Alternation of heart microRNA-mRNA network by high-intensity interval training and proanthocyanidin in myocardial ischemia rats: Artificial intelligence and validation experimental

Heart ischemia is an irreversible condition that occurs via decreased blood flow in vessels by genetic factors, molecular regulators, and environmental conditions. The microRNAs binding to 3´UTR of target genes can influence gene expression and play pivotal roles in several mechanisms identified as a potential biomarker to the pathogenesis. We have screened a pool of microRNAs and mRNAs according to their potential correlation to myocardial ischemia based on artificial intelligence. We constructed the hub genes and mRNA-microRNA networks by R programing language and in silico analysis. Moreover, we calculated the binding affinity of the 3D structure of proanthocyanidin on VEGFα and GATA4 to ameliorate heart tissue after ischemia. Then we treated rats with 300 mg/kg proanthocyanidins and exercised in different intensity and duration times (low, moderate, and high-intensity interval training) for 14 weeks. In the second step, after 14 weeks, isoproterenol hydrochloride was injected into the rats, and myocardial ischemia was induced. We indicated that VEGFα, GATA4, and GJA1 axis associated with miR-27a-3p, miR-499-5p, miR-206-3p, miR-208a-3p are regulatable after 14 weeks of exercise training and proanthocyanidin extract consumption and could prevent myocardial injuries in ischemia. Moreover, we revealed different intensity and duration times, and proanthocyanidin modulated the microRNA-mRNA interaction in rats with myocardial ischemia. Proanthocyanidin consumption as a bioactive compound may significantly ameliorate myocardial dysfunction and offset pathological hallmarks of myocardial ischemia. Moreover, exercise has protective effects on myocardial tissue by reprograming genes and genetic regulator factors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Complimentary medicine identified Proanthocyanidin and exercise are recognized as effective methods to prevent and improve Myocardial ischemia. According to medical biology servers, we explored the VEGFα, GATA4, and GJA1 axis associated with miR-27a-3p, miR-499-5p, miR-206-3p, miR-208a-3p as a vital pathomechanism of myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, proanthocyanidin extract is the effective compound that could has protective effects on myocardial tissue by reprograming genes and genetic regulator factors. Furthermore, proanthocyanidin and swimming training might recover myocardial dysfunction and regulate the hub genes and mRNA-microRNA networks.

Novel prevention insights into depletion of oxidative stress status through regular exercise and grape seed effective substance in heart ischemia rat model

Myocardial ischemia (MI) is recognized as the most frequent cardiovascular disease which is the dominant cause of global morbidity and mortality. Artificial intelligence tools and integrative data analysis revealed superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, gap junction protein α, myosin heavy chains, and zinc finger transcription factor GATA4 are engaged in oxidative stress and in cardiomyopathy. Network analysis indicated that MAPK3 might be the highest distribution property and cut point in this network, which could be a potential candidate for preventing and treating oxidative stress in heart tissue. Among antioxidant agents, grape seed extract (GSE) is an effective substance that altered antioxidant status in heart tissue. Considering drug discovery methods, we illustrated that GSE might target the MAPK3 protein with sufficient binding affinity. Moreover, we found that low- and moderate-intensity training might prevent the depletion of antioxidants after MI. GSE consumption altered the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase after 14 weeks. Therefore, the interaction of low- and moderate-intensity training and GSE had a synergistic effect on the antioxidant status and relative expression of the Mapk3. Moreover, the interaction of high-intensity training and GSE had a compensatory mechanism that could scavenge reactive oxygen species and improve endogenous antioxidants and modulate the Mapk3 level in MI rats. Consequently, we displayed positive influence and synergic effects of simultaneous GSE prescription and regular physical activity for 14 weeks to prevent acute and chronic heart ischemia cardioprotective phenomenon. Furthermore, the capacitation oxidative stress and relative expression of the Mapk3 was significantly increased by GSE and regular exercise.

Protective role of nutraceuticals against myocarditis

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium that mostly affects young adults. The disease is commonly caused by viral infection, medications, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Nearly 50% of the cases of myocarditis are due to post-viral immune response in a setting of an identifiable or non-identifiable infection. The clinical manifestation is nonspecific ranging from asymptomatic courses to sudden death in infants and young patients. This review describes the properties of phytochemicals as plant-derived active ingredients which can be used in the prevention and treatment of myocarditis and its associated risk factors. Meanwhile, it has illustrated epidemiological analyses, mechanism of action, and the metabolism of phytochemicals in animal and human clinical trials. We also mentioned the precise mechanism of action by which phytochemicals elicit their anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects and how they regulate signal transduction pathways. Nevertheless, comprehensive clinical trials are required to study the properties of phytochemicals in vivo, in vitro, and in silico for a proper management of myocarditis. Our findings indicate that phytochemicals function as potent adjunctive therapeutic drugs in myocarditis and its related complications.

Evaluation of the Cardiac Protection Conferred by Proanthocyanidins in Grape Seeds against Development of Ehrlich Solid Tumors in Mice

Examination of the antineoplastic effects of a range of chemical compounds is often undertaken via the transplantable tumor model of Ehrlich solid tumor (EST), which is a simulation of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore how cardiac toxicity, damage, oxidative stress, and changes in the expressions of TNFα and apoptotic P53 triggered by EST could be countered with grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPE). To that end, 50 female mice were used, with arbitrary and equal distribution into five groups, namely, the control group (G1), GSPE group (G2), EST group (G3), GSPE + EST (G4; cotreatment consisted of mice that received GSPE treatment at the beginning of EST induction over a period of 14 days), and EST + GSPE (G5; posttreatment consisted of mice with EST that received GSPE treatment for 14 days following the 14 days since the induction of EST). By comparison with the control group, the EST group had significantly higher levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), myoglobin, cardiac TBARS, nitric oxide (NO), total thiol and hydrogen peroxide, cardiac damage, and expression of P53 and TNFα. On the other hand, the EST group had significantly lower levels of cardiac catalase and total antioxidant (TAC) than the control group. Furthermore, better improvement in cardiac toxicity, oxidative stress, damage, apoptosis, and TNFα expressions was displayed by the cotreated (GSPE + EST) group than by the posttreated (EST + GSPE) group. This led to the conclusion that GSPE conferred cardiac protective and antioxidant effects against EST. This finding calls for more investigation on the benefits of grape seeds as adjuvant agents to prevent and treat cardiac toxicity.

Spontaneously occurring cardiovascular lesions in commonly used laboratory animals

The search for new chemical entities which are clinically effective and do not adversely affect the cardiovascular system is an ongoing objective. In vivo studies designed to detect potential drug-induced cardiovascular toxicity typically utilize both rodent and non-rodent species. An important component of such studies includes the microscopic evaluation of tissues for histopathologic changes. A factor which could potentially complicate this type of evaluation relates to the potential for laboratory animals to develop natural or spontaneous pathological cardiovascular lesions. Some types of these naturally occurring alterations are similar to those induced by chemical compounds and thus could confound accurate interpretation. Accurate morphologic analysis becomes contingent upon the ability to distinguish spontaneous cardiovascular changes from actual drug-induced lesions. A summary of some of the more frequently reported spontaneous cardiovascular alterations in commonly-used laboratory animals is presented below. Special emphasis is given to the spectrum of spontaneous background myocardial pathology that might be encountered during preclinical studies conducted to identify potential cardiotoxic actions of anticancer agents.