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Profiling of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the milk of lactating goats using antigen-antibody based assays. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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2
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Espeschit IF, Schwarz DGG, Faria ACS, Souza MCC, Paolicchi FA, Juste RA, Carvalho IA, Moreira MAS. Paratuberculosis in Latin America: a systematic review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1557-1576. [PMID: 28884331 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Latin America is the definition of the American group, where languages of Latin origin are spoken, including countries in South, Central, and North America. Paratuberculosis is a gastrointestinal contagious chronic disease that affects ruminants, whose etiological agent is the bacilli Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Paratuberculosis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea, decreased milk production, dehydration, and progressive weight loss and is possibly involved in Crohn's disease, a human intestinal disease. MAP is resistant to environmental factors, pasteurization, and water disinfection, which coupled with the subclinical-clinical nature of the disease, and makes paratuberculosis a relevant socioeconomic and public health issue, justifying the descriptive review of research on the disease carried out in Latin American countries. A survey of articles, published until September 2016, on the Scopus database, PubMed, Agris, and Science Direct, about detection of the agent and the disease in Latin America, without restrictions to the date of the research was performed. The keywords were as follows: "paratuberculosis," "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis," "cattle," "milk," "wildlife," "goat," "ovine," "dairy," and the name of each country in English. Studies found from nine of the 20 Latin America countries, 31 related to Brazil, 17 to Argentina, 14 to Chile, eight to Colombia, six to Mexico, two to Peru, two to Venezuela, and one to Panama and to Bolivia, each. The agent was detected in cattle, goats, sheep, domesticated water buffalo, and wild animals. Microbiological culture, PCR, and ELISA were the frequent techniques. The small number of studies may result in overestimation or underestimation of the real scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Espeschit
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - D G G Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - A C S Faria
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - M C C Souza
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - F A Paolicchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologı́a Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Mar del Plata National University, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - R A Juste
- SERIDA, Ctra. Oviedo sn, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - I A Carvalho
- Pathology Department; Veterinary School, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Campus São Luís, São Luís, Brazil
| | - M A S Moreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Bharathy S, Gunaseelan L, Porteen K. Exploring the potential hazard of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as a cause for Crohn's disease. Vet World 2017; 10:457-460. [PMID: 28507419 PMCID: PMC5422251 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.457-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD), or paratuberculosis in ruminants has been suspected to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD) in humans with chronic inflammatory intestinal changes. As the hypothesis is now fast being recognized that MAP could possibly be the etiological agent of CD which is found to be excreted in milk of dairy animals subclinically or terminally ill with JD. Aim: The present study was aimed to detect MAP in milk by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting IS900 and to describe the excretion pattern of MAP in milk from asymptomatic lactating cows and does with relevance to the public health significance. Materials and Methods: A total of 77 milk samples were collected randomly from lactating animals which include cows (45) and does (32). All the 77 milk samples were processed to identify the presence of MAP by employing the direct IS900 PCR as per the standard protocol. Results: Out of 77 milk samples from asymptomatic lactating animals, 12 (15.58%) were showed positivity for IS900 PCR in which 5 (11.11%) were from lactating cows and 7 (21.87%) were from lactating does. Conclusion: In our study, 15.58% of milk samples showed IS900 positivity which indicates the presence of subclinical MAP infection in lactating animals. Hence, there is a possibility for excretion of MAP through milk which can be a potential threat for CD in humans by raw milk consumption. Therefore, the prevention of MAP in the food chain need to be assured by sourcing raw products from animal herds free of MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Bharathy
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmanasami Gunaseelan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Porteen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
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Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine milk from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 48:113-117. [PMID: 27865632 PMCID: PMC5221396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the IS900 region of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in bovine milk samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional PCR, and to study the agreement between these tests. A total of 121 bovine milk samples were collected from herds considered positive for MAP, from the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. MAP DNA was detected in 20 samples (16.5%) using conventional PCR and in 34 samples (28.1%) using qPCR. MAP DNA was detected in all of the 6 animal farms studied. Moderate agreement was found between qPCR and conventional PCR results, where the sensitivity and specificity of conventional PCR in relation to qPCR were 50% and 96.6%, respectively. Thus, the IS900 region of MAP was found in bovine milk samples from the State of Pernambuco. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MAP DNA found in bovine milk in Northeast Brazil. We also demonstrated the qPCR technique is more sensitive than conventional PCR with respect to detection of MAP in milk samples.
