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Witte S, Brockelmann Y, Haeger JD, Schmicke M. Establishing a model of primary bovine hepatocytes with responsive growth hormone receptor expression. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7522-7535. [PMID: 31155243 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The liver becomes resistant to growth hormone before parturition in dairy cows (uncoupling of the somatotropic axis). However, the mechanism of growth hormone insensitivity has not been fully described. The aim of the present study was to improve a previous model of adult bovine hepatocytes in a sandwich culture system to ensure growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression. First, we modified the protocol for hepatocyte retrieval and tested the effect of short (18 min) and long (up to 30 min) warm ischemia on hepatocyte viability. Second, we used medium additives that affect GHR expression in vivo-insulin (INS), dexamethasone (DEX), both (INS+DEX), or no hormone additives (CTRL)-to ensure the functionality of hepatocytes, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase activity and urea concentration in the medium. We also used reverse transcriptase PCR of hepatocytes to evaluate expression of albumin (ALB), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4A), nuclear factor-κ-B-inhibitor α (NFKBIA), cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), and vimentin (VIM) mRNA. Moreover, we analyzed the expression of GHRtot (GHR), GHR1A, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), and IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP2) in response to exposure to media with the different compositions. Modification of the protocol (changes in rinsing and perfusion times, buffer composition, and the volume and standardization of collagenase) led to increased cell counts and cell viability. Short warm ischemia with the modified protocol significantly increased cell count (4.7 × 107 ± 1.9 × 107 vs. 3.5 × 106 ± 1.5 × 106 vital cells/g of liver) and viability (79.1 ± 8.4 vs. 37.1 ± 8.9%). Therefore, we gathered hepatocytes from the liver after short warm ischemia with the modified protocol. For these hepatocytes, lactate dehydrogenase activity was lower in media with INS and with DEX than in media with INS+DEX or CTRL; urea concentrations were highest at d 4 for INS+DEX. As well, HNF4A and ALB were more highly expressed in hepatocytes cultured with INS and INS+DEX than in those cultured with DEX or CTRL, and the substitution of DEX suppressed VIM and NFKBIA expression but increased PCK1 expression. The expression of GHR, GHR1A, and IGF1 was suppressed by dexamethasone (DEX and INS+DEX), whereas INS distinctly increased GHR, GHR1A, and IGF1 mRNA expression. Hepatocytes in a sandwich culture showed influenceable GHR expression; this study provides a model that can be used in studies examining factors that influence the expression and signal transduction of GHR in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Witte
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Germany
| | - Y Brockelmann
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Germany
| | - J-D Haeger
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Germany
| | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Germany.
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Arun SJ, Thomson PC, Sheehy PA, Khatkar MS, Raadsma HW, Williamson P. Targeted Analysis Reveals an Important Role of JAK-STAT-SOCS Genes for Milk Production Traits in Australian Dairy Cattle. Front Genet 2015; 6:342. [PMID: 26697059 PMCID: PMC4678202 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway genes along with suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) family genes play a crucial role in controlling cytokine signals in the mammary gland and thus mammary gland development. Mammary gene expression studies showed differential expression patterns for all the JAK-STAT pathway genes. Gene expression studies using qRT-PCR revealed differential expression of SOCS2, SOCS4, and SOCS5 genes across the lactation cycle in dairy cows. Using genotypes from 1,546 Australian Holstein-Friesian bulls, a statistical model for an association analysis based on SNPs within 500 kb of JAK-STAT pathway genes, and SOCS genes alone was constructed. The analysis suggested that these genes and pathways make a significant contribution to the Australian milk production traits. There were 24 SNPs close to SOCS1, SOCS3, SOCS5, SOCS7, and CISH genes that were significantly associated with Australian Profit Ranking (APR), Australian Selection Index (ASI), and protein yield (PY). This study supports the view that there may be some merit in choosing SNPs around functionally relevant genes for the selection and genetic improvement schemes for dairy production traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondur J Arun
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter C Thomson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul A Sheehy
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Mehar S Khatkar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Herman W Raadsma
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Williamson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW Sydney, Australia
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Mense K, Meyerholz M, Gil Araujo M, Lietzau M, Knaack H, Wrenzycki C, Hoedemaker M, Piechotta M. The somatotropic axis during the physiological estrus cycle in dairy heifers--Effect on hepatic expression of GHR and SOCS2. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2409-18. [PMID: 25704974 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary growth hormone (GH) release and hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production increase after an injection of 17β-estradiol (E2) in ovariectomized dairy cattle. However, whether endogenous sexual steroid hormones also influence the hepatic GH receptor (GHR) signaling pathway during a physiological estrus cycle remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the hepatic GHR signaling pathway during the luteal phase and after a period of increased E2 concentrations (after ovulation) as well as in 7 heifers before ovulation. Ovarian ultrasounds were performed daily during repeated physiological cycles (n = 56) of 30 Holstein Friesian heifers to determine ovulation [before ovulation (n = 7, bOv) and after ovulation 24-60 h after the appearance of estrus signs (n = 49, aOv)] and luteal phase (CLP; d 12 ± 1 after ovulation). Blood samples and liver biopsies were obtained, and blood concentrations of E2, P4, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, and GH were measured. In the liver biopsies, we determined mRNA expression of the estrogen receptor α (ERα), GHR, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B (STAT5B), suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)2 and 3, IGF-I, and IGF-II by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The concentration of E2 was higher bOv than aOv and CLP, as expected. The concentrations of IGF-I and GH were higher bOv and aOv compared with CLP. In contrast, concentrations of IGF-II were lower aOv compared with bOv and CLP. The mRNA expression of GHR was higher in liver biopsies obtained bOv compared with aOv and CLP. Notably, the expression of SOCS2 was higher bOv than aOv and in the CLP. Increased hepatic expression of SOCS2 during estrus was detectable when IGF-I concentrations were high; this result might indicate that SOCS2 expression attenuates the GHR signal transduction pathway during the phase of increased pituitary GH release. In conclusion, hepatic GHR and SOCS2 mRNA expression appeared to be promptly and sensitively regulated by increased E2 levels before ovulation of dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mense
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Meyerholz
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Gil Araujo
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Zulia 44011, Venezuela
| | - M Lietzau
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Knaack
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Wrenzycki
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Piechotta
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Piechotta M, Holzhausen L, Araujo MG, Heppelmann M, Sipka A, Pfarrer C, Schuberth HJ, Bollwein H. Antepartal insulin-like growth factor concentrations indicating differences in the metabolic adaptive capacity of dairy cows. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:343-52. [PMID: 24962413 PMCID: PMC4178135 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cows with different Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations showed comparable expression levels of hepatic growth hormone receptor (GHR). Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), could be responsible for additional inhibition of the GHR signal cascade. The aims were to monitor cows with high or low antepartal IGF-I concentrations (IGF-Ihigh or IGF-Ilow), evaluate the interrelationships of endocrine endpoints, and measure hepatic SOCS2 expression. Dairy cows (n = 20) were selected (240 to 254 days after artificial insemination (AI)). Blood samples were drawn daily (day -17 until calving) and IGF-I, GH, insulin, thyroid hormones, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations were measured. Liver biopsies were taken (day 264 ± 1 after AI and postpartum) to measure mRNA expression (IGF-I, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, acid labile subunit (ALS), SOCS2, deiodinase1, GHR1A). IGF-I concentrations in the two groups were different (p < 0.0001). However, GH concentrations and GHR1A mRNA expression were comparable (p > 0.05). Thyroxine levels and ALS expression were higher in the IGF-Ihigh cows compared to IGF-Ilow cows. Estradiol concentration tended to be greater in the IGF-Ilow group (p = 0.06). It was hypothesized that low IGF-I levels are associated with enhanced SOCS2 expression although this could not be decisively confirmed by the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Piechotta
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover,
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Piechotta M, Kedves K, Araujo M, Hoeflich A, Metzger F, Heppelmann M, Muscher-Banse A, Wrenzycki C, Pfarrer C, Schuberth H, Hoedemaker M, Bollwein H, Kaske M. Hepatic mRNA expression of acid labile subunit and deiodinase 1 differs between cows selected for high versus low concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 in late pregnancy. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3737-49. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Delgado-Ortega M, Marc D, Dupont J, Trapp S, Berri M, Meurens F. SOCS proteins in infectious diseases of mammals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 151:1-19. [PMID: 23219158 PMCID: PMC7112700 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As for most biological processes, the immune response to microbial infections has to be tightly controlled to remain beneficial for the host. Inflammation is one of the major consequences of the host's immune response. For its orchestration, this process requires a fine-tuned interplay between interleukins, endothelial cells and various types of recruited immune cells. Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins are crucially involved in the complex control of the inflammatory response through their actions on various signalling pathways including the JAK/STAT and NF-κB pathways. Due to their cytokine regulatory functions, they are frequent targets for exploitation by infectious agents trying to escape the host's immune response. This review article aims to summarize our current knowledge regarding SOCS family members in the different mammalian species studied so far, and to display their complex molecular interactions with microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Delgado-Ortega
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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do Amaral B, Connor E, Tao S, Hayen J, Bubolz J, Dahl G. Heat-stress abatement during the dry period: Does cooling improve transition into lactation? J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5988-99. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Winkelman L, Elsasser T, Reynolds C. Limit-Feeding a High-Energy Diet to Meet Energy Requirements in the Dry Period Alters Plasma Metabolite Concentrations but Does Not Affect Intake or Milk Production in Early Lactation. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1067-79. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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