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Larson HE, Crawford GI, Cox RB, DiCostanzo A. Effect of inclusion of distillers grains with solubles and crude glycerin in beef cattle finishing diets on ruminal fermentation and fatty acid biohydrogenation. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac347. [PMID: 36592756 PMCID: PMC9831107 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding bio-fuel co-products on ruminal fermentation characteristics and composition of omasal digesta flow. Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (371 ± 5 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. Omasal sample collection and triple marker technique was used to quantify fatty acid omasal flow. Treatments were applied as a 2 × 2 factorial where a steam flaked corn (SFC) basal diet (DGS-N CG-N) was replaced with 40% of diet DM as corn distillers grains (DGS; DGS-Y CG-N) or 10% of diet DM as crude glycerin (DGS-N CG-Y) or 40% of diet DM distillers grains and 10% of diet DM as crude glycerin (DGS-Y CG-Y). No effects were observed for the interaction of DGS and glycerin on measured rumen characteristics. Dietary inclusion of glycerin decreased (P = 0.05) ruminal content 4-h post feeding on a DM basis but did not influence DMI (P = 0.64). Feeding DGS had no effect (P = 0.34) on particulate passage to the omasum (kg/d) in spite of greater (P = 0.04) DMI. Feeding DGS reduced flow rate (% of rumen volume/h) (P = 0.05) but did not affect total VFA concentration (P = 0.46) or average ruminal pH (P = 0.72). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in ruminal parameters when feeding glycerin, besides ruminal particulate content (kg) on DM basis (P = 0.05). An interaction of DGS and glycerin affected intake of stearic (P < 0.01), linoleic (P < 0.01), and linolenic acid (P < 0.01). An interaction of DGS and glycerin did not affect individual fatty acid flow with respect to intake for stearic (P = 0.17), linoleic (P = 0.18), or linolenic acid (P = 0.66). Dietary inclusion of glycerin had no impact on g of linolenic (P = 0.16) or linoleic (P = 0.32) acid transformed. A trend was identified for cattle fed diets with glycerin to have increased (P = 0.07) grams of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; C18:2 cis-9, trans-11) per gram of linoleic acid intake, with no impact on the percent of saturated fat (P = 0.44) or unsaturated fat (P = 0.43) in omasal flow. For cattle fed diets with DGS, fewer grams of linoleic (P < 0.01) and linolenic (P < 0.01) were present in digesta flow per gram of intake. Inclusion of DGS in the treatment diets also increased (P < 0.01) stearic acid flow (g) and CLA flow (g) per gram of stearic and linoleic acid intake, respectively. Observed differences in CLA proportion post fermentation may indicate interrupted biohydrogenation when glycerin is fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Larson
- University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Kansas State University, Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | | | - Ryan B Cox
- University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Alfredo DiCostanzo
- University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Feeding wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles increases conjugated linoleic acid and unsaturated lipids in ovine milk without adversely affecting milk yield. J DAIRY RES 2021; 88:128-133. [PMID: 34024288 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029921000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research communication was to examine the effect of dietary supplementation with wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), a by-product of bioethanol production, on yield, composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile of ewe milk. Forty-five purebred mid-lactating Chios ewes (average milk yield 2.23 kg/d in 96 ± 5 d in lactation) were offered three iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diets (15 animals per diet) for a 10 d adaptation period followed by a 5-week recording and sampling period. The diets contained 0, 6, and 12% DDGS on DM basis for the DG0, DG6, and DG12 treatment, respectively, as a replacement of concentrate mix, whilst concentrate-to-forage ratio remained at 60:40 in all treatments. Individual milk yield, milk composition, and FA profile were recorded weekly and analyzed using a complete randomized design with repeated measurements. No significant differences were observed among groups concerning dry matter intake (overall mean of 2.59 kg/d), milk yield or 6% fat-corrected milk and milk protein percentage or protein yield. Milk fat percentage was decreased in the DG12 (4.76%) compared to DG0 (5.69%) without, however, significantly affecting the daily output of milk fat. The concentration of all major saturated FA between C4:0 to C16:0 was reduced, whereas long-chain (>16 carbons), mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated FAs were increased in the milk of DDGS groups. Among individual FA, increments of oleic acid and C18:1 trans-monoenes like C18:1 trans-10 and C18:1 trans-11 were demonstrated in DG12 group, whereas linoleic and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA cis-9, trans-11) were elevated in both DDGS groups compared to control. Changes in FA profile resulted in a decline in the atherogenic index of milk by 20% and 35% in DG6 and DG12 treatments, respectively, compared with control. In conclusion, feeding DDGS to dairy ewes increased the levels of unsaturated FA that are potentially beneficial for human health without adversely affecting milk, protein or fat yield.
