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Ketchum JN, Perry GA, Quail LK, Epperson KM, Ogg MA, Zezeski AL, Rich JJJ, Zoca SM, Kline AC, Andrews TN, Ortega MS, Smith MF, Geary TW. Influence of preovulatory estradiol treatment on the maintenance of pregnancy in beef cattle receiving in vivo produced embryos. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 255:107274. [PMID: 37320862 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was designed to determine the role of preovulatory estradiol in pregnancy retention after embryo transfer (ET). Cows were synchronized with the 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR® protocol. On d0 (d-2 =CIDR® removal), cows were grouped by estrual status (estrual [Positive Control] and nonestrual), and nonestrual cows were administered Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and randomly assigned to either no treatment (Negative Control) or Estradiol (0.1 mg estradiol 17-β IM). All cows received an embryo on d7. Pregnancy status was retrospectively classified on d56, 30, 24, and 19 by either ultrasonography, plasma pregnancy-associated glycoproteins analysis (PAGs), expression of interferon-stimulated genes, plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations, or a combination of the factors. There was no difference in estradiol concentrations on day 0 h 0 (P > 0.16). At day 0 h 2, Estradiol cows (15.7 ± 0.25 pg/mL) had elevated (P < 0.001) estradiol compared with Positive Controls (3.4 ± 0.26 pg/mL) or Negative Controls (4.3 ± 0.25 pg/mL). On d19, pregnancy rates did not differ (P = 0.14) among treatments. On d24, Positive Controls (47%) had greater (P < 0.01) pregnancy rates than Negative Controls (32%); Estradiol cows were intermediate (40%). There was no difference (P = 0.38) in pregnancy rates between Positive Control (41%) and Estradiol (36%) cows on d30, but Negative Control (27%) cows had (P = 0.01) or tended (P = 0.08) to have decreased pregnancy rates, respectively. Thus, preovulatory estradiol may elicit an effect on early uterine attachment or alter histotroph components, consequently improving pregnancy maintenance through d30.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Ketchum
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX 75684, USA
| | - G A Perry
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX 75684, USA
| | - L K Quail
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX 75684, USA
| | - K M Epperson
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX 75684, USA; Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO 64468, USA
| | - M A Ogg
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - A L Zezeski
- USDA-ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT 59301, USA
| | - J J J Rich
- College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - S Menegatti Zoca
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, USA; Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - A C Kline
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - T N Andrews
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - M S Ortega
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Animal&Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M F Smith
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - T W Geary
- USDA-ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT 59301, USA.
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Timed artificial insemination plus heat I: effect of estrus expression scores on pregnancy of cows subjected to progesterone-estradiol-based protocols. Animal 2019; 13:2305-2312. [PMID: 30982488 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of estrus near timed artificial insemination (TAI) is associated with greater fertility, and estrus detection could improve TAI fertility or direct TAI management, although accurate estrus detection can be difficult and time-consuming using traditional methods. The aim of this study is to evaluate influence of estrus on pregnancy (artificial insemination pregnancy rates (P/AI)) and to validate an alternative method to classify estrus/heat expression using tail chalking (HEATSC) in postpartum Bos indicus cows subjected to TAI in progesterone-estrogen-based protocols. In experiment 1 (Exp. 1), cows (5491) were subjected to visual observation of estrus after progesterone device removal, before TAI, and P/AI was evaluated according to estrus and body condition score (BCS). Cows received a progesterone device and 2 mg estradiol benzoate (EB). After 8 days, the device was removed and 150 μg of d-cloprostenol and 300 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin was given. Later, animals in Exp. 1 received 1 mg EB and TAI 44 to 48 h. In the Exp. 2 - 3830 cows using similar protocol, received different ovulation inducers: 1 mg EB (n=1624) or 1 mg estradiol cypionate (EC; n=2206) on day 8 (D8). Cows were then marked with chalk, and HEATSC evaluated at TAI on D10 (HEATSC1 - no chalk removal=no estrus expression; HEATSC2 - partial chalk removal=low estrus expression; HEATSC3 - near complete/complete chalk removal=high estrus expression). In Exp. 1, cows showing estrus presented greater P/AI (48.4% v. 40.2%, P<0.05). In Exp. 2, P/AI (HEATSC1 - 40.0%; HEATSC2 - 49.7%; HEATSC3 - 60.9%; P<0.001), and larger follicle timed artificial insemination (LFTAI) (<0.001) varied according to HEATSC. There was no difference in P/AI (P=0.41) or LFTAI (P=0.33) according to ovulation inducer. Cows with greater BCS showed greater P/AI in both experiments (P<0.05). Estrus presence and greater HEATSC improved P/AI, and EC v. EB used promoted differential estrus manifestation (cows showing HEATSC2 and HEATSC3: 79.5% with EB v. 69.98% with EC use, P<0.001), however, with similar P/AI. The use of HEATSC in B. indicus cows subjected to TAI is useful to identify cows with greater estrus expression and consequently improved pregnancy rates in TAI, allowing the cows with low HEATSC to be targeted for additional treatments aimed at improving P/AI.
