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Mar Cammarata MD, Rey L, Torres V, Kindsvater R, Cánneva A, Sosa MD, Fascio M, D Accorso NB, Contin MD, Negri RM. Water-Polymer Slide Electrification in Polyethylene Films Coated with Amphiphilic Compounds and Its Connection to Surface Properties Dependent on Water-Polymer Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:21741-21757. [PMID: 39370729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Slide electrification experiments were performed on low-density polyethylene films (PE) and PE sprayed with five amphiphilic compounds, including antistatic and slip additives. Drops of aqueous solutions were delivered on the films and after sliding spontaneously acquired a net electrical charge (Qdrop), which is dependent on the pH and ionic strength. The slide electrification was detected in pristine PE films and those with five additives. An acid-base equilibrium model, based on the adsorption of hydroxides and protons on surface sites, accounted for the dependence of Qdrop on pH, allowing recovery of the acid-base equilibrium constants and the density of adsorption sites. The model was modified to account for ionic strength effects through activity factors. The surface conductivity, wettability, and friction coefficients were strongly modified by the additives. However, the observed trends are different from those observed in slide electrification, which better correlated with zeta potential determinations. This suggests that the interaction mechanisms among surface water, the considered additives, and the polymer, which are involved in slide electrification and the generation of zeta potential, are different from those associated with other surface processes involving surface water. Although additives are required for changing surface resistivity, friction coefficients, and wettability, the generation of sliding electrical charges in polyethylene is a spontaneous and highly effective process. For one specific additive, a simultaneous decrease in friction coefficients, zeta potential, and Qdrop was observed, assigned to the blockade of hydroxide adsorption sites and water repulsion by the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Cammarata
- Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
| | - Luciano Rey
- Ampacet South America S. R. L. Descartes 3947, Tortuguitas, Provincia de Buenos Aires (B1667AYM), B1667 Argentina
| | - Vanesa Torres
- Ampacet South America S. R. L. Descartes 3947, Tortuguitas, Provincia de Buenos Aires (B1667AYM), B1667 Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kindsvater
- Ampacet South America S. R. L. Descartes 3947, Tortuguitas, Provincia de Buenos Aires (B1667AYM), B1667 Argentina
| | - Antonela Cánneva
- YPF Tecnología S. A. Avda. del Petróleo Argentino, Berisso, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1925 Argentina
| | - Mariana D Sosa
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirta Fascio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
| | - Norma B D Accorso
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
| | - Mario D Contin
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Junín 954, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1113AAD), Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
| | - R Martín Negri
- Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
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Gubała D, Slastanova A, Matthews L, Islas L, Wąsik P, Cacho-Nerin F, Ferreira Sanchez D, Robles E, Chen M, Briscoe WH. Effects of Erucamide on Fiber "Softness": Linking Single-Fiber Crystal Structure and Mechanical Properties. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38334316 PMCID: PMC10883039 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Erucamide is known to play a critical role in modifying polymer fiber surface chemistry and morphology. However, its effects on fiber crystallinity and mechanical properties remain to be understood. Here, synchrotron nanofocused X-ray Diffraction (nXRD) revealed a bimodal orientation of the constituent polymer chains aligned along the fiber axis and cross-section, respectively. Erucamide promoted crystallinity in the fiber, leading to larger and more numerous lamellae crystallites. The nXRD nanostructual characterization is complemented by single-fiber uniaxial tensile tests, which showed that erucamide significantly affected fiber mechanical properties, decreasing fiber tensile strength and stiffness but enhancing fiber toughness, fracture strain, and ductility. To correlate these single-fiber nXRD and mechanical test results, we propose that erucamide mediated slip at the interfaces between crystallites and amorphous domains during stress-induced single-fiber crystallization, also decreasing the stress arising from the shear displacement of microfibrils and deformation of the macromolecular network. Linking the single-fiber crystal structure with the single-fiber mechanical properties, these findings provide the direct evidence on a single-fiber level for the role of erucamide in enhancing fiber "softness".
