1
|
Wandrey M, Jablonska J, Stauber RH, Gül D. Exosomes in Cancer Progression and Therapy Resistance: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2033. [PMID: 37895415 PMCID: PMC10608050 DOI: 10.3390/life13102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapy resistance still represents a major hurdle in treating cancers, leading to impaired treatment success and increased patient morbidity. The establishment of minimally invasive liquid biopsies is a promising approach to improving the early diagnosis, as well as therapy monitoring, of solid tumors. Because of their manifold functions in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated small extracellular vesicles, referred to as exosomes, have become a subject of intense research. Besides their important roles in cancer progression, metastasis, and the immune response, it has been proposed that exosomes also contribute to the acquisition and transfer of therapy resistance, mainly by delivering functional proteins and RNAs, as well as facilitating the export of active drugs or functioning as extracellular decoys. Extensive research has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of resistance and translating these into strategies for early detection. With this review, we want to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the (patho-)biology of exosomes, as well as state-of-the-art methods of isolation and analysis. Furthermore, we highlight the role of exosomes in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment, where they can function as therapeutic agents, biomarkers, and/or targets. By focusing on their roles in therapy resistance, we will reveal new paths of exploiting exosomes for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madita Wandrey
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Jadwiga Jablonska
- Translational Oncology/ENT Department, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Düsseldorf/Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Désirée Gül
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yunusova NV, Svarovsky DA, Konovalov AI, Kostromitsky DN, Startseva ZA, Cheremisina OV, Afanas'ev SG, Kondakova IV, Grigor'eva AE, Vtorushin SV, Sereda EE, Usova AV, Tamkovich SN. The Composition of Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs) in the Blood Plasma of Colorectal Cancer Patients Reflects the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome and Correlates with Angiogenesis and the Effectiveness of Thermoradiation Therapy. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13040684. [PMID: 37109070 PMCID: PMC10143749 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of colorectal cancer patients (CRCPs) develop tumors on the background of "metabolically healthy obesity" or metabolic syndrome. The aim of the work was to study the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) on the surface of blood plasma CD9-positive and FABP4-positive small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from CRCPs depending on metabolic status and tumor angiogenesis, as well as to evaluate the sEVs markers as predictors of the effectiveness of thermoradiotherapy. In CRCPs, compared with patients with colorectal polyps (CPPs), the proportion of triple positive EVs and EVs with the MMP9+MMP2-TIMP1+ phenotype increased significantly among FABP4-positive EVs (adipocyte-derived EVs), which in general may indicate the overexpression of MMP9 and TIMP1 by adipocytes or adipose tissue macrophages in CRCPs. The results obtained have prospects for use as markers to clarify cancer risk in CPPs. One can assume that for CRCPs with metabolic syndrome or metabolically healthy obesity, it is the FABP4+MMP9+MMP2-TIMP1- population of circulating sEVs that is the most optimal biomarker reflecting tumor angiogenesis. Determining this population in the blood will be useful in monitoring patients after treatment for the early detection of tumor progression. CD9+MMP9+MMP2-TIMP1- and MMP9+MMP2-TIMP1+ subpopulations of circulating sEVs are the most promising predictors of the efficacy of thermoradiation therapy because their levels at baseline differ significantly in CRCPs with different tumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Yunusova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Svarovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Artem I Konovalov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Kostromitsky
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Zhanna A Startseva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Olga V Cheremisina
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey G Afanas'ev
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Irina V Kondakova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alina E Grigor'eva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Vtorushin
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena E Sereda
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna V Usova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana N Tamkovich
- V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alorda-Clara M, Reyes J, Trelles-Guzman MG, Florido M, Roca P, Pons DG, Oliver J. Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles in Human Bowel Lavage Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087391. [PMID: 37108550 PMCID: PMC10138310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and is detected in late stages because of a lack of early and specific biomarkers. Tumors can release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which participate in different functions, such as carrying nucleic acids to target cells; promoting angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis; and preparing an adequate tumor microenvironment. Finally, bowel lavage fluid (BLF) is a rarely used sample that is obtained during colonoscopy. It presents low variability and protein degradation, is easy to handle, and is representative of EVs from tumor cells due to proximity of the sample collection. This sample has potential as a research tool and possible biomarker source for CRC prognosis and monitoring. In this study, EVs were isolated from human BLF by ultracentrifugation, then characterized by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. EV concentration was determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and tetraspanins were determined by Western blot, confirming correct EV isolation. RNA, DNA, and proteins were isolated from these EVs; RNA was used in real-time PCR, and proteins were used in an immunoblotting analysis, indicating that EV cargo is optimal for use and study. These results indicate that EVs from BLF can be a useful tool for CRC study and could be a source of biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alorda-Clara
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Edificio S, E-07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Jose Reyes
