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Morilla MJ, Ghosal K, Romero EL. More Than Pigments: The Potential of Astaxanthin and Bacterioruberin-Based Nanomedicines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1828. [PMID: 37514016 PMCID: PMC10385456 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural products regulated by the food sector, currently used as feed dyes and as antioxidants in dietary supplements and composing functional foods for human consumption. Of the nearly one thousand carotenoids described to date, only retinoids, derived from beta carotene, have the status of a drug and are regulated by the pharmaceutical sector. In this review, we address a novel field: the transformation of xanthophylls, particularly the highly marketed astaxanthin and the practically unknown bacterioruberin, in therapeutic agents by altering their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics through their formulation as nanomedicines. The antioxidant activity of xanthophylls is mediated by routes different from those of the classical oral anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): remarkably, xanthophylls lack therapeutic activity but also lack toxicity. Formulated as nanomedicines, xanthophylls gain therapeutic activity by mechanisms other than increased bioavailability. Loaded into ad hoc tailored nanoparticles to protect their structure throughout storage and during gastrointestinal transit or skin penetration, xanthophylls can be targeted and delivered to selected inflamed cell groups, achieving a massive intracellular concentration after endocytosis of small doses of formulation. Most first reports showing the activities of oral and topical anti-inflammatory xanthophyll-based nanomedicines against chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and dry eye disease emerged between 2020 and 2023. Here we discuss in detail their preclinical performance, mostly targeted vesicular and polymeric nanoparticles, on cellular models and in vivo. The results, although preliminary, are auspicious enough to speculate upon their potential use for oral or topical administration in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
| | - Kajal Ghosal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd., Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
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Rodella U, Honisch C, Gatto C, Ruzza P, D'Amato Tóthová J. Antioxidant Nutraceutical Strategies in the Prevention of Oxidative Stress Related Eye Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102283. [PMID: 37242167 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to discuss the delicate balance between the physiological production of reactive oxygen species and the role of antioxidant nutraceutical molecules in managing radicals in the complex anatomical structure of the eye. Many molecules and enzymes with reducing and antioxidant potential are present in different parts of the eye. Some of these, such as glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, and enzymatic antioxidants, are endogenously produced by the body. Others, such as plant-derived polyphenols and carotenoids, vitamins B2, C, and E, zinc and selenium, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, must be obtained through the diet and are considered essential nutrients. When the equilibrium between the production of reactive oxygen species and their scavenging is disrupted, radical generation overwhelms the endogenous antioxidant arsenal, leading to oxidative stress-related eye disorders and aging. Therefore, the roles of antioxidants contained in dietary supplements in preventing oxidative stress-based ocular dysfunctions are also discussed. However, the results of studies investigating the efficacy of antioxidant supplementation have been mixed or inconclusive, indicating a need for future research to highlight the potential of antioxidant molecules and to develop new preventive nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Rodella
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto Onlus (FBOV), 30174 Zelarino, Italy
- Research and Development, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Viale Austria 14, 35020 Ponte San Nicoló, Italy
| | - Claudia Honisch
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR (ICB-CNR), Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Gatto
- Research and Development, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Viale Austria 14, 35020 Ponte San Nicoló, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruzza
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR (ICB-CNR), Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jana D'Amato Tóthová
- Research and Development, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Viale Austria 14, 35020 Ponte San Nicoló, Italy
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3
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Wang C, Pang Y. Nano-based eye drop: Topical and noninvasive therapy for ocular diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 194:114721. [PMID: 36773886 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Eye drops are the most accessible therapy for ocular diseases, while inevitably suffering from their lower bioavailability which highly restricts the treatment efficacy. The introduction of nanotechnology has attracted considerable interest as it has advantages over conventional ones such as prolonged ocular surface retention time and enhanced ocular barrier penetrating properties, and achieving higher bioavailability and improved treatment efficacy. This review describes various ocular diseases treated with eye drops as well as the physiological and anatomical ocular barriers faced with through drug administration. It also summarizes the recent advances regarding the utilization of nanotechnology in developing eye drops, and how to optimize the nanocarrier-based ocular drug delivery systems. The prospective future research directions for nano-based eye drops are also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
