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Antanaitis R, Juozaitienė V, Jonike V, Baumgartner W, Paulauskas A. Milk Lactose as a Biomarker of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1736. [PMID: 34200862 PMCID: PMC8230553 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine subclinical mastitis can cause great harm to dairy herds because of its negative impact on milk production and quality and cow health. Improved diagnostic tools are needed to maximise the control of subclinical mastitis distribution and ensure the high quality of milk as an industrial product. Between 2015 and 2020, seventy-two dairy herds were screened for bovine subclinical mastitis causative agents to identify the relationship between seasons, lactose levels and subclinical mastitis infection. The predominant species found in the milk samples were mixed microbiota, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Yeasts were found exclusively in autumn, while Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli were only found in summer and autumn. A negative correlation was detected between milk lactose and number of somatic cells in milk (-0.471; p < 0.001). The lactose levels in milk were closely associated with the prevalence (%) of subclinical mastitis pathogens, such as Streptococcus agalactiae (y = -1.8011x + 10.867, R2 = 0.9298), Staph. aureus (y = -3.5216x + 25.957, R2 = 0.8604) and other Streptococci (y = -0.5956x + 7.6179, R2 = 0.6656). These findings suggest that milk lactose may be used as a biomarker of suspected udder inflammation in modern health prevention programmes for cows to reduce the prevalence of subclinical mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramūnas Antanaitis
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vida Juozaitienė
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.J.); (V.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Vesta Jonike
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.J.); (V.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Walter Baumgartner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Algimantas Paulauskas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.J.); (V.J.); (A.P.)
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Montironi ID, Moliva MV, Campra NA, Raviolo JM, Bagnis G, Cariddi LN, Reinoso EB. Characterization of an Enterococcus faecium strain in a murine mastitis model. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1289-1300. [PMID: 31840319 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to characterize phenotypically and genotypically Enterococcus faecium strains collected from bovine mastitis milk and to evaluate one of them for its virulence in a murine mastitis model. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of five E. faecium isolates were collected from cows with subclinical mastitis. EF-7A showed resistance to antibiotics tested, it presented alpha haemolysin and did not present gelatinase activity. It yielded cyA, efafm and gelE1 genes and it could be characterized as a moderate biofilm producer. It was able to internalize in MAC-T cells and 1×108 colony forming unit ml-1 was able to establish an intramammary infection in mice. The strain could be recovered from liver, kidney and blood samples. RAPD profiles showed different bands with respect to the inoculated strain. Histopathology analyses showed different grades of polymorphonuclear neutrophils infiltration in mammary glands. CONCLUSION This is the first report that studied E. faecium strain in a lactating mouse model of mastitis and showed that the experimental inoculation was able to stimulate an inflammatory response resulting in mastitis. Results contribute to a better understanding of intramammary infections caused by E. faecium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This investigation shows that mice represent a valuable model for the study of the mastitis pathogenesis caused by E. faecium considering the high costs of using cows for mastitis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Montironi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - M V Moliva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - N A Campra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - J M Raviolo
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - G Bagnis
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - L N Cariddi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - E B Reinoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
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Rainard P, Foucras G. A Critical Appraisal of Probiotics for Mastitis Control. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:251. [PMID: 30364110 PMCID: PMC6191464 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The urge to reduce antimicrobials use in dairy farming has prompted a search for alternative solutions. As infections of the mammary gland is a major reason for antibiotic administration to dairy ruminants, mammary probiotics have recently been presented as a possible alternative for the treatment of mastitis. To assess the validity of this proposal, we performed a general appraisal of the knowledge related to probiotics for mammary health by examining their potential modes of action and assessing the compatibility of these mechanisms with the immunobiology of mammary gland infections. Then we analyzed the literature published on the subject, taking into account the preliminary in vitro experiments and the in vivo trials. Preliminary experiments aimed essentially at exploring in vitro the capacity of putative probiotics, mainly lactic acid bacteria (LABs), to interfere with mastitis-associated bacteria or to interact with mammary epithelial cells. A few studies used LABs selected on the basis of bacteriocin production or the capacity to adhere to epithelial cells to perform in vivo experiments. Intramammary infusion of LABs showed that LABs are pro-inflammatory for the mammary gland, inducing an intense influx of neutrophils into milk during lactation and at drying-off. Yet, their capacity to cure mastitis remains to be established. A few preliminary studies tackle the possibility of using probiotics to interfere with the teat apex microbiota or to prevent the colonization of the teat canal by pathogenic bacteria. From the analysis of the published literature, it appears that currently there is no sound scientific foundation for the use of probiotics to prevent or treat mastitis. We conclude that the prospects for oral probiotics are not promising for ruminants, those for intramammary probiotics should be considered with caution, but that teat apex probiotics deserve further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rainard
