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Rodrigo JP, Moreno-Bueno G, Lequerica-Fernández P, Rodríguez-Santamarta T, Díaz E, Prieto-Fernández L, Álvarez-Teijeiro S, García-Pedrero JM, de Vicente JC. Tumor-Intrinsic Perinuclear LOXL2: Prognostic Relevance and Relationship with YAP1 Activation Status in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathobiology 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38934185 DOI: 10.1159/000539928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) expression and function is frequently altered in different cancers but scarcely explored in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This prompted us to investigate the clinical relevance of LOXL2 expression pattern in OSCC and also a possible crosstalk with Hippo/YAP1 pathway signaling. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of LOXL2 protein expression was performed in 158 OSCC patient samples, together with Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) activation status. Correlations with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival were assessed. RESULTS Tumor cell-intrinsic LOXL2 expression showed two distinct expression patterns: diffuse cytoplasmic staining (64.6%) and heterogeneous perinuclear staining (35.4%). Remarkably, perinuclear LOXL2 staining was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, advanced clinical stage and perineural invasion. Moreover, patients harboring tumors with perinuclear LOXL2 expression exhibited significantly poorer disease-specific survival (DSS) rates, and perinuclear LOXL2 positivity gradually increased in relation to YAP1 activation. Patients harboring tumors with concomitant perinuclear LOXL2 and fully active YAP1 exhibited the worst DSS. Multivariate Cox analysis further revealed combined perinuclear LOXL2 and fully active YAP1 as a significant independent predictor of poor DSS. CONCLUSION Tumor-intrinsic perinuclear LOXL2 emerges as a clinically and biologically relevant feature associated with advanced disease, tumor aggressiveness, and poor prognosis in OSCC. Moreover, this study unprecedentedly uncovers a functional relationship between perinuclear LOXL2 and YAP1 activation with major prognostic implications. Notably, combined perinuclear LOXL2 and fully active YAP1 was revealed as independent predictor of poor prognosis. These findings encourage targeting oncogenic LOXL2 functions for personalized treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Rodrigo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación MD Anderson Internacional Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Lequerica-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Santamarta
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva Díaz
- Fundación MD Anderson Internacional Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Llara Prieto-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl Álvarez-Teijeiro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M García-Pedrero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos de Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
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Huang J, Xu Y, Qi S, Zheng Q, Cui C, Liu L, Liu F. The potent potential of MFAP2 in prognosis and immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:202. [PMID: 38822944 PMCID: PMC11144179 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Microfibril-associated protein 2 (MFAP2) is a protein presenting in the extracellular matrix that governs the activity of microfibrils through its interaction with fibrillin. While the involvement of MFAP2 in metabolic disorders has been documented, its expression and prognostic significance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remain unexplored. METHODS We acquired datasets pertaining to breast cancer (BC) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Next, a Venn diagram was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs were used to perform Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), protein-protein interaction (PPI), immune and survival analysis. The expressions of MFAP2, PD-1 and PD-L1 were examined by immunohistochemistry and western blot and their relationship with clinical pathological parameters were analyzed by clinical specimen samples from patients with TNBC. Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER, https://cistrome.shinyapps.io/timer/ ) was adopted to calculate the immune infiltration level of TNBC. The link between gene expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB) was described using Spearman's correlation analysis. RESULTS We identified 66 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were up-regulated. Among these DEGs, MFAP2 was found to be overexpressed in TNBC and was associated with a lower probability of survival. This finding was confirmed through the use of immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques. Additionally, MFAP2 was found to be related to various pathological parameters in TNBC patients. Mechanistically, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that MFAP2 primarily influenced cellular biological behavior in terms of epithelial mesenchymal transition, glycolysis, and apical junction. Notably, MFAP2 expression was positively correlated with the abundance of macrophages, while a negative correlation was observed with the abundance of B cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, neutrophils and dendritic cells through immune analysis. Furthermore, it was observed that MFAP2 displayed a negative correlation not only with tumor mutational burden (TMB), a recognized biomarker for PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, but also with PD-L1 in samples of TNBC. CONCLUSION MFAP2 may be an important prognostic biomarker for TNBC, as well as a viable target for immunotherapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shengnan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266121, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Lu Y, Deng Y, Ko H, Peng H, Lee H, Kuo MY, Cheng S. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 promotes stemness and enhances antitumor effects of gefitinib in head and neck cancer via IFIT1 and IFIT3. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:3957-3971. [PMID: 37496288 PMCID: PMC10551584 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a matrix-remodeling enzyme that has recently been identified as an important regulator of tumor progression and metastasis. This study discovered that LOXL2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues was significantly associated with tumor clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and patients' overall survival time. LOXL2-overexpressing human buccal SCC TW2.6 (TW2.6/LOXL2) and hypopharyngeal SCC FaDu (FaDu/LOXL2) cells exhibited enhanced migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes, independently of its enzymatic activity. Moreover, TW2.6/LOXL2 significantly increased tumor-initiating frequency in SCID mice. We further demonstrated that LOXL2 increased the levels of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) and IFIT3 in TW2.6/LOXL2 and FaDu/LOXL2 cells. We also identified IFIT1 and IFIT3 as key downstream components of LOXL2 action in migration, invasion, EMT, and CSC phenotypes in TW2.6 and FaDu cells. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between LOXL2 expression and IFIT1 and IFIT3 overexpression in human OSCC tissues was observed. In addition, TW2.6/LOXL2 and FaDu/LOXL2 cells were 3.3- to 3.6-fold more susceptible to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor gefitinib than were their respective control cells. The antitumor effect of gefitinib on orthotopic TW2.6/LOXL2 xenograft tumor was fourfold higher than that on controls. Our results indicate that LOXL2 expression is a strong prognostic factor for OSCC and may be used as a marker to identify patients most likely to respond to EGFR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Jie Lu
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Ting Deng
- Department of DentistryNational Taiwan University Hospital Hsin‐Chu BranchHsin‐ChuTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Hsin Ko
- Department of DentistryNational Taiwan University Hospital Hsin‐Chu BranchHsin‐ChuTaiwan
