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Chen K, Shui Y, Deng M, Guo Y, Sun B, Liu G, Liu D, Li Y. Effects of different dietary energy levels on growth performance, meat quality and nutritional composition, rumen fermentation parameters, and rumen microbiota of fattening Angus steers. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1378073. [PMID: 38770021 PMCID: PMC11102963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1378073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of varying energy levels in diets on Black Angus steers, focusing on growth performance, muscle composition, rumen microbial community, and their interrelationships. Twenty-seven Black Angus steers, aged approximately 22 months and weighing 520 ± 40 kilograms, were randomly divided into three groups: low-energy (LE), medium-energy (ME), and high-energy (HE). Each group consisted of nine individuals. The steers were fed diets with energy levels of 6.657 MJ/kg (LE), 7.323 MJ/kg (ME), and 7.990 MJ/kg (HE) following a 14-day pre-feeding period, with a subsequent 90-day main experimental phase. After the 90-day feeding period, both the HE and ME groups exhibited significantly higher average daily weight gain (ADG) compared to the LE group (p < 0.05). The feed-to-weight ratios were lower in the HE and ME groups compared to the LE group (p < 0.05). The HE group showed significantly higher crude fat content in the longissimus dorsi muscle compared to the LE group (p < 0.05), with total fatty acid content in the muscle surpassing that in the ME and LE groups (p < 0.05). As dietary energy levels increased, the diversity of the rumen microbial community decreased (p < 0.05), and significant differences in bacterial community structure were observed between the LE and HE groups (p < 0.05). The results suggest that higher dietary energy levels enhance growth performance and alter muscle composition in Black Angus steers, while also influencing the rumen microbial community. This study contributes to understanding optimal dietary strategies for finishing Angus cattle to improve beef quality, economic returns, and the development of standardized production procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihao Chen
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanghaoer Shui
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Deng
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaokun Li
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Rosadiuk JP, Bruinjé TC, Moslemipur F, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Renaud DL, Ambrose DJ, Steele MA. Differing planes of pre- and postweaning phase nutrition in Holstein heifers: I. Effects on feed intake, growth efficiency, and metabolic and development indicators. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1136-1152. [PMID: 33069415 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of pre- and postweaning planes of nutrition on feed and metabolizable energy (ME) intake, growth, concentrations of glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in blood and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) from birth to 25 wk of age in Holstein heifers. Heifer calves (n = 36) were randomly assigned to receive either a low (5 L/d of whole milk) or high (10 L/d of whole milk) preweaning plane of nutrition from 1 to 7 wk of age, and either a low (70% concentrate dry total mixed ration) or high (85% concentrate dry total mixed ration) postweaning plane of nutrition from 11 to 25 wk of age. From birth to 25 wk of age, feed intake was recorded daily, and body measures were obtained weekly. Circulating hormone and metabolite concentrations were measured biweekly and total ruminal VFA, fecal starch, and body condition were assessed monthly. Overall, average daily gain and body weight were greater for heifers offered increased planes of nutrition during both the pre- and postweaning phases. Heifers offered the high preweaning plane had greater milk intake (7.7 ± 0.1 vs. 4.5 ± 0.1 L/d) but lower starter intake (0.3 ± 0.04 vs. 0.7 ± 0.04 kg/d) during the preweaning phase than those offered the low plane. High preweaning plane heifers also had greater ME intake from wk 1 to 7, but less ME intake at wk 9 (5.3 ± 0.3 vs. 6.6 ± 0.2 Mcal/kg) than those offered the low plane. Furthermore, overall glucose (118.8 ± 2.9 vs. 110.1 ± 2.9 mg/dL) and IGF-1 (101.6 ± 3.6 vs. 75.9 ± 3.6 ng/mL) concentrations were greater for high versus low preweaning plane heifers, although circulating insulin and BHB did not differ between preweaning plane groups. However, heifers offered the high preweaning plane had reduced total rumen VFA concentrations compared with heifers offered the low plane in the preweaning phase (47.3 ± 2.0 vs. 55.6 ± 2.1 mM). During the postweaning phase, dry matter intake and ME were consistently greater in heifers offered the high postweaning plane. Overall insulin (2.0 ± 0.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 ng/mL), glucose (97.1 ± 0.6 vs. 92.1 ± 0.6 ng/mL), IGF-1 (178.0 ± 4.8 vs. 155.8 ± 4.8 ng/mL), and BHB concentrations (8.8 ± 0.2 vs. 8.1 ± 0.2 ng/mL) were greater in heifers offered the high than the low postweaning plane. In addition, heifers offered the high postweaning plane had increased VFA concentrations in the postweaning phase (73.4 ± 1.3 vs. 63.9 ± 1.3 mM) compared with heifers offered the low postweaning plane. The results indicated that increasing the pre- and postweaning planes of nutrition along with energy levels positively influenced several indicators associated with heifer development before 25 wk of age. Nevertheless, there was limited interaction in growth and development indicators between the 2 phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rosadiuk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5
| | - T C Bruinjé
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1H 2W1
| | - F Moslemipur