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Boerman JP, Hornback WC, Beever DE, Doane PH, Cecava MJ, Lock AL, Hansen SL, Drewnoski M, Murphy MR, Drackley JK. Effects of physical preparation of diets and inclusion rate of modified wet distillers grains with solubles on production and rumen measurements of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:1680-1695. [PMID: 33309371 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine if methods for preparing total mixed ration [TMR; horizontal paddle mixer with knives (PK) vs. vertical auger (VA) mixer] would alter the physical form of the TMR and affect utilization of diets with increasing amounts of modified wet distillers grains with solubles (MWDGS). Holstein cows (n = 24 with 12 ruminally cannulated; 144 d in milk ± 31 d at start) were used in a split-plot design with mixer type as the whole plot and MWDGS concentrations as subplots in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square arrangement with 35-d periods. Inclusion rates of MWDGS were 10, 20, and 30% of dietary dry matter, primarily replacing corn, soybean meal, soyhulls, and whole cottonseed. Feed dry matter intake (DMI) was less for PK (23.8 kg/d) than for VA (25.7 kg/d), but was unaffected by MWDGS concentration. Milk production did not differ by concentration of MWDGS or by interaction of MWDGS × mixer. Milk fat percentage declined with increasing MWDGS but the interaction between mixer and MWDGS showed that decreases were larger with VA mixing. Cows fed the diet containing 30% MWDGS mixed with PK averaged 3.45% (1.24 kg/d) milk fat, whereas cows fed the same diet mixed with VA averaged 2.81% (1.10 kg/d) fat. Concentrations of trans-10,cis-12 C18:2 in milk fat likely explain the differences observed in milk fat yield; the concentration of trans-10,cis-12 C18:2 increased as MWDGS was increased and the MWDGS × mixer interaction showed that VA had greater concentrations. Greater mean particle size and increased variation in particle size with VA may partially explain differences in milk fat via increased sorting that allowed for an altered rumen environment and favored alternative biohydrogenation pathways. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE; energy-corrected milk/DMI) decreased linearly as MWDGS increased, but FCE tended to be maintained when higher MWDGS diets were mixed using PK rather than VA. Ruminal pH and ammonia concentration decreased linearly as MWDGS increased. The PK mixer resulted in greater FCE when higher amounts of MWDGS were fed, primarily because milk fat content and yield were not as depressed and DMI was lower at similar milk yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Boerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - W C Hornback
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D E Beever
- Keenan Systems, Borris, County Carlow, Ireland R95 K223
| | - P H Doane
- Archer Daniels Midland Company, Decatur, IL 62526
| | - M J Cecava
- Archer Daniels Midland Company, Decatur, IL 62526
| | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - S L Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Drewnoski
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M R Murphy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Testroet E, Beitz D, O'Neil M, Mueller A, Ramirez-Ramirez H, Clark S. Feeding reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles to lactating Holstein dairy cows does not alter milk composition or cause late blowing in cheese. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5838-5850. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McCann JC, Segers JR, Derakhshani H, Felix TL, Khafipour E, Shike DW. Increasing corn distillers solubles alters the liquid fraction of the ruminal microbiome. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:3540-3551. [PMID: 28805891 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Five ruminally fistulated steers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design to determine the effects of increasing dietary fat and sulfur from condensed distiller's solubles (CDS) on the ruminal microbiome. Treatments included a corn-based control (CON) and 4 levels of CDS (0, 10, 19, and 27%) in a coproduct-based (corn gluten feed and soybean hulls) diet. Fat concentrations were 1.79, 4.43, 6.80, and 8.91% for diets containing 0, 10, 19, and 27% CDS, respectively. Steers were fed for ad libitum intake once daily. After feeding each diet for 18 d, ruminal samples were collected 3 h after feeding on d 19. Samples were separated into solid and liquid fractions. Microbial DNA was extracted for bacterial analysis using paired-end sequencing of the V3 through V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene on the MiSeq Illumina platform and quantitative PCR of selected species. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of CDS inclusion. Increasing CDS inclusion decreased (linear, < 0.05) α-diversity and species richness in the liquid fraction. Analysis of Bray-Curtis similarity indicated a treatment effect ( = 0.01) in the liquid fraction. At the phyla level, relative abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased in steers fed increasing dietary inclusion of CDS as Firmicutes increased to 82% of sequences for the 27% CDS treatment. Family Ruminococcaceae increased (linear, < 0.01) 2-fold in the liquid fraction when feeding CDS increased from 0 to 27% CDS, yet genera tended ( = 0.09) to decrease in steers fed greater CDS. The most abundant family of sulfate-reducing bacteria, Desulfovibrionaceae, increased ( < 0.03) in the solid and liquid fraction in steers fed additional dietary CDS and sulfur. Relative abundance of family Veillonellaceae and were increased (linear, ≤ 0.02) in the solid fraction as steers were fed increasing CDS. There were no effects ( > 0.10) of feeding increasing dietary fat from CDS on fibroylytic genus in either fraction. Results demonstrate increasing fat and sulfur from CDS in a coproduct-based diet markedly alters the liquid fraction ruminal microbiome but does not elicit negative effects on relative abundance of identified fiber-fermenting bacteria.
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Weiss CP, Gentry WW, Cole NA, McCollum FT, Jennings JS. Effects of feeding condensed distiller's solubles and crude glycerin alone or in combination on finishing beef cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and in vitro fermentation. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:922-929. [PMID: 28380589 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding condensed distiller's solubles (DS) and crude glycerin alone or in combination on performance of finishing beef cattle and in vitro fermentation. In both experiments, dietary treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based diet with 0% DS or crude glycerin (CON), 10% DS (CDS), 10% crude glycerin (GLY), or a combination of 5% DS and 5% crude glycerin (C+G) included on a DM basis. All treatment diets contained 15% (DM basis) wet distiller's grains plus solubles. In Exp. 1, crossbred steers ( = 256; 322 ± 15 kg initial BW) were used in a randomized complete block finishing trial. Growth performance and gain efficiency were not different ( > 0.10) across all treatments. Treatment had no effect ( > 0.10) on carcass weight, marbling score, yield grade, LM area, or percent grading USDA choice. In Exp. 2, ruminal fluid was collected from 2 ruminally cannulated steers to evaluate in vitro fermentation characteristics. No differences ( = 0.43) were observed for DM disappearance across all treatments. The GLY and C+G treatments had decreased ( = 0.02 and = 0.05, respectively) NDF disappearance (NDFD), whereas the CDS treatment tended to have decreased ( = 0.06) NDFD compared with CON. Concentrations of NH decreased ( < 0.04) with GLY and C+G treatments compared with CON. Total gas production decreased ( < 0.01) for the C+G treatment compared with other treatments. The CDS treatment had increased ( < 0.02) total VFA compared with the CON or C+G treatments. Treatments had no effect ( > 0.17) on concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, but valerate concentrations were the greatest ( < 0.04) for the CON treatment. Concentrations of isobutyrate increased ( < 0.05) for the CON and C+G treatments compared with the GLY treatment and tended to increase ( < 0.10) compared with the CDS treatment. Including DS or glycerin in the substrates decreased ( < 0.08) isovalerate compared with CON. Feeding additional byproducts such as DS and crude glycerin alone or in combination in a finishing diet did not alter live animal performance or carcass characteristics; however, feeding a combination of the 2 byproducts may alter in vitro fermentation.
