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Rebamipide attenuates alcohol-induced gastric epithelial cell injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and activating autophagy-related proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Piatek M, Sheehan G, Kavanagh K. UtilisingGalleria mellonella larvae for studying in vivo activity of conventional and novel antimicrobial agents. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5917982. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe immune response of insects displays many structural and functional similarities to the innate immune response of mammals. As a result of these conserved features, insects may be used for evaluating microbial virulence or for testing the in vivo efficacy and toxicity of antimicrobial compounds and results show strong similarities to those from mammals. Galleria mellonella larvae are widely used in this capacity and have the advantage of being easy to use, inexpensive to purchase and house, and being free from the ethical and legal restrictions that relate to the use of mammals in these tests. Galleria mellonella larvae may be used to assess the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of novel antimicrobial compounds. A wide range of antibacterial and antifungal therapies have been evaluated in G. mellonella larvae and results have informed subsequent experiments in mammals. While insect larvae are a convenient and reproducible model to use, care must be taken in their use to ensure accuracy of results. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive account of the use of G. mellonella larvae for assessing the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of a wide range of antibacterial and antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Piatek
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Gerard Sheehan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
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Slattery ML, Pellatt AJ, Lee FY, Herrick JS, Samowitz WS, Stevens JR, Wolff RK, Mullany LE. Infrequently expressed miRNAs influence survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83845-83859. [PMID: 29137387 PMCID: PMC5663559 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Half of miRNAs expressed in colorectal tissue are expressed < 50% of the population. Many infrequently expressed miRNAs have low levels of expression. We hypothesize that less frequently expressed miRNAs, when expressed at higher levels, influence both disease stage and survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer (CRC); low levels of expression may be background noise. We examine 304 infrequently expressed miRNAs in 1893 population-based cases of CRC with paired carcinoma and normal mucosa miRNA profiles. We evaluate miRNAs with disease stage and survival after adjusting for age, study center, sex, MSI status, and AJCC stage. These miRNAs were further evaluated with RNA-Seq data to identify miRNA::mRNA associations that may provide insight into the functionality of miRNAs. Eleven miRNAs were associated with advanced disease stage among colon cancer patients (Q value = 0.10). Eight infrequently expressed miRNAs influenced survival if highly expressed in overall CRC. Of these, five increased likelihood of dying if they were highly expressed, i.e. miR-124-3p, miR-143-5p, miR-145-3p, miR31-5p, and miR-99b-5p, while three were associated with better survival if highly expressed, i.e. miR-362-5p, miR-374a-5p, and miR-590-5p. Thirteen miRNAs infrequently expressed in colon-specific carcinoma tissue were associated with CRC survival if highly expressed. Evaluation of miRNAs::mRNA associations showed that mRNA expression influenced by infrequently expressed miRNA contributed to networks and pathways shown to influence disease progression and prognosis. Our large study enabled us to examine the implications of infrequently expressed miRNAs after removal of background noise. These results require replication in other studies. Confirmation of our findings in other studies could lead to important markers for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wade S Samowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John R Stevens
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Roger K Wolff
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lila E Mullany