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Gubała
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Anna Slastanova
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Lauren Matthews
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
| | - Luisa Islas
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Patryk Wąsik
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
| | - Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | | | - Eric Robles
- Procter & Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle NE12 9TS, U.K
| | - Meng Chen
- Procter & Gamble Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., 35 Yu'an Rd, Shunyi District, Beijing 101312, China
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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Cammarata MDM, Contin MD, Negri RM, Factorovich MH. Diffusion Coefficients of Variable-Size Amphiphilic Additives in a Glass-Forming Polyethylene Matrix. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:312-328. [PMID: 38146058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion of additives in polymers is an important issue in the plastics industry since migratory-type molecules are widely used to tune the properties of polymeric composites. Predicting the diffusional behavior of new additives can minimize the need for repetitive experiments. This work presents molecular dynamics simulations at the microsecond time scale and uses the MARTINI force field to estimate self-diffusion coefficients, D, of six monounsaturated amides and their analogs carboxylic acids in polyethylene matrices (PE, MW = 5600 Da). The results are strongly influenced by the glass-forming properties of the PE matrix, which we characterize by three distinct temperatures. The metastability region (T < 325 K), the glass transition temperature (Tg = 256-260 K), and the end of the transition (T ≅ 200 K). Self-diffusion mechanisms are inferred from the results of the dependence of D on the molecular mass of the additive, observing a Rouse-like behavior at high temperatures and deviations from it within the metastability region of the matrix. Interestingly, D values are nonsensitive to the nature of the considered polar head for additives of similar size. The temperature-dependent behavior of D follows, at fixed additive size, a linear Arrhenius pattern at high temperatures and a super Arrhenius trend at lower temperatures, which is well represented with a power law equation as predicted by the Mode Coupling Theory (MCT). We offer a conceptual explanation for the observed super-Arrhenius behavior. This explanation draws on Truhlar and Kohen's interpretation of the available energies at both the initial and the transition states along the diffusion pathway. The matrix's mobility significantly affects solute self-diffusion, yielding equal activation enthalpies for the Arrhenius region or the same power law parameters for the super-Arrhenius regime. Finally, we establish a one-to-one time-equivalence of the self-diffusion processes between CG and all-atom systems for the largest additives and the PE matrix in the high-temperature regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Cammarata
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Mario D Contin
- Departamento de Ciencias Química, Catedra de Química Analítica. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - R Martín Negri
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Matias H Factorovich
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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Melkar A, Kumar R, Singh VP, Singh P, Samanta S, Banerjee S. Effect of antiblock and slip additives on the properties of tubular quenched polypropylene film. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the present investigation, silica and talc were used as antiblock additives with slip additive to investigate their effects on tubular quenched polypropylene (TQPP) film properties. Polypropylene (PP) powder was compounded with additives in twin-screw extruder and subsequently processed through TQPP machine to prepare the films. Tear and tensile properties [in machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD)] and surface properties of the produced TQPP films were investigated in terms of optics and coefficient of friction (CoF). The effect of conditioning time on CoF was also studied. Addition of slip agent alone to PP did not show any significant change in tear strength, CoF and tensile properties, whereas CoF reduced drastically by adding both slip and antiblock agents in combination. Reduction in CoF values were found to be more pronounced in the presence of silica-based antiblock compared to talc-based antiblock. Film surface morphology was further examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The tear strength and the gloss of TQPP film decreased slightly in presence of only antiblock agents, but the tensile strength was found to increase. It was also found that tensile properties of TQPP films were superior in silica-based formulation, whereas tear strength was better in talc-based formulation in MD and TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwith Melkar
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. (HMEL) , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida , Uttar Pradesh 201301 , India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. (HMEL) , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida , Uttar Pradesh 201301 , India
| | - Vishwa Pratap Singh
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. (HMEL) , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida , Uttar Pradesh 201301 , India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. (HMEL) , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida , Uttar Pradesh 201301 , India
| | - Satyajit Samanta
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. (HMEL) , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida , Uttar Pradesh 201301 , India
| | - Saikat Banerjee
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. (HMEL) , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida , Uttar Pradesh 201301 , India