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Siurana A, Calsamiglia S. A metaanalysis of feeding strategies to increase the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in dairy cattle milk and the impact on daily human consumption. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The nutritive value of condensed wheat distillers solubles for cattle. Animal 2016; 10:1955-1964. [PMID: 27181100 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111600094x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and the energy and protein value of five batches of condensed distillers solubles (CDS) originating from wheat were determined. The net energy for lactation (NEL) was derived from digestion coefficients obtained with sheep. The true protein digested in the small intestine (DVE) and the rumen degradable protein balance (OEB) were based on the rumen degradation rate (kd D ), the rumen undegradable fraction (U) and intestinal digestibility of undegraded protein (%DVBE) predicted by regression equations derived from a data set of 28 protein feeds with kd D , U and %DVBE determined in situ. The CDS is a by-product with a high, but very variable CP content (238 to 495 g/kg DM). The CP contained on average 81% amino acids, with glutamine as main component (on average 21.8% of CP) and a relatively good lysine proportion (3.0%). Further, CDS contains quite a lot of crude fat (mean±SD: 71±14 g/kg DM), glycerol (95±52 g/kg DM) and sugars (123±24 g/kg DM) resulting in a high organic matter digestibility (88.6±3.0%) and high NEL content (8.3±0.4 MJ/kg DM). The protein value showed a large variation, with DVE ranging from 122 to 244 g/kg DM and OEB from 50 to 204 g/kg DM. Wheat CDS is a rich source of minerals and trace elements with exception of calcium.
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9
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Testroet E, Li G, Beitz D, Clark S. Feeding dried distillers grains with solubles affects composition but not oxidative stability of milk. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2908-19. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McCormick ME, Forbes S, Moreira VR, Blouin DC, Han KJ. Effect of condensed corn distillers solubles concentration on lactation performance of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1983-90. [PMID: 25557892 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight Holstein cows (32 multiparous and 16 primiparous) in mid to late lactation averaging 219±71 days in milk and 30.5±6.6 kg/d of 3.5% fat-corrected milk were used in a 56-d completely randomized design experiment to evaluate condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) inclusion in high-fiber total mixed rations (TMR). Inclusion rates evaluated were 0, 6.6, 13.2, and 19.8% CCDS as a percentage of dry matter (DM). Distiller solubles substituted for soybean meal, corn grain, and whole cottonseed such that diets were similar in protein (16.6%) and fat (4.50%). Water was added to 0, 6.6, and 13.2% CCDS treatments so that final TMR DM concentrations (47.8%) were similar across diets. The forage portion of the diet was kept constant at 19.6% annual ryegrass hay and 26.0% sorghum baleage. Diet in vitro true digestibility tended to increase as CCDS addition increased, but neutral detergent fiber digestibility trended lower in CCDS diets. Percent P (0.39, 0.55, 0.69, and 0.73%) and S (0.32, 0.35, 0.39, and 0.42%) in TMR increased as CCDS concentration increased. Milk yield (23.5, 24.7, 25.5, and 24.8 kg/d of 3.5% fat-corrected milk) was similar for control and CCDS diets. Milk fat (3.88, 3.73, 3.78, and 3.68%), protein (3.28, 3.27, 3.31, and 3.31%), and lactose (4.61, 4.66, 4.69, and 4.77) percentages were similar across diets. Milk urea nitrogen (16.60, 15.58, 15.43, and 14.75 mg/dL) declined with increasing CCDS addition. Animal activity, body weight, body condition scores, and locomotion scores were not influenced by CCDS. Day 28 poststudy locomotion scores were similar across diets. Ruminal acetate concentrations did not differ among diets, but propionate and butyrate concentrations were elevated in rumen fluid of cows receiving 19.6% CCDS. Although rumen fluid pH values were similar (6.5, 6.4, 6.3, and 6.2), the two highest CCDS diets exhibited depressed acetate:propionate ratios relative to controls. The results from this study indicate that CCDS may be included in high-fiber TMR for lactating dairy cows at up to nearly 20% of diet DM; however, caution is recommended because high CCDS P concentrations may create Ca:P imbalances and excess P may be introduced into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McCormick
- Southeast Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Franklinton 70438.