- Department of Animal Science, Gonbad Kavoos University, PO Box 163, Golestan, Iran, 49717-99151
| | - A J Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1H 2W1
| | - D J Ambrose
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Livestock Research Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6H 5T6
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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Williams KT, Weigel KA, Coblentz WK, Esser NM, Schlesser H, Hoffman PC, Su H, Akins MS. Effect of diet energy density and genomic residual feed intake on prebred dairy heifer feed efficiency, growth, and manure excretion. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4041-4050. [PMID: 30852010 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the growth, feed efficiency, and manure excretion of prebred dairy heifers with differing predicted genomic residual feed intakes (RFI) when offered diets differing in energy density. Prebred Holstein heifers (n = 128, ages 4 to 8 mo) were blocked by weight (low, medium-low, medium-high, or high) with 32 heifers per block. Heifers in each weight block were grouped by RFI and randomly assigned to obtain 2 pens of high (HRFI) and 2 pens of low RFI (LRFI) heifers within each block (8 heifers/pen). Heifers with LRFI were hypothesized to have greater feed efficiency than HRFI heifers. Dietary treatments were a high-energy diet (HE; 66.6% total digestible nutrients, 14.0% crude protein, and 36.3% neutral detergent fiber, dry matter basis) and a low-energy diet (LE; 63.8% total digestible nutrients, 13.5% crude protein, and 41.2% neutral detergent fiber, dry matter basis). Each pen of heifers was randomly assigned to a treatment to obtain a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (2 RFI levels × 2 diet energy densities). Diets were offered in a 120-d trial. Dry matter intake was not affected by diet, RFI, or their interaction. Average daily gain (ADG) was affected by diet, with heifers fed HE having greater ADG than heifers fed LE. In addition, RFI affected ADG, with LRFI heifers having greater ADG than HRFI heifers, whereas the interaction of RFI and diet was not significant. Feed efficiency was improved for heifers fed the HE diet, but it was not affected by RFI or the interaction of RFI and diet. Overall, feed efficiency of prebred heifers was not dependent on predicted genomic RFI, because the greater ADG of LRFI heifers was accompanied by slightly higher dry matter intake. Feed efficiency of heifers was reduced when heifers were fed the LE diet, but this resulted in more optimal ADG compared with the HE diet fed for ad libitum intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Williams
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - K A Weigel
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - W K Coblentz
- USDA Dairy Forage Research Center, Marshfield, WI 54449
| | - N M Esser
- Marshfield Agricultural Research Station, University of Wisconsin, Marshfield 54449
| | - H Schlesser
- Marathon County Extension, University of Wisconsin-Extension, Wausau 54403
| | - P C Hoffman
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706; Vita Plus Corporation, Madison, WI 53713
| | - H Su
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100083
| | - M S Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706.
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Fordyce G, Chandra K. Growth of Brahman cross heifers to 2 years of age in the dry tropics. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth of 1368 Brahman cross heifers from 6 year cohorts was monitored over the 2 years post-weaning in Australia’s northern forest, a low-animal-growth dry tropical environment. Heifers weighing 47–266 kg at weaning were managed in groups weighing <100 kg, 100–149 kg, 150–199 kg, and >199 kg during the post-weaning dry season. Weaner heifers were allocated to receive 300 g/day of a protein meal during the dry season or to basic nutritional management to sustain health. Heifers in three cohorts were allocated to first mating at 1 or 2 years of age, in four cohorts to vaccination against androstenedione, and in a small proportion of two cohorts to ovariectomy post-weaning. Growth was highly variable between seasons and years; average cohort liveweight by the start of 2-year-old mating was 256–319 kg. Heifer groups not receiving protein supplementation gained –16 to 21 kg (2 kg average) during 6-month dry seasons, and 49–131 kg (101 kg average) during wet seasons to reach an average of two-thirds of mature liveweight (445 kg) and 95% of mature hip height (1350 mm) by the start of mating at 2 years. Average body condition score (1–5) fluctuated by 1–2 units between seasons. Hip height gain continued, irrespective of season, commencing at ~0.60 mm/day at 6 months of age, and decelerating by ~0.00075 mm/day through to 2.5 years of age. Standard errors of predicted means across analyses were ~0.015 for average daily weight gains, 0.4 mm for average monthly height gain and 0.06 score units for average seasonal body condition score change. Post-weaning dry-season supplementation increased gains in liveweight, height and body condition score by an average of 0.1 kg/day, 0.1 mm/day and 0.5 units, respectively, during the supplementation period. Periods of poor nutrition or high nutritional demand secondary to reproduction suppressed daily gains in liveweight and hip height, at which times body condition score was also reduced. Subsequent to this, partial to full compensation occurred for all measures. Ovariectomy had negative effects on growth. Androstenedione vaccination had no effect on growth. The main conclusion is that heifer growth in Australia’s dry tropical northern forest region is highly variable between seasons and years, thus limiting significant proportions of some cohorts from reaching target weights for mating at 2 years of age, even after compensatory growth.
