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Sharma K, Sharma S, Dhanda S, Bangar Y, Kumar N, Chaubey KK. Meta-analysis of prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle using published estimates under serum and milk ELISA. Res Vet Sci 2024; 178:105366. [PMID: 39117472 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), poses significant challenges to the global livestock industry, particularly affecting bovine populations. To better understand the prevalence of paratuberculosis and its diagnostic nuances, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted. This analysis encompassed 21 studies involving 632,767 cows for milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 51 studies involving 256,409 cows for serum ELISA. The pooled prevalence estimate for paratuberculosis on a cow-basis was found to be 16% (95% CI: 14%; 18%) for milk ELISA and 8% (95% CI: 7%; 8%) for serum ELISA. Notably, higher confidence intervals (CI) were observed in milk ELISA, the Europe and Asia groups, suggesting variability in prevalence estimates within these regions. Conversely, lower CIs were noted in the USA and Canada groups, indicating greater consistency in prevalence estimates within these countries. However, serum ELISA exhibited high CI values across all regions, underscoring potential variability in diagnostic performance. These findings provide valuable insights for veterinarians, researchers, policymakers, and livestock producers in optimizing paratuberculosis detection and control strategies to mitigate its impact on bovine health and agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; Current affiliation: Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-Jammu), India.
| | - Shweta Dhanda
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Yogesh Bangar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh-281-401, India
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Griss S, Knific T, Buzzell A, Carmo LP, Schüpbach-Regula G, Meylan M, Ocepek M, Thomann B. A scoping review on associations between paratuberculosis and productivity in cattle. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1352623. [PMID: 38756521 PMCID: PMC11097669 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1352623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB), or Johne's disease, is a disease with worldwide distribution caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that leads to chronic enteritis, primarily in ruminants. Even subclinical infection significantly reduces the animals' performance, and consequences of the disease lead to high economic losses for the cattle industry. To estimate the economic burden of bovine PTB and to evaluate the benefits of a potential control program, accurate estimates of the production effects associated with the disease are required. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review was to provide a comprehensive overview of associations between MAP infection and production parameters in cattle. The studies were collected from three electronic databases. Of the total 1,605 identified studies, 1,432 did not meet the set criteria in the title and abstract screening and a further 106 were excluded during full-text review. Finally, data on 34 different production parameters were extracted from 67 publications. Results show that the magnitude of reported performance losses varies depending on several factors, such as the type of diagnostic test applied, disease status or number of lactations. Studies reported a reduction in milk yield, changes in milk quality (e.g., higher somatic cell count, lower amount of produced milk fat and protein), reduced fertility (e.g., prolonged calving interval and service period, higher abortion rate and calving difficulties), reduced weaning weight, slaughter weight and slaughter value, or a higher risk for mastitis. Results from the studies included in our review show a median decrease of milk yield per infected cow of -452 kg/lactation for raw and -405 kg/lactation for modeled data. Similarly, the amount of produced milk protein fell by a median of -14.41 kg/lactation for modeled data and the amount of produced milk fat by a median of -13.13 kg/lactation. The reviewed studies revealed a prolonged calving interval by around 30 days and a 1.5 to 3 times higher likeliness of culling per lactation in PTB positive animals. Results from this scoping review provide evidence-based inputs for the development of economic models aiming at the estimation of the costs and benefits associated with different disease control scenarios for PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Griss
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Knific
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anne Buzzell
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Beat Thomann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Okello E, ElAshmawy WR, Williams DR, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. Effect of dry cow therapy on antimicrobial resistance of mastitis pathogens post-calving. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1132810. [PMID: 37546337 PMCID: PMC10399697 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1132810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dry cow therapy (DCT) on the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of mastitis pathogens post-calving. A repository of isolates based on a DCT trial was utilized for the current study. A stratified random survey sample of cows from the trial were identified within the strata of season, herd, and trial treatment resulting in 382 cows. All isolates from the 382 cows were selected for the current study, which identified 566 isolates from milk samples collected at dry off (S1), post-calving (S2), and at the first clinical mastitis event up to 150 days in milk (S3). The AMR profiles were determined using broth microdilution method. Less than 10% of the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) isolates (n = 421) were resistant to tetracycline, ceftiofur, penicillin/novobiocin or erythromycin, while higher proportions of resistance to sulfadimethoxine (72%) and penicillin (28%) were observed. All Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates (n = 4) were susceptible to all tested AMD except sulfadimethoxine, to which all isolates were resistant. Similarly, all Streptococcus spp. (n = 37) were susceptible to penicillin, penicillin/novobiocin, and ampicillin while resistant to tetracycline (17%). All coliforms (n = 21) were susceptible to ceftiofur, but resistance was recorded for sulfadimethoxine (70%), cephalothin (56%), and tetracycline (43%). The increased resistance percent from S1 to S2 was observed in CNS isolates from AMD-treated cows, with the highest increase recorded for penicillin (12.2%). Parametric survival interval regression models were used to explore the association between antimicrobial drug (AMD) therapy at dry off and the AMR phenotype post-calving. The accelerated failure-time metric was adopted to minimum inhibitory concentration measurements to permit interpretation of model exponentiated coefficients. Models for cows with CNS isolated at both S1 and S2 showed increased resistance against cephalothin, oxacillin, and ceftiofur in cows that received DCT from the same drug class, or a class with a shared resistance mechanism. In contrast, resistance of CNS isolates to tetracycline were associated with any AMD therapy at dry off. Resistance of CNS isolates to Penicillin decreased in CNS isolates in cows that received any AMD therapy at dry off compared to those that didn't. The study provided evidence that dry-cow IMM AMD was associated with AMR post-calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Wagdy R. ElAshmawy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Effectiveness of Intramammary Antibiotics, Internal Teat Sealants, or Both at Dry-Off in Dairy Cows: Milk Production and Somatic Cell Count Outcomes. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100559. [PMID: 36288172 PMCID: PMC9608262 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is the greatest disease challenge for dairy producers, with substantial economic impacts due to lost milk production. Amongst the approaches implemented to control and prevent mastitis on dairies are vaccination, pre- and post-milking teat dips, and treatments at dry-off including intramammary antibiotics and teat sealants. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the effect of different treatments at dry-off on the subsequent lactation's milk production and somatic cell count (SCC). A single-blinded controlled block randomized clinical trial was conducted between December 2016 and August 2018 on eight herds from four of the top ten milk-producing counties in California: Tulare, Kings, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin. The trial was repeated with cows enrolled during the winter and summer seasons to account for seasonal variability. Eligible cows were treated at dry-off with either intramammary antibiotics (AB), internal teat sealant (TS), AB + TS, or did not receive any treatment (control), and were followed through 150 days in milk (DIM) post-calving. The milk production and SCC data were extracted from monthly test day milk records (Dairy Comp 305, Valley Ag Software, Tulare, CA, USA). Two-piece spline linear mixed models were used to model the milk production (kg) and natural logarithm-transformed SCC. After accounting for parity, breed, season, and dry period duration, the milk model showed a significant increase in milk production (1.84 kg/day) in cows treated with AB + TS at dry-off in comparison to controls. There was no significant difference in the milk produced by cows that received either AB or TS (0.12 kg/day, and 0.67 kg/day, respectively) in comparison to the untreated cows. Different dry cow treatments were associated with a significant reduction in ln SCC during the first 150 DIM. The greatest reduction was associated with using AB + TS, followed by AB, and finally TS in comparison to controls. Dairies with high SCC may benefit from treating cows at dry-off with AB, TS, or both.