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Edificio S, E-07120 Palma, Spain
- Servicio Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Comarcal de Inca, E-07300 Inca, Spain
| | - Marita Grimanesa Trelles-Guzman
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Edificio S, E-07120 Palma, Spain
- Servicio Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Comarcal de Inca, E-07300 Inca, Spain
| | - Monica Florido
- Servicio Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Comarcal de Inca, E-07300 Inca, Spain
| | - Pilar Roca
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Edificio S, E-07120 Palma, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Gabriel Pons
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Edificio S, E-07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Jordi Oliver
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Edificio S, E-07120 Palma, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu T, Liu Y, Ali NM, Zhang B, Cui X. Effects of Exosomes on Tumor Bioregulation and Diagnosis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5157-5168. [PMID: 36816660 PMCID: PMC9933233 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles in biological fluids, which can participate in biological processes by mediating intercellular communication and activating intracellular signaling pathways, especially cancerogenic processes, such as proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and immune regulation of cancer cells. Besides, cancer-derived exosomes are also involved in tumor diagnosis and therapy as biomarkers and nanotransport devices. This article reviews the latest research progress on the biological regulation and disease diagnosis of exosomes in tumors, with the aim of providing new ideas for the clinical treatment of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department
of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of
Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department
of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of
Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
- Department
of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital
of Dalian University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Nasra Mohamoud Ali
- Department
of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of
Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department
of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of
Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Cui
- Department
of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of
Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ben-Nissan G, Katzir N, Füzesi-Levi MG, Sharon M. Biology of the Extracellular Proteasome. Biomolecules 2022; 12:619. [PMID: 35625547 PMCID: PMC9139032 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes are traditionally considered intracellular complexes that play a critical role in maintaining proteostasis by degrading short-lived regulatory proteins and removing damaged proteins. Remarkably, in addition to these well-studied intracellular roles, accumulating data indicate that proteasomes are also present in extracellular body fluids. Not much is known about the origin, biological role, mode(s) of regulation or mechanisms of extracellular transport of these complexes. Nevertheless, emerging evidence indicates that the presence of proteasomes in the extracellular milieu is not a random phenomenon, but rather a regulated, coordinated physiological process. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of extracellular proteasomes. To this end, we examine 143 proteomic datasets, leading us to the realization that 20S proteasome subunits are present in at least 25 different body fluids. Our analysis also indicates that while 19S subunits exist in some of those fluids, the dominant proteasome activator in these compartments is the PA28α/β complex. We also elaborate on the positive correlations that have been identified in plasma and extracellular vesicles, between 20S proteasome and activity levels to disease severity and treatment efficacy, suggesting the involvement of this understudied complex in pathophysiology. In addition, we address the considerations and practical experimental methods that should be taken when investigating extracellular proteasomes. Overall, we hope this review will stimulate new opportunities for investigation and thoughtful discussions on this exciting topic that will contribute to the maturation of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michal Sharon
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (G.B.-N.); (N.K.); (M.G.F.-L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Plasma Exosomes of Patients with Breast and Ovarian Tumors Contain an Inactive 20S Proteasome. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226965. [PMID: 34834058 PMCID: PMC8619627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are directly involved in governing of physiological and pathological conditions of an organism through the transfer of information from producing to receiving cells. It can be assumed that exosomes are one of the key players of tumor dissemination since they are very stable and small enough to penetrate from various tissues into biological fluids and then back, thus interacting with tissue target cells. We evaluated the enzymatic activity and the level of 20S proteasome in tissue and exosomes of healthy females (n = 39) and patients with ovarian (n = 50) and breast (n = 108) tumors to reveal the critical role of exosomal cargo in the mediation of different types of metastases. Exosomes from plasma and ascites were isolated and characterized in according to International Society for Extracellular Vesicles guidelines. The level of 20S proteasome in tissue and exosomes was determined using Western blot analysis. Chymotrypsin- and caspase-like (ChTL and CL, respectively) peptidase activities of the proteasomes were determined using fluorogenic Suc-LLVY-AMC and Cbz-LLG-AMC substrates, respectively. We observed increased levels of 20S proteasome in ovarian cancer tissue and luminal B subtype breast cancer tissue as well as in plasma exosomes from cancer patients. Moreover, the level of the 20S proteasome in plasma exosomes and ascites exosomes in patients with ovarian tumors is comparable and higher in ovarian cancer patients with low volume ascites than in patients with moderate and high-volume ascites. We also found increased ChTL and CL activities in breast cancer and ovarian cancer tissues, as well as in peritoneal metastases in ovarian cancer, while proteasomal activity in exosomes from plasma of healthy females and all patients, as well as from ascites of ovarian tumor patients were lower than detection limit of assay. Thus, regardless of the type of tumor metastasis (lymphogenous or peritoneal), the exosomes of cancer patients were characterized by an increased level of 20S proteasome, which do not exhibit enzymatic activity.
Collapse
|