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Slattery ML, Lee FY, Pellatt AJ, Mullany LE, Stevens JR, Samowitz WS, Wolff RK, Herrick JS. Infrequently expressed miRNAs in colorectal cancer tissue and tumor molecular phenotype. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:1152-1169. [PMID: 28548123 PMCID: PMC5537006 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that commonly expressed miRNAs influenced tumor molecular phenotype in colorectal cancer. We hypothesize that infrequently expressed miRNAs, when showing higher levels of expression, help to define tumor molecular phenotype. In this study, we examine 304 miRNAs expressed in at least 30 individuals, but in <50% of the population and with a mean level of expression above 1.0 relative florescent unit. We examine associations in 1893 individuals who have the tumor molecular phenotype data as well as miRNA expression levels for both carcinoma and normal colorectal tissue. We compare miRNAs uniquely associated with tumor molecular phenotype to the RNAseq data to identify genes associated with these miRNAs. This information is used to further identify unique pathways associated with tumor molecular phenotypes of TP53-mutated, KRAS-mutated, CpG island methylator phenotype and microsatellite instability tumors. Thirty-seven miRNAs were uniquely associated with TP53-mutated tumors; 30 of these miRNAs had higher level of expression in TP53-mutated tumors, while seven had lower levels of expression. Of the 34 miRNAs associated with CpG island methylator phenotype-high tumors, 16 were more likely to have a CpG island methylator phenotype-high tumor and 19 were less likely to be CpG island methylator phenotype-high. For microsatellite instability, 13 of the 22 infrequently expressed miRNAs were significantly less likely to be expressed in microsatellite unstable tumors. KRAS-mutated tumors were not associated with any miRNAs after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Of the dysregulated miRNAs, 17 were more likely to be TP53-mutated tumors while simultaneously being less likely to be CpG island methylator phenotype-high and/or microsatellite instability tumors. Genes regulated by these miRNAs were involved in numerous functions and pathways that influence cancer risk and progression. In summary, some infrequently expressed miRNAs, when expressed at higher levels, appear to have significant biological meaning in terms of tumor molecular phenotype and gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Lila E Mullany
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John R Stevens
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Wade S Samowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Roger K Wolff
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Ngo L, Yoo HD, Tran P, Cho HY, Lee YB. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of rebamipide in healthy Korean subjects with the characterization of atypical complex absorption kinetics. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017; 44:291-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dietary intake alters gene expression in colon tissue: possible underlying mechanism for the influence of diet on disease. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 26:294-306. [PMID: 26959716 PMCID: PMC4853256 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background Although the association between diet and disease is well documented, the biologic mechanisms involved have not been entirely elucidated. In this study, we evaluate how dietary intake influences gene expression to better understand the underlying mechanisms through which diet operates. Methods We used data from 144 individuals who had comprehensive dietary intake and gene expression data from RNAseq using normal colonic mucosa. Using the DESeq2 statistical package, we identified genes that showed statistically significant differences in expression between individuals in high-intake and low-intake categories for several dietary variables of interest adjusting for age and sex. We examined total calories, total fats, vegetable protein, animal protein, carbohydrates, trans-fatty acids, mutagen index, red meat, processed meat, whole grains, vegetables, fruits, fiber, folate, dairy products, calcium, and prudent and western dietary patterns. Results Using a false discovery rate of less than 0.1, meat-related foods were statistically associated with 68 dysregulated genes, calcium with three dysregulated genes, folate with four dysregulated genes, and nonmeat-related foods with 65 dysregulated genes. With a more stringent false discovery rate of less than 0.05, there were nine meat-related dysregulated genes and 23 nonmeat-related genes. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified three major networks among genes identified as dysregulated with respect to meat-related dietary variables and three networks among genes identified as dysregulated with respect to nonmeat-related variables. The top networks (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis network score >30) associated with meat-related genes were (i) cancer, organismal injury, and abnormalities, tumor morphology, and (ii) cellular function and maintenance, cellular movement, cell death, and survival. Among genes related to nonmeat consumption variables, the top networks were (i) hematological system development and function, nervous system development and function, tissue morphology and (ii) connective tissue disorders, organismal injury, and abnormalities. Conclusion Several dietary factors were associated with gene expression in our data. These findings provide insight into the possible mechanisms by which diet may influence disease processes.