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Effectiveness of Intramammary Antibiotics, Internal Teat Sealants, or Both at Dry-Off in Dairy Cows: Clinical Mastitis and Culling Outcomes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070954. [PMID: 35884208 PMCID: PMC9311672 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramammary antibiotic (AB) and internal teat sealants (TS) infusion at dry-off have been used to prevent intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cows during the dry period and reduce the risk of mastitis during the dry period and subsequent lactation. A randomized clinal trial was completed on eight California dairy herds to estimate the effects of different dry cow therapies (AB, TS, AB + TS or None) on clinical mastitis and culling. A total of 1273 cows were randomized to one of the four treatment groups over summer and winter seasons. For each enrolled cow, microbiological testing was done on quarter milk samples collected from the first detection of clinical mastitis within the first 150 days in milk (DIM) in the subsequent lactation. Statistical analysis was done using generalized linear mixed models. There were no significant differences in the odds of clinical mastitis or culling between cows treated with AB, TS, or AB + TS compared to the controls. Dry cow therapy with AB and/or TS had no statistically significant effect on clinical mastitis and cow culling during the first 150 DIM.
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Bates AJ, Wells M, Laven RA. The effect of pre-calving injection of trace mineral supplements on periparturient disease incidence in pasture based dairy cows. Vet J 2022; 286:105867. [PMID: 35842221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Trace minerals, have a role in immune function and a trace mineral supplement (TMS) can improve animal health in dairy herds. This prospective randomised clinical study assessed whether subcutaneous injection of 5.5 mL of TMS (40 mg zinc, 10 mg manganese, 5 mg selenium, 15 mg copper per mL), 14-28 days before planned start of calving (PSC) reduced clinical mastitis (CM), subclinical mastitis (SCM) and purulent vaginal discharge (PVD). From four farms, half of 1700 cows stratified on somatic cell count, age and breed were randomly allocated to treatment or no treatment. Occurrence of CM from - 7 to PSC + 100 days, SCM at PSC + 60 days and PVD at PSC + 24 days was analysed using survival analysis and Bayesian generalised mixed multivariable models. From -7 to PSC +30 days, TMS reduced the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for CM at quarter and cow level (P < 0.001), with no evidence for an effect beyond 30 days. The adjusted OR (and 95% highest density interval, HDI) for the effect of TMS on CM from -7 to PSC +30 days was 0.40 (95% HDI, 0.26-0.63) at quarter level, 0.51 (95% HDI, 0.38-0.69) at cow level and for SCM, 0.72 (95% HDI, 0.54-0.95). The difference in CM incidence from TMS at the cow level was -2.0% (95% HDI, -3.4 to -1.1%) and -1.2% (95% HDI, -3.2 to - 0.6%) at quarter level. No clear effect was identified of TMS on cumulative incidence of PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bates
- Vetlife NZ, Vetlife Scientific, 1, Waitohi-Temuka Road, Temuka 7920, New Zealand.
| | - M Wells
- Virbac New Zealand Ltd, 26-30 Maui Street, Pukete, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - R A Laven
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Astorga-Jorquera F, Aly SS, Cornuy C, Mella A, Ulloa F, Pereira R. First test-day postcalving risk factors for clinical mastitis in southern Chile dairy farms: A retrospective cohort study. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5462-5470. [PMID: 35450708 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate risk factors associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows in southern Chile between the first milk test after calving to 200 d in milk (DIM). Data from 8,772 cows were collected from June 2017 to November 2019 on 10 dairy farms selected by convenience in southern Chile. Data were analyzed using a multivariable mixed logistic regression using a manual backward selection process with logit link function and farm as a random effect. The dependent variable was clinical mastitis between the first milking sample collected by monthly milk sampling program up to 200 DIM. Days in milk, fat, urea, parity, season, and somatic cell counts were statistically associated with clinical mastitis in the first 200 d in milk. Cows with higher than average milk yield, parity, urea, and somatic cell count were at greater odds of being diagnosed with clinical mastitis compared with their respective referents. In contrast, higher milk fat was associated with lower odds of clinical mastitis. Significant interactions between days in milk with season and parity were observed, where for every 5-d increase in DIM, the odds of clinical mastitis decreased by different proportions depending on the interaction. Identified risk factors for clinical mastitis using first monthly milk sampling data can help dairy farmers in Chile implement herd-level mastitis prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Astorga-Jorquera
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S S Aly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616; Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 93274
| | - C Cornuy
- Lecherías del Sur SPA, Osorno, 5290000 Chile
| | - A Mella
- Laboratorio de Mastitis Bovina, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566 Chile
| | - F Ulloa
- Laboratorio de Mastitis Bovina, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566 Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566 Chile
| | - R Pereira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
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Bates A, King C, Dhar M, Fitzpatrick C, Laven R. Retention of internal teat sealants over the dry period and their efficacy in reducing clinical and subclinical mastitis at calving. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5449-5461. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abdelfattah EM, Ekong PS, Okello E, Williams DR, Karle BM, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices on California Dairies: One Year Post Senate Bill 27. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:165. [PMID: 35203769 PMCID: PMC8868138 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study is aimed at identifying the factors associated with antimicrobial drug (AMD) use and stewardship practices on conventional California (CA) dairies a year after CA Senate Bill 27. METHODS Responses from 113 out of 1282 dairies mailed a questionnaire in 2019 were analyzed to estimate the associations between management practices and six outcomes including producer familiarity with medically important antimicrobial drugs (MIADs), restricted use of MIADs previously available over the counter (OTC), use of alternatives to AMD, changes in on-farm management practices, changes in AMD costs, and animal health status in dairies. RESULTS Producers who reported having a veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR) and tracking AMD withdrawal intervals had greater odds of being familiar with the MIADs. Producers who began or increased the use of preventive alternatives to AMD in 2019 had higher odds (OR = 3.23, p = 0.04) of decreased use of MIADs previously available OTC compared to those who did not. Changes in management practices to prevent disease outbreak and the use of diagnostics to guide treatment were associated with producer-reported improved animal health. In addition, our study identified record keeping (associated with familiarity with MIADs), use of alternatives to AMD (associated with management changes to prevent diseases and decreased AMD costs), and use of diagnostics in treatment decisions (associated with reported better animal health) as factors associated with AMD stewardship. CONCLUSIONS Our survey findings can be incorporated in outreach education materials to promote antimicrobial stewardship practices in dairies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Abdelfattah