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Sá Filho MFD, Gonella-Diaza AM, Sponchiado M, Mendanha MF, Pugliesi G, Ramos RDS, Andrade SCDS, Gasparin G, Coutinho LL, Goissis MD, Mesquita FS, Baruselli PS, Binelli M. Impact of hormonal modulation at proestrus on ovarian responses and uterine gene expression of suckled anestrous beef cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:79. [PMID: 29118976 PMCID: PMC5664832 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the impact of hormonal modulation at the onset of proestrus on ovarian response and uterine gene expression of beef cows. Methods A total of 172 anestrous beef cows were assigned to one of four groups according to the treatment with estradiol cypionate (ECP) and/or equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) [CON (n = 43), ECP (n = 43), eCG (n = 44) and ECP + eCG (n = 42)]. Results ECP-treated cows (ECP and ECP + eCG groups) presented greater occurrence of estrus (44.6% vs. 65.4%; P = 0.01) and pregnancy per AI [47.1% vs. 33.3%; P = 0.07], but similar progesterone (P4) concentration at subsequent diestrus than cows not treated with ECP (CON and eCG groups). Nonetheless, eCG-treated cows (eCG and ECP + eCG groups) presented larger follicle at timed AI (12.6 ± 0.3 vs. 13.5 ± 0.3 mm; P = 0.03), greater ovulation rate (96.5% vs. 82.6%; P = 0.008) and greater P4 concentration at d 6 (3.9 ± 0.2 vs. 4.8 ± 0.2 ng/mL; P = 0.001) than cows not treated with eCG (CON and ECP groups). Next, cows with a new corpus luteum 6 d after TAI were submitted to uterine biopsy procedure. Uterine fragments [CON (n = 6), ECP (n = 6)] were analyzed by RNA-Seq and a total of 135 transcripts were differentially expressed between groups (73 genes up-regulated by ECP treatment). Subsequently, uterine samples were analyzed by qPCR (genes associated with cell proliferation). ECP treatment induced greater abundance of PTCH2 (P = 0.07) and COL4A1 (P = 0.02), whereas suppressed EGFR (P = 0.09) expression. Conversely, eCG treatment increased abundance of HB-EGF (P = 0.06), ESR2 (P = 0.09), and ITGB3 (P = 0.05), whereas it reduced transcription of ESR1 (P = 0.05). Collectively, supplementation with ECP or eCG at the onset of proestrous of anestrous beef cows influenced ovarian responses, global and specific endometrial gene expression. Conclusion Proestrus estradiol regulate the endometrial transcriptome, particularly stimulating proliferative activity in the endometrium. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-017-0211-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Gasparin
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Animal, ESALQ-USP, Av Pádua Dias, Piracicaba, SP 11 Brazil
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Animal, ESALQ-USP, Av Pádua Dias, Piracicaba, SP 11 Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mario Binelli
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, FMVZ-USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP Zip Code 13635900 Brazil
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Ferreira RM, Ayres H, Gimenes LU, Torres FP, Lima FA, Veras MB, Guida TG, Sala RV, Baruselli PS. Inducing ovulation with oestradiol cypionate allows flexibility in the timing of insemination and removes the need for gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in timed AI protocols for dairy cows. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:468-475. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of addition of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to a progesterone plus oestradiol-based protocol and timing of insemination in Holstein cows treated for timed AI (TAI) were evaluated. Cows (n = 481) received a progesterone device and 2 mg oestradiol benzoate. After 8 days, the device was removed and 25 mg dinoprost was administered. Cows were allocated to one of three (Study 1; n = 57) or four (Study 2; n = 424) groups, accordingly to ovulation inducer alone (Study 1; oestradiol cypionate (EC), GnRH or both) or ovulation inducer (EC alone or combined with GnRH) and timing of insemination (48 or 54 h after device removal; Study 2). In Study 1, the diameter of the ovulatory follicle was greater for GnRH than EC. Oestrus and ovulation rates were similar regardless of ovulatory stimuli. However, time to ovulation was delayed when GnRH only was used. In Study 2, cows treated with GnRH or not had similar pregnancy per AI (P/AI) 30 days (41.5% vs 37.3%; P = 0.28) and 60 days (35.9% vs 33.0%; P = 0.61) after TAI. TAI 48 and 54 h after device removal resulted similar P/AI at 30 days (40.3% vs 38.5%; P = 0.63) and 60 days (33.8% vs 35.1%; P = 0.72). Thus, adding GnRH at TAI does not improve pregnancy rates in dairy cows receiving EC. The flexibility of time to insemination enables TAI of a large number of cows using the same protocol and splitting the time of AI.
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Stevenson J, Pulley S. Feedback effects of estradiol and progesterone on ovulation and fertility of dairy cows after gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced release of luteinizing hormone. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3003-3015. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pulley S, Keisler D, Stevenson J. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone and ovulatory responses in dairy cows before timed artificial insemination. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6188-201. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Torres-Júnior J, Penteado L, Sales J, Sá Filho M, Ayres H, Baruselli P. A comparison of two different esters of estradiol for the induction of ovulation in an estradiol plus progestin-based timed artificial insemination protocol for suckled Bos indicus beef cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 151:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bridges GA, Day ML, Geary TW, Cruppe LH. Triennial Reproduction Symposium: deficiencies in the uterine environment and failure to support embryonic development. J Anim Sci 2014; 91:3002-13. [PMID: 23798511 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-5882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy failure in livestock can result from failure to fertilize the oocyte or embryonic loss during gestation. The focus of this review is on cattle and factors affecting and mechanisms related to uterine insufficiency for pregnancy. A variety of factors contribute to embryonic loss and it may be exacerbated in certain animals, such as high-producing lactating dairy cows, and in some cattle in which estrous synchronization and timed AI was performed, due to reduced concentrations of reproductive steroids. Recent research in beef cattle induced to ovulate immature follicles and in lactating dairy cows indicates that deficient uterine function is a major factor responsible for infertility in these animals. Failure to provide adequate concentrations of estradiol before ovulation results in prolonged effects on expression and localization of uterine genes and proteins that participate in regulating uterine functions during early gestation. Furthermore, progesterone concentrations during early gestation affect embryonic growth, interferon-tau production, and uterine function. Therefore, an inadequate uterine environment induced by insufficient steroid concentrations before and after ovulation could cause early embryonic death either by failing to provide an adequate uterine environment for recognition of embryo signaling, adhesion, and implantation or by failing to support appropriate embryonic growth, which could lead to decreased conceptus size and failed maternal recognition of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bridges
- North Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, USA.