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Gubała D, Taylor N, Harniman R, Rawle J, Hussain H, Robles E, Chen M, Briscoe WH. Structure, Nanomechanical Properties, and Wettability of Organized Erucamide Layers on a Polypropylene Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6521-6532. [PMID: 34015220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nanostructure and nanomechanical properties of surface layers of erucamide, in particular the molecular orientation of the outermost layer, is important to its widespread use as a slip additive in polymer materials. Extending our recent observations of nanomorphologies of erucamide layers on a hydrophilic silica substrate, here we evaluate its nanostructure on a more hydrophobic polypropylene surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging revealed the molecular packing, thickness, and surface coverage of the erucamide layers, while peak force quantitative nanomechanical mapping (QNM) showed that erucamide reduced the adhesive response on polypropylene. Synchrotron X-ray reflectivity (XRR) was used to probe the out-of-plane structure of the surface layers. Static contact angle measurements further corroborated on the resulting wettability, also demonstrating the efficacy of erucamide physisorption in facilitating control over polypropylene surface wetting. The results show the formation of erucamide monolayers, bilayers and multilayers, depending on the concentration in the spin-cast solution. Correlation of AFM, XRR and wettability results consistently points to the molecular orientation in the outermost layer, i.e. with the erucamide tails pointing outward for the surface nanostructures with different morphologies (i.e., bilayers and multilayers). Rare occurrence of monolayers with exposed hydrophilic head groups were observed only at the lowest erucamide concentration. Compared with our previous observations on the hydrophilic surface, the erucamide surface coverage was much higher on the more hydrophobic propylene surface at similar erucamide concentrations in the spin-cast solution. Furthermore, the structure, molecular orientation and nanomechanical properties of the spin-cast erucamide multilayers atop polypropylene were also similar to those on industrially relevant polypropylene fibers coated with erucamide via blooming. These findings shed light on the nanostructural features of the erucamide surface layer underpinning its nanomechanical properties, relevant to many applications in which erucamide is commonly used as a slip additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Gubała
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Harniman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rawle
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Hadeel Hussain
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Robles
- Household Care Analytical, Procter & Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle NE12 9TS, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Chen
- Procter & Gamble Beijing Innovation Centre, 35 Yu'an Rd, Shunyi District, Beijing 101312, China
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Estimation of Dietary Exposure to Contaminants Transferred from the Packaging in Fatty Dry Foods Based on Cereals. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081038. [PMID: 32752291 PMCID: PMC7466214 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food packaging has received special attention from the food safety standpoint since it could be a potential source of contamination through the migration of chemical substances from the packaging material into food. The assessment of the exposure through the diet to these contaminants from food packaging is necessary. In this work, an estimation of dietary exposure of the young Spanish population (1–17 years) to target chemicals from packaging for fatty dried foods based on cereals was assessed. For this purpose, a gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was developed for screening of volatile and semivolatile compounds, potential migrants from the packaging. Then, this technique was used to quantify 8 target analytes, which were previously identified in the packaging (including phthalates, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and octocrylene), in composite food samples of fatty cereals prepared according to the consumption data for different age groups. Among the phthalates, exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP) was the highest for the three groups considered (0.0761–0.545 µg/kg body weight/day), followed by bis(2-ethylhxyl)phathalate (DEHP), while the lowest mean intake was found for di-n-octyl phathalate (DNOP; 0.00463–0.0209 µg/kg body weight/day). The estimated dietary exposures did not exceed for any of the analytes the corresponding established tolerable daily intakes.
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Dulal N, Shanks R, Gengenbach T, Gill H, Chalmers D, Adhikari B, Pardo Martinez I. Slip-additive migration, surface morphology, and performance on injection moulded high-density polyethylene closures. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hernández Velázquez JD, Barroso-Flores J, Gama Goicochea A. Ab Initio Modeling Of Friction Reducing Agents Shows Quantum Mechanical Interactions Can Have Macroscopic Manifestation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9244-9248. [PMID: 27800689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two of the most commonly encountered friction-reducing agents used in plastic sheet production are the amides known as erucamide and behenamide, which despite being almost identical chemically, lead to markedly different values of the friction coefficient. To understand the origin of this contrasting behavior, in this work we model brushes made of these two types of linear-chain molecules using quantum mechanical numerical simulations under the density functional theory at the B97D/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Four chains of erucamide and behenamide were linked to a 2 × 10 zigzag graphene sheet and optimized both in vacuum and in continuous solvent using the SMD implicit solvation model. We find that erucamide chains tend to remain closer together through π-π stacking interactions arising from the double bonds located at C13-C14, a feature behenamide lacks, and thus a more spread configuration is obtained with the latter. It is argued that this arrangement of the erucamide chains is responsible for the lower friction coefficient of erucamide brushes, compared with behenamide brushes, which is a macroscopic consequence of cooperative quantum mechanical interactions. While only quantum level interactions are modeled here, we show that behenamide chains are more spread out in the brush than erucamide chains as a consequence of those interactions. The spread-out configuration allows more solvent particles to penetrate the brush, leading in turn to more friction, in agreement with macroscopic measurements and mesoscale simulations of the friction coefficient reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Hernández Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - J Barroso-Flores
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM , Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano-Toluca 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - A Gama Goicochea
- División de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec , Av. Tecnológico s/n, Ecatepec 55210, Estado de México, Mexico
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