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pius S. Ekong
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Betsy M. Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA 95963, USA;
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Deepak, Aly SS, Love WJ, Blanchard PC, Crossley B, Van Eenennaam AL, Lehenbauer TW. Etiology and risk factors for bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned calves on California dairies and calf ranches. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197:105506. [PMID: 34740025 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our study objective was to estimate the magnitude of association of BRD risk factors including failure of passive immunity transfer, sex, age, and the detection of suspected BRD etiological pathogens in pre-weaned dairy calves in California. A conditional logistic regression model and a mixed-effects logistic regression model were used to estimate the association of these potential risk factors with BRD from a matched and nested case-control studies, respectively. For each exposure covariate, the odds ratio (OR) is the ratio of odds of an exposure in a BRD calf (case) to that in a non-BRD calf (control). In the matched case-control study, an interaction term between failure of transfer of passive immunity and sex of calf showed that female calves were more negatively impacted by failure of transfer of passive immunity compared to male calves. The odds ratios comparing failure of transfer of passive immunity in BRD score positive calves versus controls for male calves was 1.34 (95 % CI: 0.87, 2.06) and was 2.47 (95 % CI: 1.54, 3.96) for female calves. The model odds ratios varied from 1.74 (95 % CI: 1.26, 2.42) for Mycoplasma spp. to 9.18 (95 % CI: 2.60, 32.40) for Histophilus somni, with Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida having an OR of 6.64 (95 % CI: 4.39, 10.03) and 6.53 (95 % CI: 4.44, 9.59), respectively. For bovine respiratory syncytial virus positive calves, the OR was 4.60 (95 % CI: 3.04, 6.97). Findings from the nested case-control study showed that based on thoracic ultrasonography findings consistent with BRD, the odds of a calf being 1 day older compared to a day younger were 1.01 (95 % CI: 1.00, 1.02) among BRD cases. For the bacterial and viral pathogens, the OR for Mycoplasma spp. and Pasteurella multocida were 1.85 (95 % CI: 1.24, 2.75) and 1.86 (95 % CI: 1.28, 2.71), respectively. The OR values for these pathogens were similar when both thoracic auscultation and ultrasound findings were used to detect cases of BRD. Based on positive scores for BRD using the California BRD scoring system, the OR for facility type, calf ranch versus dairy farm, was 3.17 (95 % CI: 1.43, 7.01), Mannheimia haemolytica was 3.50 (95 % CI: 2.00, 6.11), Pasteurella multocida was 1.78 (95 % CI: 1.21, 2.60), and bovine coronavirus was 2.61 (95 % CI: 1.85, 3.70). Results from both study designs showed the difference in relative contributions of age, sex, immune status, and pathogens in BRD occurrence between cases and controls in pre-weaned dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, 93274, United States
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, 93274, United States; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
| | - William J Love
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, 93274, United States
| | - Patricia C Blanchard
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Branch, Tulare, 93274, United States
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Davis Branch, Davis, 95616, United States
| | - Alison L Van Eenennaam
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, 95616, United States
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, 93274, United States; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
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11
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Cella E, Okello E, Rossitto PV, Cenci-Goga BT, Grispoldi L, Williams DR, Sheedy DB, Pereira R, Karle BM, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. Estimating the Rates of Acquisition and loss of Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to Antimicrobial Drugs in Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102103. [PMID: 34683424 PMCID: PMC8539406 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the antimicrobial drugs (AMD) on the shedding of resistant Enterobacteriaceae in feces of pre-weaned dairy calves. The AMD considered were ceftiofur, administered parenterally, and neomycin sulfate added in milk replacer and fed to calves during the first 20 days of life. Fifty-five calves, aged one to three days, were enrolled and followed to 64 days. Fecal samples were collected three times/week and treatments recorded daily. Enterobacteriaceae were quantified for a subset of 33 calves using spiral plating on plain, ceftiofur supplemented, and neomycin supplemented MacConkey agar. Negative binomial models were used to predict the association between treatment with AMD and the gain and loss of Enterobacteriaceae resistance over time. Acquisition of resistance by the Enterobacteriaceae occurred during treatment and peaked between days three to four post-treatment before decreasing to below treatment levels at days seven to eight post-treatment. Acquisition of neomycin resistance was observed on the first sampling day (day four from the start of feeding medicated milk replacer) to day eight, followed by cyclical peaks until day 29, when the Enterobacteriaceae counts decreased below pre-treatment. Enterobacteriaceae resistance against both AMD increased after AMD administration and didn’t return to pre-therapeutic status until seven or more days after therapy had been discontinued. The study findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of Enterobacteriaceae under routine AMD use in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cella
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.C.); (E.O.); (P.V.R.); (D.R.W.); (D.B.S.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.C.); (E.O.); (P.V.R.); (D.R.W.); (D.B.S.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Paul V. Rossitto
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.C.); (E.O.); (P.V.R.); (D.R.W.); (D.B.S.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga
- Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.C.-G.); (L.G.)
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.C.-G.); (L.G.)
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.C.); (E.O.); (P.V.R.); (D.R.W.); (D.B.S.); (T.W.L.)