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Ara T, Ono S, Hasan M, Ozono M, Kogure K. Protective effects of liposomes encapsulating ferulic acid against CCl 4-induced oxidative liver damage in vivo rat model. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 72:46-53. [PMID: 36777075 PMCID: PMC9899917 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are useful for the treatment of oxidative stress mediated liver damage. A naturally occurring antioxidant γ-oryzanol is rapidly hydrolyzed to its active hydrophobic metabolite, ferulic acid, inside the body. Limitations associated with the hydrophobicity of ferulic acid can be overcome by encapsulating in a liposomal formulation. As intravenously administered nanoparticles (including liposomes) can effectively reach the liver, such systems may be suitable drug delivery carriers to treat liver injury. In this study, we prepared a liposomal formulation of ferulic acid (ferulic-lipo) and examined its effects on liver damage induced by CCl4. Ferulic-lipo were ~100 nm in size and drug encapsulation efficiency was about 92%. Ferulic-lipo showed potent scavenging efficacy against hydroxyl radical compared to α-tocopherol liposomes. Ferulic-lipo significantly prevented CCl4-mediated cytotoxicity in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, intravenous administration of ferulic-lipo significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase and aspartate amino transferase levels in a rat model of liver injury. CCl4-mediated reactive oxygen species generation in liver was also reduced by intravenous administration of ferulic-lipo. Hepatoprotective effects of ferulic-lipo were demonstrated by histological observation of CCl4-induced liver tissue damage. Therefore, ferulic-lipo exhibit potent antioxidative capacity and were suggested to be an effective formulation for prevention of oxidative damage of liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Ara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Satoko Ono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Mahadi Hasan
- Research Centre for Experimental Modeling of Human Diseases, Kanazawa University, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mizune Ozono
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Engineering Advanced Drug Delivery Systems for Dry Eye: A Review. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:bioengineering10010053. [PMID: 36671625 PMCID: PMC9854618 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a widespread and frequently reported multifactorial ocular disease that not only causes ocular discomfort but also damages the cornea and conjunctiva. At present, topical administration is the most common treatment modality for DED. Due to the existence of multiple biological barriers, instilled drugs generally exhibit short action times and poor penetration on the ocular surface. To resolve these issues, several advanced drug delivery systems have been proposed. This review discusses new dosage forms of drugs for the treatment of DED in terms of their characteristics and advantages. Innovative formulations that are currently available in the market and under clinical investigation are elaborated. Meanwhile, their deficiencies are discussed. It is envisioned that the flourishing of advanced drug delivery systems will lead to improved management of DED in the near future.
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Tian L, Wen Y, Li S, Zhang P, Wang Y, Wang J, Cao K, Du L, Wang N, Jie Y. Benefits and Safety of Astaxanthin in the Treatment of Mild-To-Moderate Dry Eye Disease. Front Nutr 2022; 8:796951. [PMID: 35096941 PMCID: PMC8792747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.796951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of astaxanthin in the treatment of mild-to-moderate dry eye disease (DED) in middle-aged and elderly patients. Methods: 120 eyes of 60 middle-aged and elderly patients with mild-to-moderate DED were enrolled in this prospective, one-group, quasi-experimental study. Six milligram Astaxanthin tablets (Weihong Haematococcus Pluvialis Astaxanthin, Hangzhou Xinwei Low Carbon Technology R&D Co., Ltd., China) were administered orally, twice daily for 30 ± 2 days. History of eye diseases, treatment, systemic disease, and medication before the test were recorded. In addition, the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT), fluorescein break-up time (FBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) score, eyelid margin signs, meibomian gland (MG) expressibility, meibum quality, meibomian gland dropout (MGDR), Schirmer I test (SIt), tear meniscus height (TMH), bulbar conjunctiva congestion degree, blink frequency, incomplete blink rate, and thickness of tear film lipid layer were collected before treatment, 2 weeks after the initiation of treatment, and at the end of treatment. Visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior segment, fundus, discomfort symptoms and other adverse reactions were also monitored throughout the study to assess the safety. Results: OSDI score, NIBUT, BUT, CFS score, eyelid margin signs, MG expressibility, meibum quality, and blink frequency improved significantly to varying degrees after treatment compared with those before the treatment (P < 0.05), while TMH, SIt, conjunctival congestion, the thickness of tear film lipid layer, MGDR, incomplete blink rate, VA and IOP did not differ (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Oral administration of astaxanthin improves the symptoms and signs of middle-aged and elderly patients with mild-to-moderate DED.