| | - Hsin‐Hui Peng
- Department of DentistryNational Taiwan University Hospital Hsin‐Chu BranchHsin‐ChuTaiwan
| | - Hsiang‐Chieh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and OptoelectronicsNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Mark Yen‐Ping Kuo
- Department of Dentistry, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of DentistryNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shih‐Jung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Dentistry, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of DentistryNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
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Cano A, Eraso P, Mazón MJ, Portillo F. LOXL2 in Cancer: A Two-Decade Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14405. [PMID: 37762708 PMCID: PMC10532419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises five lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent copper amine oxidases in humans. In 2003, LOXL2 was first identified as a promoter of tumour progression and, over the course of two decades, numerous studies have firmly established its involvement in multiple cancers. Extensive research with large cohorts of human tumour samples has demonstrated that dysregulated LOXL2 expression is strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients. Moreover, investigations have revealed the association of LOXL2 with various targets affecting diverse aspects of tumour progression. Additionally, the discovery of a complex network of signalling factors acting at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels has provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in tumours. Furthermore, the development of genetically modified mouse models with silenced or overexpressed LOXL2 has enabled in-depth exploration of its in vivo role in various cancer models. Given the significant role of LOXL2 in numerous cancers, extensive efforts are underway to identify specific inhibitors that could potentially improve patient prognosis. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of two decades of research on the role of LOXL2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Eraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Mazón
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Alessandrini L, Astolfi L, Daloiso A, Sbaraglia M, Mondello T, Zanoletti E, Franz L, Marioni G. Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Role for Angiogenesis Markers in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10733. [PMID: 37445908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite refinements to diagnostic and therapeutic approaches over the last two decades, the outcome of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has not shown substantial improvements, especially regarding those with advanced-stage disease. Angiogenesis is believed to be a turning point in the development of solid tumors, being a premise for mass growth and potential distant dissemination. Cancer-induced angiogenesis is a result of increased expression of angiogenic factors, decreased expression of anti-angiogenic factors, or a combination of both. The assessment of angiogenesis has also emerged as a potentially useful biological prognostic and predictive factor in HNSCC. The aim of this review is to assess the level of current knowledge on the neo-angiogenesis markers involved in the biology, behavior, and prognosis of HNSCC. A search (between 1 January 2012 and 10 October 2022) was run in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases. After full-text screening and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, 84 articles are included. The current knowledge and debate on angiogenesis in HNSCC presented in the eligible articles are stratified as follows: (i) diagnostic markers; (ii) prognostic markers; (iii) predictive markers; and (iv) markers with a potential therapeutic role. Angiogenesis is a biological and pathological indicator of malignancies progression and has negative implications in prognosis of some solid tumors; several signals capable of tripping the "angiogenic switch" have also been identified in HNSCC. Although several studies suggested that antiangiogenic agents might be a valuable adjunct to conventional chemo-radiation of HNSCC, their long-term therapeutic value remains uncertain. Further investigations are required on combinations of antiangiogenic agents with conventional chemotherapeutic ones, immunotherapeutic and molecularly targeted agents in HNSCC. Additional data are necessary to pinpoint which patients could benefit most from these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Alessandrini
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Astolfi
- Bioacustic Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Daloiso
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Sbaraglia
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Mondello
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zanoletti
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Franz
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Phoniatrics and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 31100 Treviso, Italy
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Innovation in Clinical Research and Methodology (PhD Program), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gino Marioni
- Phoniatrics and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 31100 Treviso, Italy
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The Multiple Roles of CD147 in the Development and Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158336. [PMID: 35955471 PMCID: PMC9369056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation (CD)147, also termed extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer or basigin, is a glycoprotein ubiquitously expressed throughout the human body, the oral cavity included. CD147 actively participates in physiological tissue development or growth and has important roles in reactive processes such as inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair. It is worth noting that deregulated expression and/or activity of CD147 is observed in chronic inflammatory or degenerative diseases, as well as in neoplasms. Among the latter, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by an upregulation of CD147 in both the neoplastic and normal cells constituting the tumor mass. Most interestingly, the expression and/or activity of CD147 gradually increase as healthy oral mucosa becomes inflamed; hyperplastic/dysplastic lesions are then set on, and, eventually, OSCC develops. Based on these findings, here we summarize published studies which evaluate whether CD147 could be employed as a marker to monitor OSCC development and progression. Moreover, we describe CD147-promoted cellular and molecular events which are relevant to oral carcinogenesis, with the aim to provide useful information for assessing whether CD147 may be the target of novel therapeutic approaches directed against OSCC.
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Liburkin-Dan T, Toledano S, Neufeld G. Lysyl Oxidase Family Enzymes and Their Role in Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6249. [PMID: 35682926 PMCID: PMC9181702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The five genes of the lysyl oxidase family encode enzymes that covalently cross-link components of the extracellular matrix, such as various types of collagen and elastin, and, thus, promote the stabilization of extracellular matrixes. Several of these genes, in particular lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) were identified as genes that are upregulated by hypoxia, and promote tumor cells invasion and metastasis. Here, we focus on the description of the diverse molecular mechanisms by which the various lysyl oxidases affect tumor progression. We also describe attempts that have been made, and are still on-going, that focus on the development of efficient lysyl oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of various forms of cancer, and of diseases associated with abnormal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gera Neufeld
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (T.L.-D.); (S.T.)
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