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Megson D, Brown T, Jones GR, Robson M, Johnson GW, Tiktak GP, Sandau CD, Reiner EJ. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations and profiles in marine mammals from the North Atlantic Ocean. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132639. [PMID: 34687677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can provide crucial information into the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of POPs in marine mammals. Muscle tissue samples were obtained for detailed PCB congener specific analysis of all 209 PCBs in 11 species of marine mammals stranded across the coast of the UK between 2010 and 2013. At least 145 PCB congeners were found in each individual. The highest concentrations of PCBs were recorded in a killer whale (318 mg/kg lipid) and the highest toxic equivalent in a Risso's dolphin (1687 pg/g TEQ2005 wet). Concentrations of PCBs in the majority of samples exceeded toxic thresholds (9 mg/kg lipid) for marine mammals, highlighting the health risk they face from PCB exposure. Many PCB profiles did not fit typical 'Aroclor' signatures, but instead indicated patterns of congeners that are resistant to biotransformation and elimination. However, this study identified a novel PCB signature in a sei whale that has not yet been previously observed in marine mammals. The whale had a PCB profile that included lighter and inadvertent PCB congeners such as PCB 11, suggesting that the main source of exposure was through atmospheric deposition, rather than terrestrial discharges. Seven subsamples were chosen for chiral analysis of PCB 95, 136 and 149. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) of C-PCBs 95 and 149 were non racemic suggesting there may be enantiomer selective metabolism in marine mammals. Although there has been a shift in the literature towards emerging pollutants, this study acts as a stark reminder that PCBs continue to pose a significant risk to wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Megson
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester, UK; Chemistry Matters, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Thomas Brown
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Mathew Robson
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | | | - Guuske P Tiktak
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography for Chiral Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:416-427. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1444465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Feng W, Zheng J, Robin G, Dong Y, Ichikawa M, Inoue Y, Mori T, Nakano T, Pessah IN. Enantioselectivity of 2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) Atropisomers toward Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) and Their Influences on Hippocampal Neuronal Networks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14406-14416. [PMID: 29131945 PMCID: PMC6251309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen ortho-substituted PCBs are chiral and found enantioselectively enriched in ecosystems. Their differential actions on biological targets are not understood. PCB 95 (2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl), a chiral PCB of current environmental relevance, is among the most potent toward modifying ryanodine receptors (RyR) function and Ca2+ signaling. PCB 95 enantiomers are separated and assigned aR- and aS-PCB 95 using three chiral-column HPLC and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Studies of RyR1-enriched microsomes show aR-PCB 95 with >4× greater potency (EC50 = 0.20 ± 0.05 μM), ∼ 1.3× higher efficacy (Bmax = 3.74 ± 0.07 μM) in [3H]Ryanodine-binding and >3× greater rates (R = 7.72 ± 0.31 nmol/sec/mg) of Ca2+ efflux compared with aS-PCB 95, whereas racemate has intermediate activity. aR-PCB 95 has modest selectivity for RyR2, and lower potency than racemate toward the RyR isoform mixture in brain membranes. Chronic exposure of hippocampal neuronal networks to nanomolar PCB 95 during a critical developmental period shows divergent influences on synchronous Ca2+ oscillation (SCO): rac-PCB 95 increasing and aR-PCB 95 decreasing SCO frequency at 50 nM, although the latter's effects are nonmonotonic at higher concentration. aS-PCB95 shows the greatest influence on inhibiting responses to 20 Hz electrical pulse trains. Considering persistence of PCB 95 in the environment, stereoselectivity toward RyRs and developing neuronal networks may clarify health risks associated with enantioisomeric enrichment of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Jing Zheng
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaëlle Robin
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Yao Dong
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Makoto Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
- Corresponding Author Phone: +1-(530)-752-6696;
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del Castillo MLR, Rodriguez-Valenciano M, de la Peña Moreno F, Blanch GP. Evaluation of pesticide residue contents in fruit juice by solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 89:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Pessah IN, Cherednichenko G, Lein PJ. Minding the calcium store: Ryanodine receptor activation as a convergent mechanism of PCB toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:260-85. [PMID: 19931307 PMCID: PMC2823855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-level polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposures remain a significant public health concern since results from epidemiological studies indicate that PCB burden is associated with immune system dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and impairment of the developing nervous system. Of these various adverse health effects, developmental neurotoxicity has emerged as a particularly vulnerable endpoint in PCB toxicity. Arguably the most pervasive biological effects of PCBs could be mediated by their ability to alter the spatial and temporal fidelity of Ca2+ signals through one or more receptor-mediated processes. This review will focus on our current knowledge of the structure and function of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in muscle and nerve cells and how PCBs and related non-coplanar structures alter these functions. The molecular and cellular mechanisms by which non-coplanar PCBs and related structures alter local and global Ca2+ signaling properties and the possible short and long-term consequences of these perturbations on neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Meng XZ, Guo Y, Mai BX, Zeng EY. Enantiomeric signatures of chiral organochlorine pesticides in consumer fish from South China. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4299-4304. [PMID: 19354295 DOI: 10.1021/jf900038u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of chiral organochlorine pesticide enantiomers in terms of environmental effects, no relevant data have been acquired in consumer fish. The present study determined the residual levels and enantiomer fractions (EFs) of α-HCH, o,p'-DDT, and o,p'-DDD in 11 consumer fish species from South China, including 6 freshwater farmed fish, 3 seawater farmed fish, and 2 wild marine fish. The mean concentrations of α-HCH, o,p'-DDT, and o,p'-DDD were 0.27, 4.4, and 3.5 ng/g wet, respectively, in all fish samples measured (n = 125). The EFs of α-HCH varied widely, from below the racemic EF of 0.5 to above it. For o,p'-DDT, the (+)-enantiomer dominated in all fish species. On the other hand, all EFs of o,p'-DDD, a metabolite of o,p'-DDT, were below 0.5, suggesting the (-)-enantiomer was preferentially enriched in fish. In addition, all three target analytes showed species dependence of EFs, consistent with results from other previous studies. Moreover, no significant correlations were found between the EFs and concentrations of α-HCH, o,p'-DDT, and o,p'-DDD in red drum, snubnose pompano, and crimson snapper, with the exception of o,p'-DDD in snubnose pompano, in which weak correlations were detected. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to explore the residual levels and toxicity of chiral contaminants in consumer fish or other foodstuff to further develop the human risk assessment framework based on chiral signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Abstract
Chiral substances possess a unique architecture such that, despite sharing identical molecular formulas, atom-to-atom linkages, and bonding distances, they cannot be superimposed. Thus, in the environment of living systems, where specific structure-activity relationships may be required for effect (e.g., enzymes, receptors, transporters, and DNA), the physiochemical and biochemical properties of racemic mixtures and individual stereoisomers can differ significantly. In drug development, enantiomeric selection to maximize clinical effects or mitigate drug toxicity has yielded both success and failure. Further complicating genetic polymorphisms in drug disposition, stereoselective metabolism of chiral compounds can additionally influence pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. Optically pure pharmaceuticals may undergo racemization in vivo, negating single enantiomer benefits or inducing unexpected effects. Appropriate chiral antidotes must be selected for therapeutic benefit and to minimize adverse events. Enantiomers may possess different carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Environmental toxicology provides several examples in which compound bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity show chiral dependence. In forensic toxicology, chiral analysis has been applied to illicit drug preparations and biological specimens, with the potential to assist in determination of cause of death and aid in the correct interpretation of substance abuse and "doping" screens. Adrenergic agonists and antagonist, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, SSRIs, opioids, warfarin, valproate, thalidomide, retinoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, carnitine, penicillamine, leucovorin, glucarpidase, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenylethylamines, and additional compounds will be discussed to illustrate important concepts in "chiral toxicology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas W Smith
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Pessah IN, Lehmler HJ, Robertson LW, Perez CF, Cabrales E, Bose DD, Feng W. Enantiomeric specificity of (-)-2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl toward ryanodine receptor types 1 and 2. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:201-7. [PMID: 18954145 DOI: 10.1021/tx800328u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with unsymmetrical chlorine substitutions and multiple orthosubstitutions that restrict rotation around the biphenyl bond may exist in two stable enantiomeric forms.Stereospecific binding and functional modification of specific biological signaling targets have not been previously described for PCB atropisomers. We report that (-)-2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl [(-)-PCB 136] enhances the binding of [3H]ryanodine to high-affinity sites on ryanodine receptors type 1(RyR1) and type 2 (RyR2) (EC50 values ~0.95 microM), whereas (+)-PCB 136 is inactive at < or =10 microM.(-)-PCB 136 induces a rapid release of Ca2+ from microsomal vesicles by selective sensitization of RyRs, an effect not antagonized by (+)-PCB 136. (-)-PCB 136 (500nM) enhances the activity of reconstituted RyR1 channels 3-fold by stabilizing the open and destabilizing the closed conformational states. The enantiomeric specificity is also demonstrated in intact HEK 293 cells expressing RyR1 where exposure to (-)-PCB 136 (100 nM; 12 h) sensitizes responses to caffeine, whereas (+)-PCB 136 does not. These data show enantiomeric specificity of (-)-PCB 136 toward a broadly expressed family of microsomal Ca2+ channels that may extend to other chiral noncoplanar PCBs and related structures.Evidence for enantioselective enrichment of PCBs in biological tissues that express RyR1 and RyR2channels may provide new mechanistic leads about their toxicological impacts on human health
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N Pessah
- Department of VM, Molecular Biosciences and UC Davis Center for Children's Environmental Health, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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INOMATA T, SEKIGUCHI M, HIRAYAMA S, AKAHORI F, SHIRAI M, KASHIWAZAKI N, ITO J, HISAMATSU S, SAKITA K, NINOMIYA H. An Assessment of Mutagenic Effect of 3, 3', 4, 4', 5 Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) in Muta Mouse Fetuses. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:529-33. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomo INOMATA
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
- Research Institute of Biosciences, Azabu University
| | - Midori SEKIGUCHI
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Shunsuke HIRAYAMA
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Fumiaki AKAHORI
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Mitsuyuki SHIRAI
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Naomi KASHIWAZAKI
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Junya ITO
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Shin HISAMATSU
- Environmental Analysis, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | | | - Hiroyoshi NINOMIYA
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
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