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Rebamipide, an Amino Acid Analog of 2(1H)-Quinolinone, Inhibits the Formation of Human Osteoclasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6824719. [PMID: 27965978 PMCID: PMC5124640 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6824719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Drug repositioning or drug reprofiling (DR) has recently been growing in importance. DR has a significant advantage over traditional drug development because the repositioned drug has already passed toxicity tests; its safety is known, and the risk of adverse toxicology is reduced. In the current study, we investigated the role of rebamipide, a mucosa-protecting agent, with recently reported anti-inflammatory function, in human osteoclastogenesis. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in the presence of M-CSF and sRANKL. Osteoclast formation was evaluated by immunohistological staining for CD51/61 (vitronectin receptors). Osteoclast formation, in the presence or absence of rebamipide (0, 1, and 3 mM), was observed by time-lapse photography and actin ring formation. The number of absorption sites and area of absorption were calculated using Osteologic™ plates. Pit formation was studied by 3D-SEM. Results. Rebamipide inhibited human osteoclast formation at 3 mM, a pharmacological concentration, and inhibited resorbing activity dose-dependently. Rebamipide induced the degradation of actin rings in mature osteoclasts. This mechanism may involve inhibiting the osteoclast fusion pathway through reducing the expression of DC-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). Conclusions. The present study suggests that rebamipide would be useful as a novel agent for osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Preventive effect of rebamipide on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric carcinogenesis in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:271-7. [PMID: 25617151 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention strategies against gastric cancer (GC) need to be explored in light of the fact that stomach cancer still occurs in the absence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and following HP eradication. We evaluated the effect of rebamipide on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced carcinogenesis in SD rats. Thirty-nine male rats were divided into four groups based on whether or not they were treated with rebamipide and/or MNNG: Control, Rebamipide, Control-M, and Rebamipide-M groups. From 8 weeks of age, rats in the Control-M and Rebamipide-M groups received MNNG in drinking water for 30 weeks. The Rebamipide and Rebamipide-M groups were administered 5mg/kg/day of rebamipide. At 50 weeks, cancerous lesions were not observed in either the Control or Rebamipide groups. Nine rats in the Control-M group had developed GC, while four rats in the Rebamipide-M group had developed GC. The incidence of cancer in the Rebamipide-M group was significantly less than in the Control-M group (p<0.05), with a trend toward a lower incidence of invasive carcinoma in the Rebamipide-M group. Carcinomatous invasion into the muscularis propria was not observed in the Rebamipide-M group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that rebamipide suppresses. MNNG-induced carcinogenesis and may also inhibit progression of cancer in rats.
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Zaki SM, Mohamed EA. Effect of glucocorticoids on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in the adult male albino rat - histological, morphometric and electron microscopy study. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:381-8. [PMID: 24904676 PMCID: PMC4042030 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.28807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indomethacin is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which is capable of producing injury to gastric mucosa. To prevent of NSAID-induced gastropathy, it is important to evaluate the risk factors. One of them is steroid. The aim is to study time dependent effects of glucocorticoids (GC) on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-nine albino rats were used. They were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was subgroup I (rats were given indomethacin and were sacrificed 1 day after drug intake), subgroup II (rats were given indomethacin + dexamethasone and were sacrificed 1 day after drug intake), subgroup III (rats were given indomethacin + dexamethasone and were sacrificed 3 days after drug intake) and subgroup IV (rats were given indomethacin + dexamethasone and were sacrificed 7 days day after drug intake). Histological, scanning electron microscopy and morphometric studies were used. RESULTS Indomethacin induced gastric ulceration with shredding of the superficial epithelial cells. The fundic glands were dilated in the subgroups II, III, IV. The surface epithelial cells were shredded and the ulcer sizes were big in subgroup IV. All subgroups exhibited abnormal surface epithelial cells within the gastric ulcer area. CONCLUSIONS Indomethacin is capable of producing injury to gastrointestinal mucosa. With prolonged use of GC the surface epithelial cells became more affected and the ulcer sizes became bigger. Concomitant use of both medications will delay the healing of the indomethacin induced gastric ulcer and induce more gastric complication.