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Ricchi M, Savi R, Bolzoni L, Pongolini S, Grant IR, De Cicco C, Cerutti G, Cammi G, Garbarino CA, Arrigoni N. Estimation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis load in raw bulk tank milk in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) by qPCR. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:551-9. [PMID: 26991108 PMCID: PMC4985589 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of milk and dairy products is considered one of the main routes of human exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Quantitative data on MAP load in raw cows' milk are essential starting point for exposure assessment. Our study provides this information on a regional scale, estimating the load of MAP in bulk tank milk (BTM) produced in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). The survey was carried out on 2934 BTM samples (88.6% of the farms herein present) using two different target sequences for qPCR (f57 and IS900). Data about the performances of both qPCRs are also reported, highlighting the superior sensitivity of IS900-qPCR. Seven hundred and eighty-nine samples tested MAP-positive (apparent prevalence 26.9%) by IS900 qPCR. However, only 90 of these samples were quantifiable by qPCR. The quantifiable samples contained a median load of 32.4 MAP cells mL(-1) (and maximum load of 1424 MAP cells mL(-1) ). This study has shown that a small proportion (3.1%) of BTM samples from Emilia-Romagna region contained MAP in excess of the limit of detection (1.5 × 10(1) MAP cells mL(-1) ), indicating low potential exposure for consumers if the milk subsequently undergoes pasteurization or if it is destined to typical hard cheese production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Roberto Savi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Luca Bolzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaCentro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare20133MilanItaly
- Risk Analysis UnitIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaVia dei Mercati 13/AParma43121Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaCentro di Referenza Nazionale per i Rischi Emergenti in Sicurezza Alimentare20133MilanItaly
- Risk Analysis UnitIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaVia dei Mercati 13/AParma43121Italy
| | - Irene R Grant
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast97 Lisburn RoadBelfastBT9 7BLNorthern IrelandUnited Kingdom
| | - Caterina De Cicco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Giulia Cerutti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Giuliana Cammi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Chiara A. Garbarino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaNational Reference Centre for ParatuberculosisStrada Faggiola 1, loc.Gariga ‐ Podenzano (PC)29027Italy
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Vilar AL, Santos CS, Pimenta CL, Freitas TD, Brasil AW, Clementino IJ, Alves CJ, Bezerra CS, Riet-Correa F, Oliveira TS, Azevedo SS. Herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Sgarioni SA, Hirata RDC, Hirata MH, Leite CQF, de Prince KA, de Andrade Leite SR, Filho DV, Siqueira VLD, Caleffi-Ferracioli KR, Cardoso RF. Occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in raw and pasteurized milk in the northwestern region of Paraná, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:707-11. [PMID: 25242962 PMCID: PMC4166303 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is widely consumed in Brazil and can be the vehicle of agent transmission. In this study, was evaluated the occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in raw and pasteurized milk consumed in the northwestern region of Paraná, Brazil. Fifty-two milk samples (20 pasteurized and 32 raw) from dairy farms near the municipality of Maringa, Parana State, Brazil were collected. Milk samples were decontaminated using 5% oxalic acid method and cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media at 35 °C and 30 °C, with and without 5–10% CO2. Mycobacteria isolates were identified by morphological features, PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis (PCR-PRA) and Mycolic acids analysis. Thirteen (25%) raw and 2 (4%) pasteurized milk samples were positive for acid fast bacilli growth. Nine different species of NTM were isolated (M. nonchromogenicum, M. peregrinum, M. smegmatis, M. neoaurum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. flavescens, M. kansasii and M. scrofulaceum). M. bovis was not detected. Raw and pasteurized milk may be considered one source for NTM human infection. The paper reinforces the need for intensification of measures in order to avoid the milk contamination and consequently prevent diseases in the south of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sônia Aparecida Sgarioni
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina Universidade Estadual de Maringá MaringáPR Brazil Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosario Dominguez Crespo Hirata
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas Universidade de São Paulo São PauloSP Brazil Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas Universidade de São Paulo São PauloSP Brazil Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarice Queico Fujimura Leite
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêutica da Universidade Estadual Paulista AraraquaraSP Brazil Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêutica da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Andrade de Prince
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêutica da Universidade Estadual Paulista AraraquaraSP Brazil Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêutica da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Roberto de Andrade Leite
- Instituto de Química da Universidade Estadual Paulista AraraquaraSP Brazil Instituto de Química da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Dirceu Vedovello Filho
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná MaringáPR Brazil Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Dias Siqueira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina Universidade Estadual de Maringá MaringáPR Brazil Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Katiany Rizzieri Caleffi-Ferracioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina Universidade Estadual de Maringá MaringáPR Brazil Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosilene Fressatti Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina Universidade Estadual de Maringá MaringáPR Brazil Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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8