| | - David B. Sheedy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.C.); (E.O.); (P.V.R.); (D.R.W.); (D.B.S.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Richard Pereira
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Betsy M. Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA 95963, USA;
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.C.); (E.O.); (P.V.R.); (D.R.W.); (D.B.S.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (E.C.); (E.O.); (P.V.R.); (D.R.W.); (D.B.S.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Valldecabres A, Silva-Del-Río N. Association of low serum calcium concentration after calving with productive and reproductive performance in multiparous Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11983-11994. [PMID: 34482978 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Consequences of postpartum low blood calcium (Ca) concentration are still under study and literature describing this condition in Jersey cows is scarce. A prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the association of low serum Ca concentration shortly after calving with milk and energy-corrected milk yields, somatic cell count linear score, and pregnancy to first service and within 150 d in milk in multiparous Jersey cows from 2 commercial herds. Blood samples for serum Ca determination were collected on average at 3 h 10 min postpartum from 352 multiparous Jersey cows. Productive data up to the 10th monthly test were obtained from the Dairy Herd Improvement Association and reproductive data were obtained from herd records. Multiple linear, log-binomial, and Cox's proportional hazards regressions were used to evaluate the association of low serum Ca concentration with productive and reproductive outcomes. Serum Ca concentration ≤2.18 mmol/L was associated with 1.43 and 1.85 kg/d more milk and energy-corrected milk. However, lower serum Ca concentrations were associated with a 0.28-unit-higher somatic cell count linear score per monthly test (Ca ≤2.00 mmol/L), and decreased pregnancy risk at first service (risk ratio = 0.64; Ca ≤1.94 mmol/L) and hazard of pregnancy within 150 d in milk (hazard ratio = 0.40; Ca ≤1.90 mmol/L). The present study is based on a convenience sample of multiparous Jersey cows from 2 commercial herds; further research including more herds and additional blood Ca determinations is needed to describe postpartum blood Ca dynamics and its association with productive and reproductive outcomes for the Jersey breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Valldecabres
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Noelia Silva-Del-Río
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
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ElAshmawy WR, Abdelfattah EM, Williams DR, Gerry AC, Rossow HA, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. Stable fly activity is associated with dairy management practices and seasonal weather conditions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253946. [PMID: 34320006 PMCID: PMC8318229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) are blood-sucking insects commonly associated with cattle production systems worldwide and are known to cause severe irritation to cattle due to painful bites. Cattle react to biting stable flies with an aggregating behavior known as bunching. Bunching behavior reduces grazing or feed consumption and thus reduces cattle productivity and welfare. Cattle’s fly-repelling behaviors include foot stomping, head tossing, tail switching and skin twitching. A longitudinal study was conducted in 2017 on 20 California dairies (average lactating herd size = 2,466 (SE±28.392)) during the stable fly season from April to July. The study objectives were to estimate the association between environmental factors and dairy characteristics including facility design, feed and manure management, total mixed ration (TMR) components fed to cattle, and operational pest management procedures and the outcome stable fly activity on California dairies. Stable fly activity was measured by counting stable flies on cow forelimbs (leg count) and on Alsynite traps (trap count) over the 13-week study period. Weekly leg counts were performed for cattle in lactating cow pens (31 pens from 10 study dairies) with counts made during the morning (AM) and again during the afternoon (PM). Trap counts were performed on all 20 study dairies. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models which revealed temporal variation in the average leg and trap counts with stable fly activity increasing from May to June and then decreasing to the lowest activity in July. Leg counts were higher during the afternoon compared to morning. Ambient temperatures ≤30⁰C and relative humidity (RH) measurements <50% were associated with higher leg and trap counts. Traps located at the periphery of study dairies had higher stable fly counts compared to traps located in the interior of the dairy. Cow pens with trees on the periphery had higher leg counts in comparison to pens away from trees. Specific TMR components were associated with both leg and trap counts. Dairies feeding by-products including almond hulls, wet distillers’ grain, fruits, and vegetables had higher trap counts compared to dairies that did not feed these ingredients. At the pen level, pens with rations that contained straw had lower average leg counts compared to pens fed with rations that did not contain straw. A similar association was observed for pens with rations that contained wheat silage when ambient temperatures were ≤30⁰C. In contrast, pens with water added to the TMR while the RH was ≥50% had higher average leg counts compared to pens without water added to the TMR. Dairies that applied insecticides for fly control to their entire facility had lower trap counts compared to dairies that did not apply insecticides. Stable fly activity measured on California dairies using leg and trap counts varied according to the month, environmental factors, pen surroundings, trap location, TMR components, and insecticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdy R. ElAshmawy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Essam M. Abdelfattah
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
| | - Alec C. Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Heidi A. Rossow
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ekong PS, Abdelfattah EM, Okello E, Williams DR, Lehenbauer TW, Karle BM, Rowe JD, Aly SS. 2018 Survey of factors associated with antimicrobial drug use and stewardship practices in adult cows on conventional California dairies: immediate post-Senate Bill 27 impact. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11596. [PMID: 34306825 PMCID: PMC8284309 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial drugs (AMD) are critical for the treatment, control, and prevention of diseases in humans and food-animals. Good AMD stewardship practices and judicious use of AMD are beneficial to the preservation of animal and human health from antimicrobial resistance threat. This study reports on changes in AMD use and stewardship practices on California (CA) dairies, following the implementation of CA Senate Bill 27 (SB 27; codified as Food and Agricultural Code, FAC 14400-14408; here onward referred to as SB 27), by modeling the associations between management practices on CA conventional dairies and seven outcome variables relating to AMD use and stewardship practices following SB 27. METHODS A survey questionnaire was mailed to 1,282 grade A licensed dairies in CA in spring of 2018. Responses from 132 conventional dairies from 16 counties were included for analyses. Multivariate logistic regression models were specified to explore the associations between survey factors and six outcome variables: producers' familiarity with the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA), Silver Spring, WA, USA medically important antimicrobial drugs (MIAD) term; change in over-the-counter (OTC) AMD use; initiation or increased use of alternatives to AMD; changes to prevent disease outbreaks; changes in AMD costs; and better animal health post SB 27. We employed machine learning classification models to determine which of the survey factors were the most important predictors of good-excellent AMD stewardship practices of CA conventional dairy producers. RESULTS Having a valid veterinary-client-patient-relationship, involving a veterinarian in training employees on treatment protocols and decisions on AMDs used to treat sick cows, tracking milk and/or meat withdrawal intervals for treated cows, and participating in dairy quality assurance programs were positively associated with producers' familiarity with MIADs. Use or increased use of alternatives to AMDs since 2018 was associated with decreased use of AMDs that were previously available OTC prior to SB 27. Important variables associated with good-excellent AMD stewardship knowledge by CA conventional dairy producers included having written or computerized animal health protocols, keeping a drug inventory log, awareness that use of MIADs required a prescription following implementation of SB 27, involving a veterinarian in AMD treatment duration determination, and using selective dry cow treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified management factors associated with reported AMD use and antimicrobial stewardship practices on conventional dairies in CA within a year from implementation of SB 27. Producers will benefit from extension outreach efforts that incorporate the findings of this survey by further highlighting the significance of these management practices and encouraging those that are associated with judicious AMD use and stewardship practices on CA conventional dairies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S. Ekong
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau, Nigeria
| | - Essam M. Abdelfattah
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalubiya Governorate, Egypt
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Betsy M. Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, California, United States
| | - Joan D. Rowe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States