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Edogawa S, Sakai A, Inoue T, Harada S, Takeuchi T, Umegaki E, Hayashi H, Higuchi K. Down-regulation of collagen I biosynthesis in intestinal epithelial cells exposed to indomethacin: a comparative proteome analysis. J Proteomics 2014; 103:35-46. [PMID: 24698663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In contrast to accumulated knowledge about gastroduodenal injury associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin, small intestinal mucosal injuries have been noticed only recently, and the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. To clarify the mechanism, we performed 2-DE on IEC-6 rat normal intestinal cells that were treated with indomethacin (200μΜ, 24h) or a vehicle control and identified 18 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated proteins through MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Among these proteins, collagen I and proteins involved in collagen I biosynthesis and maturation, including prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit α1, protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3), calreticulin, and endoplasmin, were all down-regulated by indomethacin. Immunohistochemical staining of the intestinal mucosa of indomethacin-administered rats showed a decrease of collagen I on the apical surface of intestinal cells. Cell death induced by indomethacin was prominently suppressed when IEC-6 cells were grown on collagen I-coated plates. cis-4-Hydroxy-l-proline, a proline analog that inhibits collagen synthesis, depressed IEC-6 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell death was also induced by short interfering RNA knockdown of endogenous collagen I in IEC-6 cells. In conclusion, by comparative proteome analysis, we identified down-regulation of collagen I as an important mechanism in NSAID-induced intestinal injury. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Small intestinal lesions induced by NSAIDs are of great concern in clinical settings. Various hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of these inflammatory responses, such as reduction in the blood flow, intestinal hypermotility, abnormal intestinal mucosal permeability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species, many of which are related to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. However, the precise mechanism is yet to be known. The cellular process of the lesions must involve up- and down-regulations of a large number of proteins and complex interactions between them. To elucidate it, global and systematic identification of the proteins in intestinal cells affected by NSAIDs is essential. We found that the proteins exhibiting reduced expression by indomethacin treatment are collagen I and the proteins involved in collagen I synthesis and maturation. Consistent with this, immunohistochemical analysis showed that the indomethacin-treated rat intestinal mucosal cells exhibits decreased collagen I expression on its apical surface. Furthermore, the cell-protective effect of collagen on intestinal mucosal cells was demonstrated by the use of a collagen-synthesis inhibitor, short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of endogenous collagen I, and cell cultivation on collagen I-coated plates versus uncoated plates. These results give important information on the role of the collagen synthesis in intestinal mucosa in the mechanism of NSAID-induced small intestinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Edogawa
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Akiko Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Inoue
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Harada
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Takeuchi
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Umegaki
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhide Higuchi
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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Fukushima E, Monoi N, Mikoshiba S, Hirayama Y, Serizawa T, Adachi K, Koide M, Ohdera M, Murakoshi M, Kato H. Protective Effects of Acetaminophen on Ibuprofen-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage in Rats with Associated Suppression of Matrix Metalloproteinase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:165-73. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.210021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Yamada S, Naito Y, Takagi T, Mizushima K, Horie R, Fukumoto K, Inoue K, Harusato A, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Yagi N, Ichikawa H, Yoshikawa T. Rebamipide ameliorates indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury in rats via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases activity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:1816-24. [PMID: 23020299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The pathogenesis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-induced small intestinal lesions remains unclear, although it is considered to be quite different from that of upper gastrointestinal tract ulcers due to the absence of acid and the presence of bacteria and bile in the small intestine. The aim of this study was to characterize specific gene expression profiles of intestinal mucosa in indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury, and to investigate the effects of rebamipide on the expression of these genes. METHODS Intestinal injury was induced in male Wistar rats by subcutaneous administration of indomethacin. Total RNA of the intestinal mucosa was extracted 24 h after indomethacin