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Hue-Beauvais C, Koch E, Chavatte-Palmer P, Galio L, Chat S, Letheule M, Rousseau-Ralliard D, Jaffrezic F, Laloë D, Aujean E, Révillion F, Lhotellier V, Gertler A, Devinoy E, Charlier M. Milk from dams fed an obesogenic diet combined with a high-fat/high-sugar diet induces long-term abnormal mammary gland development in the rabbit. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:1641-55. [PMID: 26020186 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the metabolic endocrine environment during early life are crucial to mammary gland development. Among these environmental parameters, the initial nutritional event after birth is the consumption of milk, which represents the first maternal support provided to mammalian newborns. Milk is a complex fluid that exerts effects far beyond its immediate nutritional value. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine the effect of the nutritional changes during the neonatal and prepubertal periods on the adult mammary phenotype. Newborn rabbits were suckled by dams fed a high-fat/high-sugar obesogenic (OD) or a control (CON) diet and then subsequently fed either the OD or CON diets from the onset of puberty and throughout early pregnancy. Mammary glands were collected during early pregnancy (Day 8 of pregnancy). Rabbits fed with OD milk and then subjected to an OD diet displayed an abnormal development of the mammary gland: the mammary ducts were markedly enlarged (P < 0.05) and filled with abundant secretory products. Moreover, the alveolar secretory structures were disorganized, with an abnormal aspect characterized by large lumina. Mammary epithelial cells contained numerous large lipid droplets and exhibited fingering of the apical membrane and abnormally enlarged intercellular spaces filled with casein micelles. Leptin has been shown to be involved in modulating several developmental processes. We therefore analyzed its expression in the mammary gland. Mammary leptin mRNA was strongly expressed in rabbits fed with OD milk and subjected to an OD diet by comparison with the CON rabbits. Leptin transcripts and protein were localized in the epithelial cells, indicating that the increase in leptin synthesis occurs in this compartment. Taken together, these findings suggest that early-life nutritional history, in particular through the milking period, can determine subsequent mammary gland development. Moreover, they highlight the potentially important regulatory role that leptin may play during critical early-life nutritional windows with respect to long-term growth and mammary function.
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Asimwe L, Kimambo A, Laswai G, Mtenga L, Weisbjerg M, Madsen J, Mushi D. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu cattle finished on molasses or maize grain with rice or maize by-products. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Singh VP, Dubey M, Pandey RK. Effect of Different Feed Combinations on the Growth Performance of Cross-Bred Heifer Calves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ajas.2015.225.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rotta P, Filho S, Gionbelli T, Costa e Silva L, Engle T, Marcondes M, Machado F, Villadiego F, Silva L. Effects of day of gestation and feeding regimen in Holstein × Gyr cows: I. Apparent total-tract digestibility, nitrogen balance, and fat deposition. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3197-210. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Glosson K, Hopkins B, Washburn S, Davidson S, Smith G, Earleywine T, Ma C. Effect of supplementing pasteurized milk balancer products to heat-treated whole milk on the growth and health of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1127-35. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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REVIEW: New information on the protein requirements and diet formulation for dairy calves and heifers since the Dairy NRC 200111Information presented in invited review at the ADSA, AMPA, ASAS, CSAS, WSASAS joint annual meetings in Phoenix, Arizona, July 15–18, 2012. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abeni F, Calamari L, Stefanini L, Pirlo G. Effect of average daily gain on body size, metabolism, and milk production of Italian Holstein heifers raised on two different planes of nutrition and calving at two different ages. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Replacement Management in Cattle | Breeding Standards and Pregnancy Management. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DAIRY SCIENCES 2011. [PMCID: PMC7149803 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374407-4.00446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rearing replacement heifers is part of herd survivability and represents 15–20% of total farm costs. Proper attention to the growth of heifers is paramount to producing heifers that achieve adequate stature and body weight before first breeding and calving. Timely entry of heifers into the milking herd by 2 years of age, or their first eligible calving season in seasonal pasture-based dairy enterprises, can be facilitated by applying synchronization of estrus and ovulation in addition to traditional detection of estrus by visual or other means. Because fertility is better in heifers than in lactating cows, artificial insemination of heifers with semen from the best available progeny-tested bulls is a wise investment to ensure genetic gain of economically important traits. Annual culling rates of 25–33% necessitate a supply of herd replacement heifers. Application of gender-biased semen to produce more female offspring is also warranted for increasing the replacement population. The main goal of a heifer replacement program is to develop heifers at minimal cost and in a timely manner to obtain heifers of desired size and body weight so that they attain puberty, establish pregnancy, calve easily, and achieve their maximum genetic lifetime milk production as cows.
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Davis Rincker L, Weber Nielsen M, Chapin L, Liesman J, Daniels K, Akers R, VandeHaar M. Effects of Feeding Prepubertal Heifers a High-Energy Diet for Three, Six, or Twelve Weeks on Mammary Growth and Composition. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1926-35. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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