Influence of series of long-chain cationic surfactants on the quality characteristics of nano silica induced zinc phosphated mild steel

Mild steel panels were zinc phosphated employing environmentally safe nano silica as an accelerator and a series of four cationic surfactants as additives. The four cationic surfactants chosen were decyltriethyl ammonium bromide (C10TEAB), dodecyltriethyl ammonium bromide (C12TEAB), hexadecyltriethyl ammonium bromide (C16TEAB), and octadecyltriethyl ammonium bromide (C18TEAB). The length of the alkyl chain of the surfactant compounds influenced the quality of the coatings. The corrosion resistance of the coated panels was assessed using a salt spray test. The hydrophobicity of the coatings increased as the hydrocarbon chain length of the surfactants extended from C10 to C18. Porosity, adhesion, and roughness tests were used to examine the surface properties of the coated panels. The coating weight and thickness of the resultant coatings on the base metal were used to quantify coating quality. The results of the tests revealed that the presence of C16TEAB additive outperformed all other components in terms of coating efficiency, coating thickness, and corrosion inhibition performance. The optimal quantity of C18TEAB deposited had a maximum coating weight of 0.0430 g/mm2 that enhanced durability, appearance, and barrier qualities.

Carbon Dioxide Applications for Enhanced Oil Recovery Assisted by Nanoparticles: Recent Developments

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has received significant attention due to its potential to increase ultimate recovery from mature conventional oil reserves. CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (CO₂-EOR) helps to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by sequestering CO₂ in subterranean geological formations. CO₂-EOR has been exploited commercially over recent decades to improve recovery from light and medium gravity oil reservoirs in their later stages of development. CO₂ tends to be used in either continuous flooding or alternated flooding with water injection. Problems can arise in CO₂-flooded heterogeneous reservoirs, due to differential mobility of the fluid phases, causing viscous fingering and early CO₂ penetration to develop. This study reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques used for injecting CO₂ into subsurface reservoirs and the methods adopted in attempts to control CO₂ mobility. Recently developed methods are leading to improvements in CO₂-EOR results. In particular, the involvement of nanoparticles combined with surfactants can act to stabilize CO₂ foam, making it more effective in the reservoir from an EOR perspective. The potential to improve CO₂ flooding techniques and the challenges and uncertainties associated with achieving that objective are addressed.