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Sahu DK, Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Recent trends in nanocarrier based approach in the management of dry eye disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kohandel Z, Farkhondeh T, Aschner M, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Samarghandian S. Anti-inflammatory action of astaxanthin and its use in the treatment of various diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112179. [PMID: 34736076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) is a red pigmented carotenoid with significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-apoptotic properties. In this study, we summarize the available literature on the anti-inflammatory efficacy of AST in various chronic and acute disorders, such as neurodegenerative, renal-, hepato-, skin- and eye-related diseases, as well as gastrointestinal disorders. In addition, we elaborated on therapeutic efficacy of AST and the role of several pathways, including PI3K/AKT, Nrf2, NF-κB, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, and JAK-2/STAT-3 in mediating its effects. However, additional experimental and clinical studies should be performed to corroborate the anti-inflammatory effects and protective effects of AST against inflammatory diseases in humans. Nevertheless, this review suggests that AST with its demonstrated anti-inflammatory property may be a suitable candidate for drug design with novel technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Kohandel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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Fukuta T, Tanaka D, Inoue S, Michiue K, Kogure K. Overcoming thickened pathological skin in psoriasis via iontophoresis combined with tight junction-opening peptide AT1002 for intradermal delivery of NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120601. [PMID: 33905867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics has been demonstrated to be effective for psoriasis treatment. We previously reported the utility of iontophoresis (IP) using weak electric current (0.3-0.5 mA/cm2) for intradermal delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics via weak electricity-mediated intercellular junction cleavage, and subsequent exertion of nucleic acid function. However, the thickened pathological skin in psoriasis hampers permeation of IP-administered macromolecules. Thus, approaches are needed to more strongly cleave intercellular spaces and overcome the psoriatic skin barrier. Herein, we applied a combination of tight junction-opening peptide AT1002 with IP, as synergistic effects of weak electricity-mediated intercellular junction cleavage and the tight junction-opening ability of AT1002 may help overcome thickened psoriatic skin and facilitate macromolecule delivery. Pretreatment with IP of an AT1002 analog exhibiting positively-charged moieties before fluorescence-labeled oligodeoxynucleotide IP resulted in the oligodeoxynucleotide permeation into psoriatic skin, whereas IP of the oligodeoxynucleotide alone did not. Moreover, psoriasis-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels was significantly suppressed by NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide IP combined with the AT1002 analog, resulting in amelioration of epidermis hyperplasia. These results suggest that synergistic effects of IP and an AT1002 analog can overcome thickened psoriatic skin and enable intradermal delivery of NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide for psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Daichi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Shinya Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohki Michiue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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López-Cano JJ, González-Cela-Casamayor MA, Andrés-Guerrero V, Herrero-Vanrell R, Molina-Martínez IT. Liposomes as vehicles for topical ophthalmic drug delivery and ocular surface protection. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:819-847. [PMID: 33412914 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1872542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The development of ophthalmic formulations able to deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs to the inner structures of the eye and restore the preocular tear film has been a leading topic of discussion over the last few years. In this sense, liposomes represent a suitable strategy to achieve these objectives in ocular drug delivery.Areas covered: Knowledge of the different physiological and anatomical eye structures, and specially the ocular surface are critical to better understanding and comprehending the characteristics required for the development of topical ophthalmic liposomal formulations. In this review, several features of liposomes are discussed such as the main materials used for their fabrication, basic structure and