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Lucey PM, Lean IJ, Aly SS, Golder HM, Block E, Thompson JS, Rossow HA. Effects of mannan-oligosaccharide and Bacillus subtilis supplementation to preweaning Holstein dairy heifers on body weight gain, diarrhea, and shedding of fecal pathogens. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4290-4302. [PMID: 33752289 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation on average daily weight gain (ADG), duration of diarrhea, age at incidence of diarrhea, fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts, enteric pathogens, and the odds of pneumonia in preweaning dairy heifer calves on a commercial dairy. Feeding prebiotics and probiotics may improve health and production of calves. Hence, healthy Holstein heifer calves (n = 1,801) from a large California dairy were enrolled at 4 to 12 h of age and remained in this study until weaning at 60 d of age. Calves were block randomized to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) control, (2) yeast culture enriched with mannan-oligosaccharide (prebiotic), (3) Bacillus subtilis (probiotic), and (4) combination of both products (synbiotic), which were fed in milk twice daily from enrollment until weaning. Serum total protein at enrollment and body weight at 7, 42, and 56 d of age were measured. Fecal consistency was assessed daily for the entire preweaning period. A subgroup of 200 calves had fecal samples collected at 7, 14, 21, and 42 d for microbial culture and enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts by direct fluorescent antibody staining. Synbiotic-treated calves had 19 g increased ADG compared with control calves for overall ADG, from 7 to 56 d. From 42 to 56 d, prebiotic-treated calves had 85 g greater ADG and synbiotic-treated calves had 78 g greater ADG than control calves. There was no difference in duration of the first diarrhea episode, hazard of diarrhea, or odds of pneumonia per calf with treatment. Probiotic-treated calves had 100 times lower fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts at 14 d and prebiotic-treated calves had fewer Escherichia coli and pathogenic E. coli at 42 d compared with control calves. Although there were no effects on duration of diarrhea or pneumonia incidence, greater ADG in the late preweaning period may reflect treatment effects on enteric pathogens during the rearing process. The decreased shedding of Cryptosporidium should reduce infectious pressure, environmental contamination, and public health risks from Cryptosporidium. Our findings suggest ADG and potential health benefits for calves fed prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics and can help the dairy industry make informed decisions on the use of these products in dairy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Lucey
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - I J Lean
- Scibus, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
| | - S S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | | | - E Block
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - J S Thompson
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - H A Rossow
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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Sheedy DB, Okello E, Williams DR, Precht K, Cella E, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. Effect of Antimicrobial Treatment on the Dynamics of Ceftiofur Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from Adult California Dairy Cows. Microorganisms 2021; 9:828. [PMID: 33919743 PMCID: PMC8070714 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy farm use of antimicrobial drugs (AMD) is a risk for the selection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR); however, these resistance dynamics are not fully understood. A cohort study on two dairy farms enrolled 96 cows with their fecal samples collected three times weekly, for the first 60 days in milk. Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated by spiral plating samples onto MacConkey agar impregnated with 0, 1, 8, 16 and 30 µg/mL ceftiofur. Negative binomial regression analyzed AMR over time. The continuum of ceftiofur concentrations permitted estimation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and analysis using interval regression. The most common systemic AMD was ceftiofur, administered in 94% of treatments (15/16 cows). Enterobacteriaceae did not grow in 88% of samples collected from non-AMD treated cows at 8 µg/mL ceftiofur. Samples from AMD treated cows had peak counts of resistant Enterobacteriaceae during AMD treatment and returned to baseline counts by 3-4 days post-treatment at 8 µg/mL. Sensitive Enterobacteriaceae (0-1 µg/mL ceftiofur) were reduced below pre-treated levels for 29-35 days post-AMD treatment. Population MIC peaked during AMD treatment and returned to baseline levels by 7-8 days. We conclude that the effect of systemic ceftiofur on the resistance of Enterobacteriaceae in early lactation dairy cows was limited in duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Sheedy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (D.B.S.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (K.P.); (E.C.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (D.B.S.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (K.P.); (E.C.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 95616, USA
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (D.B.S.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (K.P.); (E.C.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Katie Precht
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (D.B.S.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (K.P.); (E.C.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Elisa Cella
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (D.B.S.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (K.P.); (E.C.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (D.B.S.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (K.P.); (E.C.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; (D.B.S.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (K.P.); (E.C.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 95616, USA
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Serological and Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Camels in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020323. [PMID: 33525431 PMCID: PMC7911684 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease, affecting small and large ruminants and causing chronic diarrhea and severe emaciation. MAP is prevalent in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. Serological and molecular characterization of MAP and determination of the prevalent strains are essential for the control strategies. The results obtained from 31 herds showed that the sheep type (S-type) was the most prevalent MAP type and the molecular characterization revealed different strain profiles distributed among the sheep, goat, cattle, and camel herds in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Abstract The objectives of the present study were to characterize Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection using serological and molecular tools and investigate the distribution and molecular characterization of MAP strains (cattle (C) and sheep (S) types) in sheep, goat, cattle, and camel herds in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Serum and fecal samples were collected from all animals aged >2 years old in 31 herds (sheep = 8, goats = 6, cattle = 8 and camels = 9) from January to December 2019. Serum samples were tested by ELISA for the detection of MAP antibodies. Fecal samples were tested by PCR for the detection of MAP IS900 gene and the identification of MAP strains. MAP antibodies were detected in 19 (61.3%) herds. At the animal level, antibodies against MAP were detected in 43 (19.5%) sheep, 21 (17.1%) goats, 13 (19.7%) cattle and 22 (9.1%) camels. The IS900 gene of MAP was detected in 23 (74.2%) herds and was directly amplified from fecal samples of 59 (26.8%) sheep, 34 (27.6%) goats, 20 (30.3%) cattle and 36 (15.0%) camels. The S-type was the most prevalent MAP type identified in 15 herds, and all were identified as type-I, while the C-type was identified in only 8 herds. The IS900 sequences revealed genetic differences among the MAP isolates recovered from sheep, goats, cattle and camels. Results from the present study show that MAP was prevalent and confirm the distribution of different MAP strains in sheep, goat, cattle and camel herds in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
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Ozsvari L, Harnos A, Lang Z, Monostori A, Strain S, Fodor I. The Impact of Paratuberculosis on Milk Production, Fertility, and Culling in Large Commercial Hungarian Dairy Herds. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:565324. [PMID: 33195541 PMCID: PMC7604298 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.565324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTBC) is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which is common in dairy herds worldwide, although the scale of its impact on herd productivity is unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the differences between MAP ELISA positive vs. negative cows in terms of milk production and quality, reproductive parameters, and culling. The data of five large dairy herds that participated in the voluntary PTBC testing program in Hungary were analyzed. Cows were tested by ELISA (IDEXX Paratuberculosis Screening Ab Test, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA) using milk samples collected during official performance testing. The outcome of the initial screening test involving all milking cows in the herds was used for the classification of the cows. The 305-day milk production, reproduction and culling data of 4,341 dairy cows, and their monthly performance testing results (n = 87,818) were analyzed. Multivariate linear and logistic models, and right censored tobit model were used for the statistical analysis. Test-day and 305-day milk production of ELISA positive cows decreased by 4.6 kg [95% CI: 3.5–5.6 kg, P < 0.0001 (−13.2%)] and 1,030 kg [95% CI: 708–1,352 kg, P < 0.0001 (−9.4%)], compared to their ELISA negative herdmates, respectively. Milk ELISA positive cows had 35.8% higher [95% CI: 17.9–56.4%, P < 0.0001] somatic cell count, on average. Test positive cows conceived 23.2 days later [95% CI: 9.2–37.3 days, P = 0.0012 (+16.5%)] and their calving interval was 33.8 days longer [95% CI: 13.2–54.4 days, P = 0.0013, (+9.7%)], compared to the negative cows, on average. Milk ELISA positive cows were less likely to conceive to first insemination (odds ratio: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.31–0.75, P = 0.0013), and required 0.42 more inseminations to conceive [95% CI: 0.07–0.77, P = 0.0192 (+13.7%)], on average. Milk ELISA positive cows were culled 160.5 days earlier after testing compared to their ELISA negative herdmates (95% CI: 117.5–203.5 days, P < 0.0001). Our results suggest that MAP ELISA positive cows experience decreased milk production, milk quality, fertility, and longevity, which supports the need to control the prevalence of PTBC in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Ozsvari
- Department of Veterinary Forensics and Economics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Harnos
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lang
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare NI, Dungannon, Northern Ireland
| | - Istvan Fodor