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Uslenghi G, Chaves SG, Cabodevila J, Callejas S. Effect of estradiol cypionate and amount of progesterone in the intravaginal device on synchronization of estrus, ovulation and on pregnancy rate in beef cows treated with FTAI based protocols. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 145:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pereira MHC, Rodrigues ADP, De Carvalho RJ, Wiltbank MC, Vasconcelos JLM. Increasing length of an estradiol and progesterone timed artificial insemination protocol decreases pregnancy losses in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1454-64. [PMID: 24393173 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our hypothesis was that increasing the length of an estradiol and progesterone (P4) timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol would improve pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI). Lactating Holstein cows (n=759) yielding 31 ± 0.30 kg of milk/d with a detectable corpus luteum (CL) at d -11 were randomly assigned to receive TAI (d 0) following 1 of 2 treatments: (8d) d -10 = controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and 2.0mg of estradiol benzoate, d -3 = PGF2α(25mg of dinoprost tromethamine), d -2 = CIDR removal and 1.0mg of estradiol cypionate, d 0 = TAI; or (9 d) d -11 = CIDR and estradiol benzoate, d -4 = PGF2α, d -2 CIDR removal and estradiol cypionate, d 0 TAI. Cows were considered to have their estrous cycle synchronized in response to the protocol by the absence of a CL at artificial insemination (d 0) and presence of a CL on d 7. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed on d 32 and 60. The ovulatory follicle diameter at TAI (d 0) did not differ between treatments (14.7 ± 0.39 vs. 15.0 ± 0.40 mm for 8 and 9 d, respectively). The 9 d cows tended to have greater P4 concentrations on d 7 in synchronized cows (3.14 ± 0.18 ng/mL) than the 8d cows (3.05 ± 0.18 ng/mL). Although the P/AI at d 32 [45 (175/385) vs. 43.9% (166/374) for 8d and 9 d, respectively] and 60 [38.1 (150/385) vs. 40.4% (154/374) for 8d and 9 d, respectively] was not different, the 9 d cows had lower pregnancy losses [7.6% (12/166)] than 8d cows [14.7% (25/175)]. The cows in the 9 d program were more likely to be detected in estrus [72.0% (269/374)] compared with 8d cows [62% (240/385)]. Expression of estrus improved synchronization [97.4 (489/501) vs. 81% (202/248)], P4 concentrations at d 7 (3.22 ± 0.16 vs. 2.77 ± 0.17 ng/mL), P/AI at d 32 [51.2 (252/489) vs. 39.4% (81/202)], P/AI at d 60 [46.3 (230/489) vs. 31.1% (66/202)], and decreased pregnancy loss [9.3 (22/252) vs. 19.8% (15/81)] compared with cows that did not show estrus, respectively. Cows not detected in estrus with small (<11 mm) or large follicles (>17 mm) had greater pregnancy loss; however, in cows detected in estrus, no effect of follicle diameter on pregnancy loss was observed. In conclusion, increasing the length of the protocol for TAI increased the percentage of cows detected in estrus and decreased pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H C Pereira
- Aluno do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-000, Brazil
| | - A D P Rodrigues
- Aluno do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-000, Brazil
| | - R J De Carvalho
- Fazendas Reunidas ACP e Filhos, Minas Gerais, Carmo do Rio Claro 37150-000, Brazil
| | - M C Wiltbank
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - J L M Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18168-000, Brazil.