administration, gene expression was investigated using microarray analysis, and the identified genes were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, we investigated whether the treatment with rebamipide altered the expression of these identified genes. RESULTS The administration of indomethacin induced small intestine injuries, and these lesions were significantly inhibited by the treatment with rebamipide. Microarray analysis showed that the genes for several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and several chemokine-related genes were significantly upregulated, and metallothionein 1a (MT1a) was downregulated in the intestinal mucosa after administration of indomethacin. The expressions of these genes were reversed by the treatment with rebamipide. CONCLUSION These data suggest that MMPs, chemokines, and MT1a may play an important role in the intestinal mucosal injury induced by indomethacin. In particular, the inhibition of MMP genes and chemokine-related genes by rebamipide may be important for the therapeutic effect against NSAIDs-induced small intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamada
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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Ajeigbe KO, Olaleye SB, Oladejo EO, Olayanju AO. Effect of folic acid supplementation on oxidative gastric mucosa damage and acid secretory response in the rat. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:578-81. [PMID: 22022004 PMCID: PMC3195131 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.84976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated the antioxidative and antisecretory properties of folic acid in the rats’ stomach. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were treated with 2 mg/kg diet of folic acid for 21 days. Gastric ulceration was induced by indomethacin, scored, and assayed to determine the concentration of total protein, mucus, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in homogenized samples. Normal saline and Ranitidine treated group served as negative and positive control, respectively. Basal and stimulated acid secretion was measured by continuous perfusion method. Result: Indomethacin caused severe damage to the rats’ stomach with an ulcer index of 4.32 ± 0.13, increase in MDA concentration and reduction in the concentration of protein, mucus, catalase and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.001). Pre-treatment with folic acid prevented the formation of ulcers by 32%, and attenuated the inhibition of mucus by 14%, CAT, 51% and SOD, 150%. Ranitidine afforded 56% prevention in ulcer formation with 67%, 55% and 78% attenuation of the inhibition of mucus, CAT and SOD, respectively, by indomethacin. While indomethacin-induced lipid peroxidation was attenuated by 58% reduction in MDA concentration on pretreatment with folic acid, Ranitidine offered 65% reduction. Basal and stimulated acid secretions were significantly reduced in the treated when compared with control animals. Folic acid produced a 21% reduction in the basal acid output when compared with the control animals (P < 0.05), and 140% reduction in histamine-induced acid response. Conclusion: The results indicate the gastroprotective activity of folic acid due its antioxidative and anti-secretory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Ajeigbe
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria
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Naito Y, Iinuma S, Yagi N, Boku Y, Imamoto E, Takagi T, Handa O, Kokura S, Yoshikawa T. Prevention of Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Helicobacter pylori-Negative Healthy Volunteers: A Comparison Study Rebamipide vs Famotidine. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 43:34-40. [PMID: 18648657 PMCID: PMC2459250 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of gastroprotective drugs or low-dose H(2) receptor antagonists in the prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastropathy is limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate efficacy of rebamipide and famotidine in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-negative healthy volunteers taking NSAID. This study was a randomized, two way crossover study comparing the preventive effect rebamipide 100 mg, t.i.d. and famotidine 10 mg, b.i.d against indomethacin (25 mg, t.i.d.)-induced gastric mucosal injury in H. pylori-negative healthy volunteers. 12 subjects satisfied criteria and were randomized. Endoscopy was performed at baseline and again after the treatment for 7 days, and symptoms were recorded during the treatment. Tissue levels of lipid peroxides and myeloperoxidase and serum indomethacin concentrations were also measured. Subjective symptoms were developed in 58% (7/12) of the rebamipide group, and in 75% (9/12) of the famotidine group (no significant differences). The incidence of gastric lesions (modified Lanza score 2 or higher) was 17% (2/12) in the rebamipide group and 25% (3/12) in the famotidine group. Peptic ulcers did not occur in both groups. There were no significant differences in tissue levels of lipid peroxide and myeloperoxidase and serum level of indomethacin between two groups after the treatment. In conclusion, these data recommend rebamipide (100 mg, t.i.d.) or famotidine (10 mg, b.i.d.) for the prevention of acute gastric injury induced by NSAID in patients without a particular risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Medical Proteomics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Rhoads K, Sacco JC, Drescher N, Wong A, Trepanier LA. Individual variability in the detoxification of carcinogenic arylhydroxylamines in human breast. Toxicol Sci 2011; 121:245-56. [PMID: 21447608 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome b(5) (b5) and NADH cytochrome b(5) reductase (b5R) detoxify reactive hydroxylamine (NHOH) metabolites of known arylamine and heterocyclic amine mammary carcinogens. The aim of this study was to determine whether NHOH reduction for the prototypic arylamine 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) was present in human breast and to determine whether variability in activity was associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding, promoter, and 3'untranslated region (UTR) regions of the genes encoding b5 (CYB5A) and b5R (CYB5R3). 