- Department of Veterinary Forensics and Economics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Bates A, Laven R, Bork O, Hay M, McDowell J, Saldias B. Selective and deferred treatment of clinical mastitis in seven New Zealand dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104915. [PMID: 32062434 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most frequent reason for antibiotic use in New Zealand dairy cattle and technologies reducing and targeting this use contribute to responsible product stewardship. Rapid identification of pathogen and antibiotic susceptibility facilitate targeted treatment but currently involve a minimum 24 h delay. Studies from confinement systems where Gram-negative organisms are responsible for a significant proportion of mastitis, indicate selective treatment can reduce antibiotic use without reducing clinical or bacteriological cure. However, in New Zealand's seasonal, pastoral dairy system, mastitis is dominated by Gram-positive organisms and if treatment is deferred, it is vital both short- and long-term clinical health outcomes are not compromised. Mastatest® is a diagnostic system for bovine mastitis indicating the pathogen and its antibiotic sensitivity within 24 h of sampling. This study focused on evaluating this system's ability to control antibiotic usage whilst achieving equivalent bacteriological and clinical cure rates alongside long term individual somatic cell count (ISCC) outcomes as conventional treatment choices. Mild to moderate mastitis cases in the 100 days after calving in 6467 cows from 7 farms were milk sampled and randomly allocated to a positive control group non-selective treatment or a culture-based treatment. All milk samples were processed using Mastatest®. For the positive control, the quarter was treated immediately with 3 treatments of procaine penicillin every 12 h. For the selective treatment group, treatment was delayed for 24 h and then informed by pathogen and antibiotic sensitivity from the Mastatest® result. Gram-negative and no-growth quarters were untreated. Gram-positive quarters were treated with the antibiotic for which the lowest in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity was reported. Re-sampling was carried out from affected quarter(s) approximately 21 days after initial diagnosis and cultured for bacterial identification. Clinical recurrence within 60 days and ISCC data was recorded at herd tests over the duration of the lactation. Antimicrobial usage and days of milk withhold pending clearance of antibiotic residues were also noted. There was no difference in bacteriological or clinical cure rate between the two treatment groups. Final herd test ISCC and days of milk withhold from supply did not differ between groups. Antibiotic usage was 24 % less (95 % predictive interval = 12-47 %) in the selective group. This study suggests that on farm decisions about deferred treatment of mastitis using Mastatest® to identify the intramammary pathogen can reduce the antimicrobial usage with no loss in bacterial or clinical cure and with no effect on ISCC over the lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bates
- Vetlife NZ, Vetlife Scientific, 1, Waitohi-Temuka Road, Temuka, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Laven
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Olaf Bork
- Mastaplex Ltd, Centre for Innovation, 87 St David Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Merlyn Hay
- Vetlife Oamaru, 281 Thames Street, Oamaru, 9400, New Zealand
| | - Jess McDowell
- Vetlife Temuka, 1 Waitohi-Temuka Road, Temuka, 7920, New Zealand
| | - Bernardita Saldias
- Centre for Dairy Excellence, 20, Wilson Street, Geraldine, 7930, New Zealand
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20
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Chamchoy T, Williams DR, Adaska JM, Anderson RJ, Aly SS. Environmental sampling to assess the bioburden of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in drylot pens on California dairies. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8081. [PMID: 31763073 PMCID: PMC6873878 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a bacterium that can cause substantial economic losses in infected dairy herds due to reduced milk production and increased cow-replacement costs. In order to control MAP in dairies with drylot pens, a standardized environmental sampling protocol to quantify MAP in fecal slurry was developed based on an existing protocol for freestall pens. Specifically, following a 24 h hold of the flush, a grab sample of approximately 10 ml of fecal slurry was collected every 1 m along the flush lane of the drylot pens, avoiding individual cow fecal pats. To determine the reliability and repatability of the new environmental sampling protocol for estimation of MAP bioburden at the pen level, two collectors simultaneously collected fecal slurry samples every day for 3 days from six drylot cow pens on two Central California dairies. During the study period no cow movement between pens was allowed with the exception of sick cows. The study herds had MAP seroprevalence of 5.8% and 3.2%, respectively, based on whole pen serum ELISA results. Variance components models for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results showed samples collected from different pens on different dairies accounted for greater variablitiy in MAP concentration (65%), while samples collected by different collectors had the least variability (0.1%). In contrast, variability in MAP concentration in environmental samples collected on different days had 25% variability. The intraclass correlation coefficient showed high reliability (93%) of environmental sampling simultaneously by different collectors. In contrast, the reliability of environmental sampling at different days was 65%, which was similar to the reliability for sampling by different collectors on different days. Investigators can expect high reliability when employing the new environmental sampling protocol along with qPCR testing of environmental samples from drylot pens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapakorn Chamchoy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Deneice R Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - John M Adaska
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Randall J Anderson
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Animal Health Branch, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Verteramo Chiu LJ, Tauer LW, Gröhn YT, Smith RL. Mastitis risk effect on the economic consequences of paratuberculosis control in dairy cattle: A stochastic modeling study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217888. [PMID: 31557171 PMCID: PMC6762148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits and efficacy of control programs for herds infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) have been investigated under various contexts. However, most previous research investigated paratuberculosis control programs in isolation, without modeling the potential association with other dairy diseases. This paper evaluated the benefits of MAP control programs when the herd is also affected by mastitis, a common disease causing the largest losses in dairy production. The effect of typically suggested MAP controls were estimated under the assumption that MAP infection increased the rate of clinical mastitis. We evaluated one hundred twenty three control strategies comprising various combinations of testing, culling, and hygiene, and found that the association of paratuberculosis with mastitis alters the ranking of specific MAP control programs, but only slightly alters the cost-benefit difference of particular MAP control components, as measured by the distribution of net present value of a representative U.S. dairy operation. In particular, although testing and culling for MAP resulted in a reduction in MAP incidence, that control led to lower net present value (NPV) per cow. When testing was used, ELISA was more economically beneficial than alternative testing regimes, especially if mastitis was explicitly modeled as more likely in MAP-infected animals, but ELISA testing was only significantly associated with higher NPV if mastitis was not included in the model at all. Additional hygiene was associated with a lower NPV per cow, although it lowered MAP prevalence. Overall, the addition of an increased risk of mastitis in MAP-infected animals did not change model recommendations as much as failing to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J. Verteramo Chiu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Loren W. Tauer
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell SC Johnson Business College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yrjo T. Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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What counts? A review of in vitro methods for the enumeration of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:265-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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A data-driven individual-based model of infectious disease in livestock operation: A validation study for paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203177. [PMID: 30550580 PMCID: PMC6294356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic livestock diseases cause large financial loss and affect animal health and welfare. Controlling these diseases mostly requires precise information on both individual animal and population dynamics to inform the farmer’s decisions, but even successful control programmes do by no means assure elimination. Mathematical models provide opportunities to test different control and elimination options rather than implementing them in real herds, but these models require robust parameter estimation and validation. Fitting these models to data is a difficult task due to heterogeneities in livestock processes. In this paper, we develop an infectious disease modeling framework for a livestock disease (paratuberculosis) that is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Infection with MAP leads to reduced milk production, pregnancy rates, and slaughter value and increased culling rates in cattle and causes significant economic losses to the dairy industry. These economic effects are particularly important motivations in the control and elimination of MAP. In this framework, an individual-based model (IBM) of a dairy herd was built and MAP infection dynamics was integrated. Once the model produced realistic dynamics of MAP infection, we implemented an evaluation method by fitting it to data from three dairy herds from the Northeast region of the US. The model fitting exercises used least-squares and parameter space searching methods to obtain the best-fitted values of selected parameters. The best set of parameters were used to model the effect of interventions. The results show that the presented model can complement real herd statistics where the intervention strategies suggest a reduction in MAP prevalence without elimination. Overall, this research not only provides a complete model for MAP infection dynamics in a dairy herd but also offers a method for estimating parameters by fitting IBM models.