| | - S Forbes
- Southeast Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Franklinton 70438
| | - V R Moreira
- Southeast Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Franklinton 70438
| | - D C Blouin
- Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
| | - K J Han
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Siverson A, Vargas-Rodriguez C, Bradford B. Short communication: Effects of molasses products on productivity and milk fatty acid profile of cows fed diets high in dried distillers grains with solubles. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3860-5. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Xu L, Jin Y, He ML, Li C, Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ. Effects of increasing levels of corn dried distillers grains with solubles and monensin on ruminal biohydrogenation and duodenal flows of fatty acids in beef heifers fed high-grain diets1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1089-98. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Xu
- BaoTou Light Industry Vocational Technical College, Inner Mongolia, 014035, China
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Y. Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - M. L. He
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - C. Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, 028000 China
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - W. Z. Yang
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
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Paz HA, Castillo-Lopez E, Ramirez-Ramirez HA, Christensen DA, Klopfenstein TJ, Kononoff PJ. Invited Review: Ethanol co-products for dairy cows: there goes our starch … now what? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paz, H. A., Castillo-Lopez, E., Ramirez-Ramirez, H. A., Christensen, D. A., Klopfenstein, T. J. and Kononoff, P. J. 2013. Invited Review: Ethanol co-products for dairy cows: there goes our starch … now what? Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 407–425. The rise of the grain-ethanol industry has resulted in a dramatic increase in the availability of feed co-products namely, distillers’ grains with solubles (DG). The cost of feeds that have traditionally been used for energy continues to increase and there is a need to understand the potential impact of replacing these feeds with DG on milk yield and composition. Using the Dairy National Research Council (2001) model and data from a total of 25 published studies (81 observations), we used a meta-analytical procedure to evaluate the impact of feeding corn milling co-products on lactating dairy cows. Based on our model, the inclusion of DG did not affect dry matter intake (P=0.35) but a trend for an increase in milk yield was observed (P=0. 10). Additionally, the percentages of milk fat and protein in the milk were not affected (P=0.24 and 0.25, respectively). The modeled daily rumen outflow of Lys in grams was significantly (P<0.01) reduced and Met was not affected (P=0.79) when DG were included. The error associated with net energy of lactation allowable milk averaged 5.0±1.0 kg d−1and was not affected by DG (P=0.79) but the error associated with metabolizable protein allowable milk tended (P=0.10) to be higher for cows consuming DG by 1.4±1.2 kg d−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Paz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - E. Castillo-Lopez
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - H. A. Ramirez-Ramirez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - D. A. Christensen
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - T. J. Klopfenstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - P. J. Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
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Kurokawa Y, Shibata H, Tateno S, Kanda S, Takaura K, Ishida S, Itabashi H. Rumen fermentation, milk production and conjugated linoleic acid in the milk of cows fed high fiber diets added with dried distillers grains with solubles. Anim Sci J 2012; 84:106-12. [PMID: 23384351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2012.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) feeding on rumen fermentation and milk production in cows were evaluated using diets high in neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 45.9-46.6%). The control diet (Control) consisted mainly of hay, corn silage and concentrates. In the experimental diets, the concentrates were replaced with DDGS as 10% dry matter (DM) (10%DDGS) and 20% DM (20%DDGS). Eight cows were used for each 14-day treatment period. Effect of DDGS feeding on DM intake was not significant. Ruminal volatile fatty acids and ammonia-N at 5 h after feeding of 20%DDGS were decreased compared to Control, whereas protozoal count at 2 h after feeding of 20%DDGS was higher than that of 10%DDGS. Milk yield of cows fed DDGS diets was greater than that of Control, although percentages of milk protein and solids-not-fat were decreased by DDGS diets. The proportions of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 in the milk fat decreased, and those of C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) increased markedly with elevated DDGS. Increase in trans-11 C18:1 was observed in the rumen fluid at 5 h after feeding. These findings suggest that DDGS feeding enhanced milk yield, as well as CLA synthesis under a high dietary NDF condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