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Pereira M, Rodrigues A, Martins T, Oliveira W, Silveira P, Wiltbank M, Vasconcelos J. Timed artificial insemination programs during the summer in lactating dairy cows: Comparison of the 5-d Cosynch protocol with an estrogen/progesterone-based protocol. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6904-6914. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Pitaluga P, Sá Filho M, Sales J, Baruselli P, Vincenti L. Manipulation of the proestrous by exogenous gonadotropin and estradiol during a timed artificial insemination protocol in suckled Bos indicus beef cows. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sá Filho MF, Girotto R, Abe EK, Penteado L, Campos Filho EP, Moreno JF, Sala RV, Nichi M, Baruselli PS. Optimizing the use of sex-sorted sperm in timed artificial insemination programs for suckled beef cows1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1816-23. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Sá Filho
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Girotto
- RG Genetica Avancada, Agua Boa, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - E. K. Abe
- Agropecuaria Abe, Araguaina, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - L. Penteado
- Firmasa, Tecnologia para pecuaria, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - E. P. Campos Filho
- Sexing Technologies Brazil, Rd. Carlos Tonanni, km 88, 14.174-000, Sertaozinho, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J. F. Moreno
- Sexing Technologies Brazil, Rd. Carlos Tonanni, km 88, 14.174-000, Sertaozinho, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. V. Sala
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Nichi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - P. S. Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bisinotto RS, Santos JEP. The use of endocrine treatments to improve pregnancy rates in cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:258-66. [DOI: 10.1071/rd11916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is critical for the success of both dairy and beef cattle production. Inadequate reproduction impairs profitability by compromising production, delaying genetic progress and increasing expenses. A major impediment to the use of artificial insemination (AI) is the ability to detect oestrus for optimum timing of breeding. However, increased understanding of the bovine oestrous cycle has led to the development of reproductive programmes that allow precise synchrony of follicle development, luteal regression and ovulation. The advent of timed-AI protocols revolutionised reproductive management in dairy and beef herds. It allows for AI at a more desired time post partum despite oestrous cyclicity. It also allows for pre-determined re-insemination of cows diagnosed as not pregnant. In subfertile cows, such as the post partum, anoestrous beef cow and the high-producing dairy cow, strategic hormone supplementation has been used to overcome hormone deficiencies and improve pregnancy rates. Several physiological windows have been identified to optimise fertility in synchronisation programmes and they include, but are not limited to, follicle turnover, synchrony of follicular development, length of dominance, progesterone concentrations during development of the ovulatory follicle, luteal regression, peri-ovulatory steroid concentrations, length of pro-oestrus, synchrony of ovulation and AI, and progesterone rise after ovulation.
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Sá Filho M, Baldrighi J, Sales J, Crepaldi G, Carvalho J, Bó G, Baruselli P. Induction of ovarian follicular wave emergence and ovulation in progestin-based timed artificial insemination protocols for Bos indicus cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 129:132-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sá Filho M, Santos J, Ferreira R, Sales J, Baruselli P. Importance of estrus on pregnancy per insemination in suckled Bos indicus cows submitted to estradiol/progesterone-based timed insemination protocols. Theriogenology 2011; 76:455-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bisinotto RS, Ribeiro ES, Martins LT, Marsola RS, Greco LF, Favoreto MG, Risco CA, Thatcher WW, Santos JEP. Effect of interval between induction of ovulation and artificial insemination (AI) and supplemental progesterone for resynchronization on fertility of dairy cows subjected to a 5-d timed AI program. J Dairy Sci 2011; 93:5798-808. [PMID: 21094752 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to investigate 2 intervals from induction of ovulation to artificial insemination (AI) and the effect of supplemental progesterone for resynchronization on fertility of lactating dairy cows subjected to a 5-d timed AI program. In experiment 1, 1,227 Holstein cows had their estrous cycles presynchronized with 2 injections of PGF(2α) at 46 and 60 d in milk (DIM). The timed AI protocols were initiated with GnRH at 72 DIM, followed by 2 injections of PGF(2α) at 77 and 78 DIM and a second injection of GnRH at either 56 (OVS56) or 72h (COS72) after the first PGF(2α) of the timed AI protocols. All cows were time-inseminated at 72h after the first PGF(2α) injection. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d 32 and 60 after AI. In experiment 2, 675 nonpregnant Holstein cows had their estrous cycles resynchronized starting at 34 d after the first AI. Cows received the OVS56 with (RCIDR) or without (RCON) supplemental progesterone, as an intravaginal insert, from the first GnRH to the first PGF(2α). Pregnancy diagnoses were performed on d 32 and 60 after AI. During experiment 2, subsets of cows had their ovaries scanned by ultrasonography at the first GnRH, the first PGF(2α), and second GnRH injections of the protocol. Blood was sampled on the day of AI and 7 d later, and concentrations of progesterone were determined in plasma. Cows were considered to have a synchronized ovulation if they had progesterone <1 and >2.26 ng/mL on the day of AI and 7 d later, respectively, and if no ovulation was detected between the first PGF(2α) and second GnRH injections during resynchronization. In experiment 1, the proportion of cows detected in estrus at AI was greater for COS72 than OVS56 (40.6 vs. 32.4%). Pregnancy per AI (P/AI) did not differ between OVS56 (46.4%) and COS72 (45.5%). In experiment 2, cows supplemented with progesterone had greater P/AI compared with unsupplemented cows (51.3 vs. 43.1%). Premature ovulation tended to be greater for RCON than RCIDR cows (7.5 vs. 3.6%), although synchronization of the estrous cycle after timed AI was similar between treatments. Timing of induction of ovulation with GnRH relative to insemination did not affect P/AI of dairy cows enrolled in a 5-d timed AI program. Furthermore, during resynchronization starting on d 34 after the first AI, supplementation with progesterone improved P/AI in cows subjected to the 5-d timed AI protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Bisinotto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Santos JEP, Narciso CD, Rivera F, Thatcher WW, Chebel RC. Effect of reducing the period of follicle dominance in a timed artificial insemination protocol on reproduction of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2976-88. [PMID: 20630214 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effect of reducing the period of follicle dominance in a timed artificial insemination (AI) protocol on pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in Holstein cows. In experiment 1, 165 cows received 2 injections of PGF(2alpha) at 36 and 50 d in milk (DIM). At 61 DIM, cows were assigned randomly to Cosynch 72 h (CoS72: d 61 GnRH, d 68 PGF(2alpha), d 71 GnRH) or to a 5-d Cosynch 72 h with 1 (5dCoS1: d 61 GnRH, d 66 PGF(2alpha), d 69 GnRH) or 2 injections of PGF(2alpha) (5dCoS2: d 61 GnRH, d 66 and 67 PGF(2alpha), d 69 GnRH). Blood was sampled at the first GnRH, first PGF(2alpha), and at the second GnRH of the protocols and assayed for progesterone. Ovulatory responses to GnRH were evaluated by ultrasonography. Cows were considered synchronized if they had concentrations of progesterone >or=1 ng/mL and <1 ng/mL on the days of the PGF(2alpha), and the second GnRH of the protocols, respectively, and if they ovulated within 48 h of the second GnRH injection. In experiment 2, 933 cows were assigned randomly to CoS72 or 5dCoS2. Blood was assayed for progesterone and ovaries were scanned as in experiment 1. Plasma on the days of the first PGF(2alpha) and final GnRH of the timed AI protocols was assayed for estradiol in 75 cows. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d 38 and 66 after AI. In experiment 1, the proportions of cows with corpora lutea (CL) regression on the day of AI differed and were 79.0, 59.1, and 95.7% for CoS72, 5dCoS1, and 5dCoS2, respectively. Cows that ovulated to the first GnRH of the Cosynch tended to have lesser CL regression than cows that did not ovulate (73.0 vs. 86.4%). Protocol synchronization differed between treatments and they were greater for CoS72 (69.4%) and 5dCoS2 (78.4%) than for 5dCoS1 (42.3%). In experiment 2, CL regression was lesser (91.5 vs. 96.3%) but detection of estrus at timed AI (30.9 vs. 23.6%) was greater for CoS72 than 5dCoS2, and cows in estrus had increased P/AI (46.2 vs. 