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Bates A, O'Brien R, Liggett S, Griffin F. The effect of sub-clinical infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on milk production in a New Zealand dairy herd. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29540214 PMCID: PMC5853068 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Johne’s disease is a major production limiting disease of dairy cows. The disease is chronic, progressive, contagious and widespread; there is no treatment and there is no cure. Economic losses arise from decreased productivity through reduced growth, milk yield and fertility and capital losses due to premature culling or death. This study attempts to address the effect of subclinical JD on milk production under New Zealand pastoral dairy farming conditions using a new testing approach. Blood samples were taken from all lactating animals from a single seasonally calving New Zealand dairy herd in the autumn of 2013 and 2014. Samples were subject to serological assay for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using a combination of four ELISA tests in parallel followed by selective quantitative fecal PCR to confirm the fecal shedding characteristics of ELISA positive cows. ELISA status was classified as Not-Detected, Low, Moderate or High and fecal PCR status as Not-Detected, Moderate or High. Results A mixed generalized regression model indicated that, compared to cows where MAP was not detected, daily milk solids production was 4% less for high ELISA positive cows (p = 0.004), 6% less for moderate fPCR cows (p = 0.036) and 12% less for high fPCR cows (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study confirms that sub-clinical JD can have a significant impact on milk production and that the testing methodology used stratified the animals in this herd on their likely impact on production and disease spread. This allowed the farmer to prioritize removal of heavily shedding, less-productive animals and so reduce the risk of infection of young stock. This is the first longitudinal study based in New Zealand looking at the effect of Johne’s infection status on daily milk production allowing for intermediary and confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bates
- Vetlife, Centre for Dairy Excellence, Wilson Street, Geraldine, New Zealand.
| | - Rory O'Brien
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Simon Liggett
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Frank Griffin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Smith RL, Al-Mamun MA, Gröhn YT. Economic consequences of paratuberculosis control in dairy cattle: A stochastic modeling study. Prev Vet Med 2017; 138:17-27. [PMID: 28237232 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cost of paratuberculosis to dairy herds, through decreased milk production, early culling, and poor reproductive performance, has been well-studied. The benefit of control programs, however, has been debated. A recent stochastic compartmental model for paratuberculosis transmission in US dairy herds was modified to predict herd net present value (NPV) over 25 years in herds of 100 and 1000 dairy cattle with endemic paratuberculosis at initial prevalence of 10% and 20%. Control programs were designed by combining 5 tests (none, fecal culture, ELISA, PCR, or calf testing), 3 test-related culling strategies (all test-positive, high-positive, or repeated positive), 2 test frequencies (annual and biannual), 3 hygiene levels (standard, moderate, or improved), and 2 cessation decisions (testing ceased after 5 negative whole-herd tests or testing continued). Stochastic dominance was determined for each herd scenario; no control program was fully dominant for maximizing herd NPV in any scenario. Use of the ELISA test was generally preferred in all scenarios, but no paratuberculosis control was highly preferred for the small herd with 10% initial prevalence and was frequently preferred in other herd scenarios. Based on their effect on paratuberculosis alone, hygiene improvements were not found to be as cost-effective as test-and-cull strategies in most circumstances. Global sensitivity analysis found that economic parameters, such as the price of milk, had more influence on NPV than control program-related parameters. We conclude that paratuberculosis control can be cost effective, and multiple control programs can be applied for equivalent economic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - M A Al-Mamun
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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26
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Pritchard TC, Coffey MP, Bond KS, Hutchings MR, Wall E. Phenotypic effects of subclinical paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:679-690. [PMID: 27837981 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of subclinical paratuberculosis (or Johne's disease) risk status on performance, health, and fertility was studied in 58,096 UK Holstein-Friesian cows with 156,837 lactations across lactations 1 to 3. Low-, medium-, and high-risk group categories were allocated to cows determined by a minimum of 4 ELISA milk tests taken at any time during their lactating life. Lactation curves of daily milk, protein, and fat yields and protein and fat percentage, together with loge-transformed somatic cell count, were estimated using a random regression model to quantify differences between risk groups. The effect of subclinical paratuberculosis risk groups on fertility, lactation-average somatic cell count, and mastitis were analyzed using linear regression fitting risk group as a fixed effect. Milk yield losses associated with high-risk cows compared with low-risk cows in lactations 1, 2, and 3 for mean daily yield were 0.34, 1.05, and 1.61kg; likewise, accumulated 305-d yields were 103, 316, and 485kg, respectively. The total loss was 904kg over the first 3 lactations. Protein and fat yield losses associated with high-risk cows were significant, but primarily a feature of decreasing milk yield. Similar trends were observed for both test-day and lactation-average somatic cell count measures with higher somatic cell counts from medium- and high-risk cows compared with low-risk cows, and differences were in almost all cases significant. Likewise, mastitis incidence was significantly higher in high-risk cows compared with low-risk cows in lactations 2 and 3. Whereas the few significant differences between risk groups among fertility traits were inconsistent with no clear trend. These results are expected to be conservative, as some animals that were considered negative may become positive after the timeframe of this study, particularly if the animal was tested when relatively young. However, the magnitude of milk yield losses together with higher somatic cell counts and an increase in mastitis incidence should motivate farmers to implement the appropriate control measures to reduce the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike P Coffey
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Karen S Bond
- National Milk Records plc, Chippenham, SN15 1BN, United Kingdom
| | - Mike R Hutchings
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Wall
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
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27
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McAloon CG, Whyte P, More SJ, Green MJ, O'Grady L, Garcia A, Doherty ML. The effect of paratuberculosis on milk yield--A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1449-1460. [PMID: 26686704 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a disease characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis causing protein-losing enteropathy. Adverse effects on animal productivity are key drivers in the attempt to control paratuberculosis at the farm level. Economic models require an accurate estimation of the production effects associated with paratuberculosis. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of paratuberculosis on milk production. A total of 20 effect estimates from 15 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed. Subgroup analysis by case definition and study design was carried out to investigate heterogeneity. The majority of between-study variation was attributed to studies that defined cases on serology. Calculation of a pooled effect estimate was only appropriate for studies that defined cases by organism detection. A reduction in milk yield, corrected for lactation number and herd of origin of 1.87 kg/d, equivalent to 5.9% of yield, was associated with fecal culture or PCR positivity in individual cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - AnaBelen Garcia
