Dietary Nutrient Patterns and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study from Iran

Let food be your medicine - dietary fiber

Dietary fiber (DF) cannot be digested and absorbed by the digestive tract, nor can it provide the energy needed to be burned for metabolic activities. Therefore, from the 1950s to the 1980s, DF received little attention in nutrition studies. With in-depth research and developments in global nutrition, people have gradually paid attention to the fact that DF occupies an essential position in the structure of nutrition, and it can ensure the healthy development of human beings. As early as 390 B.C., the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates proposed, "Let your food be your medicine, and your medicine be your food". This concept has been more systematically validated in modern scientific research, with numerous epidemiological studies showing that the dietary intake of DF-rich foods such as whole grains, root vegetables, legumes, and fruits has the potential to regulate the balance of the gut microbiota and thereby prevent diseases. However, the crosstalk between different types of DF and the gut microbiota is quite complex, and the effects on the organism vary. In this paper, we discuss research on DF and the gut microbiota and related diseases, aiming to understand the relationship between all three better and provide a reference basis for the risk reduction of related diseases.

The association between healthy and unhealthy dietary indices with prostate cancer risk: a case-control study

INTRODUCTION

According to our knowledge, the relationship between dietary patterns such as pro-healthy, pro-vegetarian, and non-healthy dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk has not been clearly investigated in Iranian men. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between adherence to a pro-healthy (PHDI), pro-vegetarian (PDP), and non-healthy dietary indices (NHDI) and the risk of prostate cancer.

METHOD

In this matched case-control study, 125 participants (62 cases and 63 hospital-based controls) were enrolled from April to September 2015. Participants' dietary intakes were evaluated using a valid and reliable 160-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary indices calculated based on previous studies. The relationship between dietary indices (PHDI, NHDI and PDP) and prostate cancer risk was assessed using binary regression models.

RESULTS

According to adjusted model, significant negative correlations were found between PHDI and PDP with prostate cancer (PHDI: OR = 0.31; 95% CI; 0.11-0.85; P = 0.023 - PDP: OR = 0.34; 95% CI; 0.15-0.75; P = 0.008). Also, a positive association was seen between NHDI and prostate cancer (OR = 3.01; 95% CI; 1.20-7.57; P = 0.019).

CONCLUSION

We found that adherence to healthy dietary indices which includes high amounts of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains reduces the risk of prostate cancer. While adherence to a dietary pattern high in red and processed meat, refined grains, and sweetened beverages increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer: CAPLIFE Study

The etiology of prostate cancer (PCa) remains uncertain, and the role of diet is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the role of diet, through dietary patterns, on PCa, considering tumor aggressiveness and extension. The CAPLIFE study is a population-based case-control study including a total of 428 incident PCa cases and 393 controls aged 40-80 years. Dietary information was collected through a validated food frequency questionnaire. Three dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis: "Mediterranean," "Western," and "Unhealthy," which were categorized into tertiles according to the control group cutoff points. Tumor aggressiveness and extension was determined. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between dietary patterns and PCa. High adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with higher odds of PCa, OR_T3vsT1 = 1.52 (95% CI 1.02-2.27), especially for cases with ISUP 1-2 and localized PCa tumors. This association was not observed with a Western or Mediterranean pattern. In conclusion, adherence to an unhealthy diet appears to be associated with higher odds of PCa, especially for cases with ISUP 1-2 and localized PCa tumors.

The effect of lycopene supplement from different sources on prostate specific antigen (PSA): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is a major malignancy, affecting men, worldwide. The protective effect of dietary or supplemental lycopene on prostate cancer has been reported in several studies; however, the findings are equivocal.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental lycopene on PSA level, by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

METHODS

We searched online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to 9 Jun 2020, to obtain relevant publications. The publication search was not limited by language or date.

RESULTS

A total of 1036 records were identified in the systematic search; from these, 9 were included in the systematic review and 6 in meta-analysis. The pooled analysis of the 6 studies showed no significant differences in PSA levels in subjects treated with lycopene or tomato extract containing lycopene (WMD= -0.12 ng/ml; 95% CI: -0.62, 0.38 ng/ml; P = 0.64) compared to the control.

CONCLUSION

Overall, tomato extracts or lycopene treatment yielded no significant effect on PSA level compared to the control. However, more consistent clinical trials, with larger sample sizes, are required to better discern the actual effect of tomato extract or lycopene on PSA level.

PCLiON: An Ontology for Data Standardization and Sharing of Prostate Cancer Associated Lifestyles

BACKGROUND

Researches on Lifestyle medicine (LM) have emerged in recent years to garner wide attention. Prostate cancer (PCa) could be prevented and treated by positive lifestyles, but the association between lifestyles and PCa is always personalized.

OBJECTIVES

In order to solve the heterogeneity and diversity of different data types related to PCa, establish a standardized lifestyle ontology, promote the exchange and sharing of disease lifestyle knowledge, and support text mining and knowledge discovery.

METHODS

The overall construction of PCLiON was created in accordance with the principles and methodology of ontology construction. Following the principles of evidence-based medicine, we screened and integrated the lifestyles and their related attributes. Protégé was used to construct and validate the semantic framework. All annotations in PCLiON were based on SNOMED CT, NCI Thesaurus, the Cochrane Library and FooDB, etc. HTML5 and ASP.NET was used to develop the independent Web page platform and corresponding intelligent terminal application. The PCLiON also uploaded to the National Center for Biomedical Ontology BioPortal.

RESULTS

PCLiON integrates 397 lifestyles and lifestyle-related factors associated with PCa, and is the first of its kind for a specific disease. It contains 320 attribute annotations and 11 object attributes. The logical relationship and completeness meet the ontology requirements. Qualitative analysis was carried out for 329 terms in PCLiON, including factors which are protective, risk or associated but functional unclear, etc. PCLiON is publicly available both at http://pcaontology.net/PCaLifeStyleDefault.aspx and https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/PCALION.

CONCLUSIONS

Through the bilingual online platforms, complex lifestyle research data can be transformed into standardized, reliable and responsive knowledge, which can promote the shared-decision making (SDM) on lifestyle intervention and assist patients in lifestyle self-management toward the goal of PCa targeted prevention.