preparation methods, from already established to novel techniques, allowing the control and design of special characteristics. Besides, physicochemical properties, purification processes and strategies to overcome delivery or encapsulation challenges are also presented. Expert opinion: Regarding ocular drug delivery of liposomes, there are some features that can be redesigned. Specific biocompatible and biodegradable materials presenting therapeutic properties, such as lipidic compounds or polymers significantly change the way of tackling ophthalmic diseases. Besides, liposomes entail an effective, safe and versatile strategy for the treatment of diseases in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier López-Cano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
| | - Miriam Ana González-Cela-Casamayor
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
| | - Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Teresa Molina-Martínez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
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Astaxanthin and its Effects in Inflammatory Responses and Inflammation-Associated Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225342. [PMID: 33207669 PMCID: PMC7696511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a natural lipid-soluble and red-orange carotenoid. Due to its strong antioxidant property, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immune modulation, astaxanthin has gained growing interest as a multi-target pharmacological agent against various diseases. In the current review, the anti-inflammation mechanisms of astaxanthin involved in targeting for inflammatory biomarkers and multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, Nrf2, NF-κB, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, and JAK-2/STAT-3, have been described. Furthermore, the applications of anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin in neurological diseases, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, hepatic and renal diseases, eye and skin disorders, are highlighted. In addition to the protective effects of astaxanthin in various chronic and acute diseases, we also summarize recent advances for the inconsistent roles of astaxanthin in infectious diseases, and give our view that the exact function of astaxanthin in response to different pathogen infection and the potential protective effects of astaxanthin in viral infectious diseases should be important research directions in the future.
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Fukuta T, Hirai S, Yoshida T, Maoka T, Kogure K. Protective Effect of Antioxidative Liposomes Co-encapsulating Astaxanthin and Capsaicin on CCl 4-Induced Liver Injury. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1272-1274. [PMID: 32741949 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study reported that co-encapsulation of potent antioxidants astaxanthin (Asx) and capsaisin (Cap) into liposomes brought about synergistically higher antioxidative activity than the calculated additive activity of each single antioxidant encapsulating liposome. Based on the previous computational chemistry analysis, the synergistic effect was revealed to be resulted from intermolecular interactions between Asx, especially 3R,3'R-form of Asx stereoisomer (Asx-R), and Cap, by which changes of electronic states of the polyene moiety of Asx-R were induced. Although liposomes co-encapsulating Asx-R and Cap (Asx-R/Cap-Lipo) at an optimal ratio clearly showed synergistic antioxidative activity in vitro, it is unclear whether the effective antioxidative activity derived from intermolecular interaction between Asx-R and Cap is also exerted in vivo. Therefore, in this study, we investigated therapeutic potential of Asx-R/Cap-Lipo as an antioxidant formulation in vivo. For this purpose, we employed carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury rat model, since CCl4 is known to cause oxidative damage in liver. CCl4 administration significantly increased the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Intravenous combined administration of liposomes encapsulating Asx-R (Asx-R-Lipo) and liposomes encapsulating Cap (Cap-Lipo) significantly decreased CCl4-induced increase of AST and ALT levels. Importantly, the treatment with Asx-R/Cap-Lipo tended to show higher protective effect on acute liver injury than combined treatment with Asx-R-Lipo plus Cap-Lipo. These results suggest that co-encapsulated Asx-R and Cap in liposomal membranes could exert more effective antioxidative activities in vivo, and that Asx-R/Cap-Lipo would be a hopeful antioxidant formulation for treating reactive oxygen species-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Shota Hirai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Tatsusada Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
| | | | - Kentaro Kogure
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
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