.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Supervision and Inspection on Food Products and Cosmetics Quality, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Daihui Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jingli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Kina T, Masuda T, Asahina K, Suzuki M. Composition of uterine milk and its changes with gestational period in red stingrays (Hemitrygon akajei). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:240-252. [PMID: 33651432 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uterine milk is secreted in the uterus for embryo nutrition in several elasmobranch species and may contribute to rapid embryonic growth, but the details of its composition and its functions are poorly understood. In this study, to explore the roles of uterine milk for embryos, its components throughout the gestational period were analysed in detail. Uterine milk was collected from pregnant red stingrays (Hemitrygon akajei) in the early, middle and late gestational periods, respectively (n= 3 for each period). The crude composition, constituent proteins and fatty acids in the milk were analysed. The uterine milk was rich in proteins throughout the gestational period, whereas lipids dramatically increased in the middle period and reduced slightly towards the late period. Some proteins potentially associated with nutrition, cartilage growth and embryonic immunity were found. Several enzymes related to central metabolism were also detected. The constituent fatty acids in the middle and late periods were similar to those in the egg yolks of elasmobranchs, except for C18:2, which was rich only in the uterine milk. The most abundant fatty acid in the milk was C16:1, which could function as a lipokine to promote lipid metabolism in the embryo. This study's data suggest that uterine milk may be secreted in addition to the egg yolk in elasmobranchs to support rapid and healthy embryonic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taito Kina
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Masuda
- Department of Animal Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Asahina
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Miwa Suzuki
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
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Summer A, Di Frangia F, Ajmone Marsan P, De Noni I, Malacarne M. Occurrence, biological properties and potential effects on human health of β-casomorphin 7: Current knowledge and concerns. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3705-3723. [PMID: 32033519 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1707157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variant A1 of bovine β-casein (β-Cn) presents a His residue at a position 67 of the mature protein. This feature makes the Ile66-His67 bond more vulnerable to enzymatic cleavage, determining the release of the peptide β-Cn f(60-66), named β-casomorphin 7 (BCM7). BCM7 is an opioid-agonist for μ receptors, and it has been hypothesized to be involved in the development of different non-transmissible diseases in humans. In the last decade, studies have provided additional results on the potential health impact of β-Cn A1 and BCM7. These studies, here reviewed, highlighted a relation between the consumption of β-Cn A1 (and its derivative BCM7) and the increase of inflammatory response as well as discomfort at the gastrointestinal level. Conversely, the role of BCM7 and the effects of ingestion of β-Cn A1 on the onset or worsening of other non-transmissible diseases as caused or favored by still need proof of evidence. Overall, the reviewed literature demonstrates that the "β-Cn A1/BCM7 issue" remains an intriguing but not exhaustively explained topic in human nutrition. On this basis, policies in favor of breeding for β-Cn variants not releasing BCM7 and consumption of "A1-like" milk appear not yet sound for a healthier and safer nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Summer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA) and Nutrigenomics and Proteomics Research Center (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ivano De Noni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Malacarne
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Cheng C, Wang X, Dong Z, Shao C, Yang Y, Fang W, Fang C, Wang H, Yang M, Jiang L, Zhou X, Song H. Aminopeptidase T of M29 Family Acts as A Novel Intracellular Virulence Factor for Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17370. [PMID: 26610705 PMCID: PMC4661694 DOI: 10.1038/srep17370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes employs a number of virulence determinants including metalloproteases to infect hosts. Here for the first time, we identified an M29 family aminopeptidase T (encoded by lmo1603) from L. monocytogenes that possesses a typical feature to catalyze the cleavage of amino acids from peptide substrates, with a preference for arginine. The purified recombinant Lmo1603 was activated by Fe3+, Zn2+ and Mn2+, but strongly stimulated by Co2+, indicating that Lmo1603 is a cobalt-dependent aminopeptidase. Single mutation at any of the Glu216, Glu281, His308, Tyr315, His327, and Asp329 completely abolished the enzymatic activity of Lmo1603. More importantly, we showed that Lmo1603 was mainly involved in Listeria infection, but not required for growth in rich laboratory medium and minimal defined medium. Disruption of Lmo1603 resulted in almost complete attenuation of Listeria virulence in a mouse infection model. In addition, we demonstrated that Lmo1603 was mainly localized in the bacterial cytosol and required for invasion and survival inside human epithelial cells and murine macrophages. We conclude that Lmo1603 encodes a functional aminopeptidase T of M29 family, which acts as a novel intracellular virulence factor essential in the successful establishment of L. monocytogenes infections in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 88 Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 88 Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China
| | - Zhimei Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 88 Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 88 Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China
| | - Yongchun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 88 Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 88 Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China.,Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Chun Fang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 88 Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China
| | - Menghua Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 88 Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Zhoushan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 555 Haijing Road, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Zhou
- Zhoushan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 555 Haijing Road, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P. R. China
| | - Houhui Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 88 Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China
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