31.9%). Cows in CoS72 ovulated a larger follicle and had greater concentrations of estradiol on the day of AI than cows in 5dCoS2, but protocol synchronization tended to increase in cows receiving the 5dCoS2. When all 933 cows were evaluated, P/AI was greater for 5dCoS2 than for CoS72 (37.9 vs. 30.9%). Similarly, when only cows with progesterone <1 ng/mL on the day of AI were evaluated, P/AI was greater for 5dCoS2 than for CoS72 (39.3 vs. 33.9%). Treatment with PGF(2alpha) on d 5 and 6 after GnRH resulted in increased luteolysis and allowed for reducing the interval from GnRH to timed AI, which increased P/AI. Reducing time of follicle dominance in timed AI protocols improves fertility of lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Bisinotto R, Chebel R, Santos J. Follicular wave of the ovulatory follicle and not cyclic status influences fertility of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3578-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Sá Filho MF, Crespilho AM, Santos JEP, Perry GA, Baruselli PS. Ovarian follicle diameter at timed insemination and estrous response influence likelihood of ovulation and pregnancy after estrous synchronization with progesterone or progestin-based protocols in suckled Bos indicus cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 120:23-30. [PMID: 20395079 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate factors associated with estrous synchronization responses and pregnancy per insemination (P/AI) in Bos indicus beef cows submitted to progesterone-based fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocols. A total of 2388 cows (1869 Nellore and 519 crossbred NellorexAngus) from 10 commercial farms were evaluated to determine the relationships among breed, body condition score (BCS) on the first day of the FTAI protocol, the occurrence of estrus between progesterone device removal and FTAI, and diameter of largest ovarian follicle (LF) at FTAI on estrous synchronization responses and P/AI. Cows (n=412 primiparous; 1976 multiparous) received an intravaginal device containing progesterone or an ear implant containing norgestomet (a progestin), and an injection of estradiol at the beginning of the estrous synchronization protocol. Body condition was scored using a 1-5 scale on the first day of the FTAI protocol and at 30-60 days postpartum. Females received 300IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and PGF(2alpha) on the day the progesterone device/implant was removed and were inseminated 48-60h later. At insemination, cows (n=2388) were submitted to an ultrasonographic exam to determine the diameter of the LF. Follicles were classified into four categories based on mean and standard deviation (SD) of the LF (LF1=two SD below the mean; LF2=mean minus one SD; LF3=mean plus one SD; LF4=two SD above the mean). Ovulation rate was determined in a subset of cows (n=813) by three consecutive ultrasonographic exams: (1) at time of progesterone device/implant removal, (2) at time of FTAI and (3) 48h after FTAI. Ovulation was defined as the disappearance of a large follicle (>or=8.0mm) that was previously recorded. Estrus was determined in a subset of the cows (n=445) by the activation of a detection of estrous patch placed on the tail head on the day of progesterone device/implant removal. Pregnancy was diagnosed 30 days after FTAI. Pregnancy was influenced (P=0.001) by follicle diameter [LF1=27.5% (81/295), LF2=46.6% (328/705), LF3=57.9% (647/1118), LF4=63.3% (171/270)] and the occurrence of estrus [estrus=67.7% (174/257) and no estrus=36.2% (68/188)]. Follicle diameter at FTAI influenced ovulation rate [LF1=42.5% (34/80), LF2=73.9% (161/218), LF3=95.8% (407/425), LF4=97.8% (88/90)], the occurrence of estrus [LF1=54.8% (51/93), LF2=33.6% (43/128), LF3=68.9% (126/183), LF4=90.2% (37/41)] and P/AI among cows that had ovulations [LF1=32.4% (11/34), LF2=50.3% (81/161), LF3=60.0% (244/407), LF4=68.2% (60/88)]. Improving estrous responses between progesterone device withdrawal and FTAI and increasing the diameter of the LF at FTAI may be important aspects to achieve improved estrous synchronization responses and P/AI following progesterone/progestin and estradiol based FTAI protocols in suckled Bos indicus cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Sá Filho
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, FMVZ-USP, 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin and type of ovulatory stimulus in a timed-AI protocol on reproductive responses in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2009; 72:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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