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Faria ACS, Schwarz DGG, Carvalho IA, Rocha BB, De Carvalho Castro KN, Silva MR, Moreira MAS. Short communication: Viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in retail artisanal Coalho cheese from Northeastern Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4111-4. [PMID: 24797534 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis and it potentially plays a role in Crohn's disease. In humans, the main route of transmission of MAP might be the intake of contaminated milk and dairy products. Considering that MAP has already been detected in many types of cheese in different counties, and that Coalho cheese is an important dairy product in northeastern Brazil, the aim of this study was to report the first detection of MAP in retail Coalho cheese in Brazil by PCR and culture. Of 30 retail Coalho cheese samples, 3 (10%) amplified fragments of a similar size to that expected (626 bp) were obtained and viable MAP was recovered by culture from 1 (3.3%) sample. The DNA from the positive culture sample was sequenced and showed 99% identity with the insertion sequence IS900 deposited in GenBank. It was possible to identify the presence of MAP-specific DNA in the analyzed samples for the first time in Brazil, and to recover viable cells from retail Coalho cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C S Faria
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (FACISA/UNIVIÇOSA), Av. Maria de Paula Santana, 3815, Silvestre, CEP 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D G G Schwarz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I A Carvalho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B B Rocha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - K N De Carvalho Castro
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Meio Norte/Uep Parnaíba (EMBRAPA), Br 343, km 35, Cep 64200-970, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - M R Silva
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Gado de Leite (EMBRAPA), Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, CEP 36038-330, Juíz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - M A S Moreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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More S, Sergeant E, Strain S, Cashman W, Kenny K, Graham D. The effect of alternative testing strategies and bio-exclusion practices on Johne’s disease risk in test-negative herds. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1581-90. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Salem M, Heydel C, El-Sayed A, Ahmed SA, Zschöck M, Baljer G. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: an insidious problem for the ruminant industry. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:351-66. [PMID: 23054804 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is considered as one of the most serious problems affecting the world's ruminant industry due to its significant impact on the global economy and the controversial issue that it may be pathogenic for humans. M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease in animals and might be implicated in cases of human Crohn's disease. We provide an insight into M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis from some bacteriological, clinical, and molecular epidemiological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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Carvalho IA, Pietralonga PAG, Schwarz DGG, Faria ACS, Moreira MAS. Short communication: Recovery of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from retail pasteurized whole milk in Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6946-8. [PMID: 23021748 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a chronic granulomatous enteritis that affects all ruminants worldwide. Some researchers have indicated a possible role of MAP in Crohn's disease. Despite extensive research and large and important advances in the past few decades, the etiology of Crohn's disease remains indefinite. The most probable transmission route of MAP from animals to humans is milk and dairy products. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis has already been detected in milk samples worldwide, and some studies have reported that MAP is resistant to pasteurization. In Brazil, MAP has been reported in raw milk samples; however, Brazilian retail pasteurized milk has not yet been tested for viable MAP. The aim of this study was to investigate MAP in pasteurized milk in the region of Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Thirty-seven samples were collected and processed for culture of MAP. One colony similar to MAP was observed and confirmed by IS900-nested PCR and sequencing. Analysis revealed 97 to 99% identity with the MAP K-10 strain. This study is the first report of the presence of MAP in retail pasteurized whole milk in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Carvalho
- Bacterial Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Schwarz D, Carvalho I, Pietralonga P, Faria A, Moreira M. Paratuberculose em pequenos ruminantes domésticos. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572012000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subesp. paratuberculosis (MAP) é o agente etiológico da paratuberculose em ruminantes domésticos e silvestres. Em caprinos e ovinos causa uma enterite granulomatosa crônica com emagrecimento progressivo seguido de morte, raramente a diarreia é observada. Nesse aspecto, a doença é considerada uma ameaça mundial aos rebanhos, pois pode permanecer no estádio subclínico por anos, manifestando perdas indiretas na produção animal e na disseminação do agente. Além disso, existem relatos da possível relação de MAP com a doença de Crohn, determinando, assim, a sua relevância na saúde pública. O Brasil não dispõe de dados quantificando as reais perdas produtivas nos rebanhos acometidos pela doença, e poucas informações do comprometimento de caprinos e ovinos no país são relatadas. Assim, este artigo busca revisar a paratuberculose em pequenos ruminantes domésticos.