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR1225, Toulouse, France
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Klaas IC, Zadoks RN. An update on environmental mastitis: Challenging perceptions. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:166-185. [PMID: 29083115 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental mastitis is the most common and costly form of mastitis in modern dairy herds where contagious transmission of intramammary pathogens is controlled through implementation of standard mastitis prevention programmes. Environmental mastitis can be caused by a wide range of bacterial species, and binary classification of species as contagious or environmental is misleading, particularly for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and other streptococcal species, including Streptococcus agalactiae. Bovine faeces, the indoor environment and used pasture are major sources of mastitis pathogens, including Escherichia coli and S. uberis. A faeco-oral transmission cycle may perpetuate and amplify the presence of such pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. agalactiae. Because of societal pressure to reduce reliance on antimicrobials as tools for mastitis control, management of environmental mastitis will increasingly need to be based on prevention. This requires a reduction in environmental exposure through bedding, pasture and pre-milking management and enhancement of the host response to bacterial challenge. Efficacious vaccines are available to reduce the impact of coliform mastitis, but vaccine development for gram-positive mastitis has not progressed beyond the "promising" stage for decades. Improved diagnostic tools to identify causative agents and transmission patterns may contribute to targeted use of antimicrobials and intervention measures. The most important tool for improved uptake of known mastitis prevention measures is communication. Development of better technical or biological tools for management of environmental mastitis must be accompanied by development of appropriate incentives and communication strategies for farmers and veterinarians, who may be confronted with government-mandated antimicrobial use targets if voluntary reduction is not implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Klaas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Ludwig EK, Brandon Wiese R, Graham MR, Tyler AJ, Settlage JM, Werre SR, Petersson-Wolfe CS, Kanevsky-Mullarky I, Dahlgren LA. Serum and Synovial Fluid Serum Amyloid A Response in Equine Models of Synovitis and Septic Arthritis. Vet Surg 2016; 45:859-867. [PMID: 27580707 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the serum and synovial fluid serum amyloid A (SAA) response in equine models of synovitis and septic arthritis and to compare handheld and validated immunoturbidometric assays for SAA quantification. STUDY DESIGN Controlled, experimental study. ANIMALS Healthy adult horses (n = 9). METHODS Synovitis (n = 4) and septic arthritis (n = 5) were induced using lipopolysaccharide and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, and serial serum and synovial fluid samples were collected. Serial synovial fluid cytology was performed for both models and synovial fluid from the septic arthritis model was submitted for bacterial culture. Serum and synovial fluid SAA were quantified by handheld test and immunoturbidometric assay. Cytologic and SAA data were compared within and between models (mixed model ANOVA) and results of SAA assays were compared using category-by-category analysis (weighted kappa coefficient). RESULTS Synovial fluid total nucleated cell counts and total protein increased significantly following induction of both models. Serum and synovial fluid SAA remained normal in synovitis horses and increased significantly in septic arthritis horses. Serum SAA increased more rapidly than synovial fluid SAA. Agreement was 98% when SAA concentrations were low (<50 μg/mL) but the assays diverged when concentrations were greater than ∼100 μg/mL. Overall, there was good category-by-category agreement between SAA assays (weighted kappa = 0.824). CONCLUSION Serum and synovial fluid SAA may be useful adjuncts in diagnosing septic arthritis in horses. SAA concentrations for the assays diverged and examination using a larger sample size is needed before direct numeric comparisons between the assays can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa K Ludwig
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - R Brandon Wiese
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Megan R Graham
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Amelia J Tyler
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Julie M Settlage
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Isis Kanevsky-Mullarky
- Department of Dairy Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Linda A Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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Werner G, Fleige C, Feßler AT, Timke M, Kostrzewa M, Zischka M, Peters T, Kaspar H, Schwarz S. Improved identification including MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of group D streptococci from bovine mastitis and subsequent molecular characterization of corresponding Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Petersson-Wolfe C, Masiello S, Hogan J. The ability of common mastitis-causing pathogens to survive an ensiling period. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:5027-32. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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