4-ABP-NHOH reduction was readily detected in pooled human breast microsomes, with a K(m) (280μM) similar to that found with recombinant b5 and b5R, and a V(max) of 1.12 ± 0.19 nmol/min/mg protein 4-ABP-NHOH reduction varied 75-fold across 70 individual breast samples and correlated significantly with both b5 (80-fold variability) and b5R (14-fold) immunoreactive protein. In addition, wide variability in b5 protein expression was significantly associated with variability in CYB5A transcript levels, with a trend toward the same association between b5R and CYB5R3. Although a sample with a novel coding SNP in CYB5A, His22Arg, was found with low reduction and b5 expression, no other SNPs in either gene were associated with outlier activity or protein expression. We conclude that b5 and b5R catalyze the reduction of 4-ABP-NHOH in breast tissue, with very low activity, protein, and messenger RNA expression in some samples, which cannot be attributed to promoter, coding, or 3'UTR SNPs. Further studies are underway to characterize the transcriptional regulation of CYB5A and CYB5R3 and begin to understand the mechanisms of individual variability in this detoxification pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keelia Rhoads
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1102, USA
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Tanigawa T, Watanabe T, Ohkawa F, Nadatani Y, Otani K, Machida H, Okazaki H, Yamagami H, Watanabe K, Tominaga K, Fujiwara Y, Takeuchi K, Arakawa T. Rebamipide, a mucoprotective drug, inhibits NSAIDs-induced gastric mucosal injury: possible involvement of the downregulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 48:149-53. [PMID: 21373268 PMCID: PMC3045688 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 plays an important role in the maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity. The level of biologically active prostaglandin E2 in the tissue is regulated by the balanced expression of its synthetic enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase, and its catabolic enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. We examined the effect of rebamipide, a mucoprotective drug, on prostaglandin E2 production and metabolism in the gastric tissue and its effect on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury in mice. Rebamipide suppressed indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury. Suppressive effect of rebamipide on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury was also observed in cyclooxygenase-2-knockout mice. The mice that were treated with rebamipide showed a 2-fold increase in cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in the gastric tissue, whereas 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase mRNA expression markedly decreased as compared to vehicle-treated control mice. Rebamipide did not affect the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 in the gastric tissue. Rebamipide did not increase prostaglandin E2 production in the gastric tissue; however, it induced a 1.4-fold increase in the concentration of prostaglandin E2 in the gastric tissue as compared to vehicle-treated control mice. These results suggest that the suppressive effect of rebamipide on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-induced gastric mucosal injury can be attributed to reduced 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression, which increases the prostaglandin E2 concentration in the gastric tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tanigawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Rebamipide: a gastrointestinal protective drug with pleiotropic activities. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 4:261-70. [PMID: 20528113 DOI: 10.1586/egh.10.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rebamipide, a gastroprotective drug, was developed in Japan and was proven to be superior to cetraxate, the former most prescribed drug of the same category, in 1989 in the treatment for gastric ulcers. The initially discovered basic mechanisms of action of rebamipide included its action as a prostaglandin inducer and oxygen free-radical scavenger. In the last 5 years, several basic and clinical studies have been performed for functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis, NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injuries, gastric ulcer following eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori, gastric ulcer after endoscopic surgery and ulcerative colitis. In addition, several molecules have been identified as therapeutic targets of rebamipide to explain its pleiotropic pharmacological actions. The aim of this article is to provide an update on the pharmacological and clinical profile of rebamipide and to explore further possibilities for additional indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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