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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28
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Mato I, Pesqueira N, Factor C, Sanjuan M, Yus E, Fouz R, Arnaiz I, Camino F, Diéguez F. Effect of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection status on culling and calving difficulty in dairy cattle. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Aly SS, Gardner IA, Adaska JM, Anderson RJ. Off-site rearing of heifers reduces the risk of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis ELISA seroconversion and fecal shedding in a California dairy herd. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1805-14. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Paratuberculosis: decrease in milk production of German Holstein dairy cows shedding Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis depends on within-herd prevalence. Animal 2014; 8:852-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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31
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Lu Z, Schukken YH, Smith RL, Mitchell RM, Gröhn YT. Impact of imperfect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis vaccines in dairy herds: a mathematical modeling approach. Prev Vet Med 2012; 108:148-58. [PMID: 22921715 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential impacts of imperfect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) vaccines on the dynamics of MAP infection in US dairy herds using a mathematical modeling approach. Vaccine-based control programs have been implemented to reduce the prevalence of MAP infection in some dairy herds; however, MAP vaccines are imperfect. Vaccines can provide partial protection for susceptible calves, reduce the infectiousness of animals shedding MAP, lengthen the latent period of infected animals, slow the progression from low shedding to high shedding in infectious animals, and reduce clinical disease. To quantitatively study the impacts of imperfect MAP vaccines, we developed a deterministic multi-group vaccination model and performed global sensitivity analyses. Our results explain why MAP vaccination might have a beneficial, negligible, or detrimental effect in the reduction of prevalence and show that vaccines that are beneficial to individual animals may not be useful for a herd-level control plan. The study suggests that high efficacy vaccines that are aimed at reducing the susceptibility of the host are the most effective in controlling MAP transmission. This work indicates that MAP vaccination should be integrated into a comprehensive control program that includes test-and-cull intervention and improved calf rearing management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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32
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Cho J, Tauer LW, Schukken YH, Gómez MI, Smith RL, Lu Z, Grohn YT. Economic analysis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis vaccines in dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1855-72. [PMID: 22459833 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic infectious enteric disease of ruminants, caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Given the absence of a fail-safe method of prevention or a cure, Johne's disease can inflict significant economic loss on the US dairy industry, with an estimated annual cost of over $200 million. Currently available MAP control strategies include management measures to improve hygiene, culling MAP serologic- or fecal-positive adult cows, and vaccination. Although the 2 first control strategies have been reported to be effective in reducing the incidence of MAP infection, the changes in herd management needed to conduct these control strategies require significant effort on the part of the dairy producer. On the other hand, vaccination is relatively simple to apply and requires minor changes in herd management. Despite these advantages, only 5% of US dairy operations use vaccination to control MAP. This low level of adoption of this technology is due to limited information on its cost-effectiveness and efficacy and some important inherent drawbacks associated with current MAP vaccines. This study investigates the epidemiological effect and economic values of MAP vaccines in various stages of development. We create scenarios for the potential epidemiological effects of MAP vaccines, and then estimate economically justifiable monetary values at which vaccines become economically beneficial to dairy producers such that a net present value (NPV) of a farm's net cash flow can be higher than the NPV of a farm using no control or alternative nonvaccine controls. Any vaccination with either low or high efficacy considered in this study yielded a higher NPV compared with a no MAP control. Moreover, high-efficacy vaccines generated an even higher NPV compared with alternative controls, making vaccination economically attractive. Two high-efficacy vaccines were particularly effective in MAP control and NPV maximization. One was a high-efficacy vaccine that reduced susceptibility to MAP infection. The other was a high-efficacy vaccine that had multiple efficacies on the dynamics of MAP infection and disease progress. Only one high-efficacy vaccine, in which the vaccine is targeted at reducing MAP shedding and the number of clinical cases, was not economically beneficial to dairy producers compared with an alternative nonvaccine control, when herds were highly infected with MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cho
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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33
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Shook GE, Chaffer M, Wu XL, Ezra E. Genetic parameters for paratuberculosis infection and effect of infection on production traits in Israeli Holsteins. Anim Genet 2012; 43 Suppl 1:56-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Shook
- Dairy Science Department; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison; WI; 53706; USA
| | - M. Chaffer
- Department of Bacteriology; Kimron Veterinary Institute; Bet Dagan; 50250; Israel
| | - X.-L. Wu
- Dairy Science Department; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison; WI; 53706; USA
| | - E. Ezra
- Israel Cattle Breeders Association; Caesarea; 38900; Israel
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34
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Association of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection with milk production and calving interval in Iranian Holsteins. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:1111-6. [PMID: 22193938 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
There are inconsistent results for the association of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection with production and reproduction in dairy cows. Determination of these associations in each region is essential to encourage participation of dairy cattle producers in disease control programs. This study was conducted in Shiraz, southern Iran, to quantify the association of subclinical MAP infection with 305-day milk production and calving interval in Iranian Holsteins. A total of 21 dairy herds were selected for the study and in each herd, quarter milk samples were collected from ten to 12 dairy cows for PCR analysis. Data about parity, calving interval, length of lactation period, total milk production and 305-day milk production were also provided for each animal. Overall, 252 individual milk samples were collected. Herd- and individual-level prevalence of MAP infection were 23.8% (95% CI, 6.2-41.4%) and 3.2% (95% CI, 1.3-5.1%), respectively based on IS900 nested PCR. The results for 305-day milk production revealed a 248 kg reduction in positive cows compared with negative ones (P = 0.009). When cows from positive herds were compared with cows from negative herds, a 335-kg reduction in 305-day milk production (P = 0.005) and a 30-day increase in calving interval (P = 0.057) were observed in the former group. These findings support the previous results that paratuberculosis infection is negatively associated with the performance of the animals.
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