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Carvalho IA, Campos VEB, Souza IM, Zanardo LG, Filho JDR, Gomes MJP, Moreira MAS. Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in cattle: microbiological culture, serology and PCR. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:581-5. [PMID: 24031867 PMCID: PMC3768850 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to confirm clinical diagnosis of paratuberculosis in two cows showing suggestive clinical signs of the disease. Based on clinical signs, in culture and in IS900 PCR results from the individual milk samples it was possible to diagnose paratuberculosis in the cows studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Carvalho
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa, MG , Brasil
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Genetic evaluation of IS900 partial sequence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Brazilian isolates from bovine milk. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1331-4. [PMID: 22422516 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis. Insertion sequence IS900 is used for the identification of MAP. The objective of this study was to verify the genetic conservation of IS900 sequences in raw milk samples. To evaluate genetic conservation, 206 quarter milk samples and 16 bulk-tank milk samples were collected. DNA extraction and IS900 PCR were performed in all samples. Six samples amplified the expected fragment. To confirm the identity of the amplified fragments, PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The resulting sequences were compared with other MAP sequences from GenBank, and it was possible to identify eight polymorphic regions and to form five distinct haplotypes. The number of mutations in each haplotype was verified. IS900 sequence is a very well-conserved sequence that could be used as tool for the molecular detection of this agent and epidemiological purposes. The results showed the first genetic analysis on Brazilian isolates of MAP.
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Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk at dairy cattle farms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Microbiol 2011; 157:253-63. [PMID: 22245166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in milk for human consumption is a concern due to its possible relationship with Crohn's disease in humans. Pasteurization effectively reduces the MAP load by four to five logs, but the efficacy depends on the MAP concentration, which depends on the prevalence among contributing herds and individuals. Considerable variation of MAP in bulk tank milk (BTM) and individual cow's milk (IM) is reported, but factors associated with MAP occurrence in milk at farm level have not been described. This study systematically reviewed published studies aiming at estimating the occurrence of MAP in on-farm BTM and IM by meta-analysis. A total of 692 articles were identified through electronic databases and initially screened using title and abstract. The quality of the 61 potentially relevant articles was assessed using full text and 31 articles were eventually included in the meta-analysis. The apparent prevalence (AP) of MAP in BTM and IM on farm were summarized in relation to strata defined by the test used to identify MAP and the infection status of the herds/animals. There was considerable inconsistency in the reporting, resulting in missing information potentially explaining the dispersion in the estimated AP. The overall AP and 95% confidence intervals based on PCR and culture of MAP were summarized to 0.10 (0.04-0.22) in BTM and 0.20 (0.12-0.32) in IM. Quantifying the MAP load in test-positive milk samples was not possible because very few articles provided quantitative information on individual samples.
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Gill CO, Saucier L, Meadus WJ. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy products, meat, and drinking water. J Food Prot 2011; 74:480-99. [PMID: 21375889 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the cause of Johne's disease, a chronic infection of the gut, in ruminant animals that provide milk and/or meat for human consumption. Map also may be involved in Crohn's disease and type 1 diabetes in humans. Although the role of Map in human diseases has not been established, minimizing the exposure of humans to the organism is considered desirable as a precautionary measure. Infected animals can shed Map in feces and milk, and the organism can become disseminated in tissues remote from the gut and its associated lymph nodes. The presence of at least some Map in raw milk and meat and in natural waters is likely, but the numbers of Map in those foods and waters should be reduced through cooking or purification. The available information relating to Map in milk and dairy products, meats, and drinking water is reviewed here for assessment of the risks of exposure to Map from consumption of such foods and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Gill
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada.
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Costa J, Pieri F, Souza C, Espeschit I, Felippe A, Santos G, Tobia F, Silva Junior A, Moreira M. Levantamento sorológico de Mycobacterium avium subesp. paratuberculosis em bovinos leiteiros no estado do Espírito Santo. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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