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Chibisa G, Christensen D, Mutsvangwa T. Effects of replacing canola meal as the major protein source with wheat dried distillers grains with solubles on ruminal function, microbial protein synthesis, omasal flow, and milk production in cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:824-41. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hollmann M, Allen M, Beede D. Diet fermentability influences lactational performance responses to corn distillers grains: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2007-21. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kelzer JM, Kononoff PJ, Tedeschi LO, Jenkins TC, Karges K, Gibson ML. Evaluation of protein fractionation and ruminal and intestinal digestibility of corn milling co-products. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2803-15. [PMID: 20494190 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel corn milling co-products developed from technological advancements in ethanol production vary widely in chemical composition and nutrient availability. The objectives of this study were to characterize feed protein fractions and evaluate differences in rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) and its digestible fraction (dRUP), amino acid concentration, and in vitro gas production of 7 corn milling co-products. The crude protein (CP; % of dry matter) of co-products was 12.7 for germ, 26.9 for dried distillers grains plus solubles that had no heat exposure before fermentation (DDGS1), 45.4 for high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG), 12.7 for bran, 30.2 for wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS), 23.1 for wet corn gluten feed (WCGF), and 26.0 for dried distillers grains plus solubles that had heat exposure before fermentation (DDGS2). Two ruminally and duodenally fistulated Holstein steers weighing 663+/-24 kg were used to determine RUP and dRUP with the in situ and mobile bag techniques. Samples of each feed were ruminally incubated for 16 h, and mobile bags were exposed to simulated abomasal digestion before insertion into the duodenum and subsequent collection in the feces. Protein fractions A, B(1), B(2), B(3), and C were characterized as follows (% CP): germ=30.0, 15.0, 38.1, 13.5, 3.4; DDGS1=17.0, 7.0, 67.0, 4.8, 4.2; HPDDG=7.4, 0.6, 82.4, 8.8, 0.8; bran=33.5, 4.0, 54.3, 6.0, 2.2; WDGS=18.6, 2.4, 53.1, 11.0, 14.9; WCGF=36.6, 15.9, 33.2, 10.1, 4.1; and DDGS2=17.9, 2.1, 41.1, 11.1, 27.9. The proportions of RUP and dRUP were different and are reported as follows (% CP): DDGS2=56.3, 91.9; HPDDG=55.2, 97.7; WDGS=44.7, 93.1; DDGS1=33.2, 92.1; bran=20.7, 65.8; germ=16.5, 66.8; and WCGF=11.5, 51.1. The concentrations of Lys and Met in the RUP were different and are listed as follows (% CP): germ=2.9, 2.0; DDGS1=1.9, 2.0; HPDDG=2.0, 3.2; bran=3.2, 1.5; WDGS=1.9, 2.3; WCGF=3.5, 1.6; and DDGS2=1.9, 2.4. In vitro gas production (mL/48h) was highest for germ (52.1) followed by bran (50.1), WDGS (40.7), DDGS2 (40.1), WCGF (39.0), DDGS1 (38.6), and HPDDG (37.5). Comparison of co-products defined differences in chemical composition, protein fractionation, ruminal availability, and microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kelzer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583, USA
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Zhang S, Penner G, Yang W, Oba M. Effects of partially replacing barley silage or barley grain with dried distillers grains with solubles on rumen fermentation and milk production of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3231-42. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yang SY, Kang CW, Ahn GC, Lee GY, Lee JI, Kim JH, Park KK. Composition of Corn Taffy Residue and Its Dietary Effects on Milk Production and Composition of Holstein Cows. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2010. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2010.30.3.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Oba M, Penner G, Whyte T, Wierenga K. Effects of feeding triticale dried distillers grains plus solubles as a nitrogen source on productivity of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2044-52. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ranathunga SD, Kalscheur KF, Hippen AR, Schingoethe DJ. Replacement of starch from corn with nonforage fiber from distillers grains and soyhulls in diets of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1086-97. [PMID: 20172230 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Forty Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design with a 2-wk covariate period followed by a 6-wk experimental period to evaluate incremental substitution of nonforage fiber provided by dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and soyhulls (SH) for starch provided by corn in the diet. Diets provided decreasing concentrations of starch: 29% starch with 0% DDGS; 26% starch with 7% DDGS; 23% starch with 14% DDGS; and 20% starch with 21% DDGS. Diets contained 27% corn silage, 22% alfalfa hay, and 51% concentrate mix and were formulated to be 17% crude protein, 4.7% fat, and 23% neutral detergent fiber from forage. Total neutral detergent fiber increased as DDGS and SH were included in the diet. Soyhulls were included in a linear fashion along with DDGS to replace soybean meal and expeller soybean meal, thereby maintaining a similar crude protein content across diets. Dry matter intake decreased linearly; consequently, feed efficiency tended to increase linearly as starch was replaced by nonforage fiber. There was no effect of diet on milk production or milk fat and protein percentage or yield. Milk fatty acid profiles were similar across diets. Other response variables, including 4% fat-corrected milk, total solids, and milk urea nitrogen, were unaffected by dietary treatments. Ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration did not differ between diets. Concentrations of blood glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate were similar across diets. Results from this research suggest that nonforage fiber from DDGS can partially substitute for starch from corn in dairy cow diets without affecting milk production and milk composition. Economic analysis of the diets showed that feeding DDGS and SH in substitution of corn was cost-effective. Results from this experiment indicate that DDGS and SH can replace corn as an energy source to decrease feed costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Ranathunga
- Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007, USA
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Schingoethe D, Kalscheur K, Hippen A, Garcia A. Invited review: The use of distillers products in dairy cattle diets. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5802-13. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kelzer J, Kononoff P, Gehman A, Tedeschi L, Karges K, Gibson M. Effects of feeding three types of corn-milling coproducts on milk production and ruminal fermentation of lactating Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5120-32. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tedeschi LO, Kononoff PJ, Karges K, Gibson ML. Effects of chemical composition variation on the dynamics of ruminal fermentation and biological value of corn milling (co)products. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:401-13. [PMID: 19109298 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the dynamics of gas production of several corn (co)products, to develop equations to predict the rate of ruminal fiber digestion, to estimate total digestible nutrients (TDN) and net energy for lactation (NE(L)), and to assess the stochasticity of chemical composition and nutritive value variability. Four corn milling (co)products were evaluated in this study: high protein dried distillers grains (HP-DDG), corn bran (BRAN) and dehydrated germ (GERM), and a dried distillers grains plus soluble produced with a low-heat drying process (BPX). Alfalfa hay was used as an internal standard feed in the in vitro fermentation dynamics analysis. Standard chemical analyses, in vitro digestibility, and in vitro gas production techniques were used to obtain the necessary physicochemical characterization of feeds. The in vitro dry matter digestibility at 24 and 48 h of incubation decreased exponentially as acid detergent insoluble nitrogen increased. However, the degree of in vitro dry matter digestibility reduction was more accentuated at 24 than at 48 h of incubation. The difference among these feeds regarding the dynamics of the anaerobic fermentation within different substrates (intact feed, and fiber and defatted residues) was evaluated. Results suggested that the proportion of fiber digested in the rumen was affected by the degree of sample processing and fat removal. Fractional fermentation rate (kf) of neutral detergent residue (without sodium sulfite) and defatted fiber residue for BRAN, GERM, HP-DDG, and BPX was estimated to be 0.0635 and 0.0852 h(-1), 0.0803 and 0.0914 h(-1), 0.118 and 0.117 h(-1), and 0.0695 and 0.0844 h(-1), respectively. The most influential variables affecting kf(NDR) of HP-DDG and BPX also affected the predicted TDN, suggesting that fiber quality is essential to ensure higher TDN values for these feeds. Our study indicated that it is possible to routinely quantify the rate of fiber digestion and this approach may be based on common analytical procedures namely estimates of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, ether extract, and acid detergent lignin. Our simulations of TDN values demonstrated that differences in fermentability and chemical composition of these corn (co)products might considerably affect the supply of energy to lactating dairy cow. The analytical methods developed in this study may serve as a valuable tool to assess nutrient quality and uniformity when samples differ in chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2471, USA.
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Bharathan M, Schingoethe D, Hippen A, Kalscheur K, Gibson M, Karges K. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increases in Milk from Cows Fed Condensed Corn Distillers Solubles and Fish Oil. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2796-807. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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