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Gouvêa F, Cardozo L, Canal J, Troncarelli M, Pantoja J. A descriptive study of teat morphology, milking machine characteristics, and milking practices in a sample of Brazilian dairy herds. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gieseke D, Lambertz C, Gauly M. Relationship between herd size and measures of animal welfare on dairy cattle farms with freestall housing in Germany. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7397-7411. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Britt JH, Cushman RA, Dechow CD, Dobson H, Humblot P, Hutjens MF, Jones GA, Ruegg PS, Sheldon IM, Stevenson JS. Invited review: Learning from the future-A vision for dairy farms and cows in 2067. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3722-3741. [PMID: 29501340 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The world's population will reach 10.4 billion in 2067, with 81% residing in Africa or Asia. Arable land available for food production will decrease to 0.15 ha per person. Temperature will increase in tropical and temperate zones, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, and this will push growing seasons and dairy farming away from arid areas and into more northern latitudes. Dairy consumption will increase because it provides essential nutrients more efficiently than many other agricultural systems. Dairy farming will become modernized in developing countries and milk production per cow will increase, doubling in countries with advanced dairying systems. Profitability of dairy farms will be the key to their sustainability. Genetic improvements will include emphasis on the coding genome and associated noncoding epigenome of cattle, and on microbiomes of dairy cattle and farmsteads. Farm sizes will increase and there will be greater lateral integration of housing and management of dairy cattle of different ages and production stages. Integrated sensors, robotics, and automation will replace much of the manual labor on farms. Managing the epigenome and microbiome will become part of routine herd management. Innovations in dairy facilities will improve the health of cows and permit expression of natural behaviors. Herds will be viewed as superorganisms, and studies of herds as observational units will lead to improvements in productivity, health, and well-being of dairy cattle, and improve the agroecology and sustainability of dairy farms. Dairy farmers in 2067 will meet the world's needs for essential nutrients by adopting technologies and practices that provide improved cow health and longevity, profitable dairy farms, and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Britt
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621.
| | - R A Cushman
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - C D Dechow
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Dobson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom CH64 7TE
| | - P Humblot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - M F Hutjens
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - G A Jones
- Central Sands Dairy, De Pere, WI 54115-9603
| | - P S Ruegg
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1225
| | - I M Sheldon
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom SA2 8PP
| | - J S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-0201
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DeLong KL, Lambert DM, Schexnayder S, Krawczel P, Fly M, Garkovich L, Oliver S. Farm business and operator variables associated with bulk tank somatic cell count from dairy herds in the southeastern United States. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9298-9310. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Schewe RL, Kayitsinga J, Contreras GA, Odom C, Coats WA, Durst P, Hovingh EP, Martinez RO, Mobley R, Moore S, Erskine RJ. Herd management and social variables associated with bulk tank somatic cell count in dairy herds in the eastern United States. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7650-65. [PMID: 26298763 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reduce somatic cell counts (SCC) and improve milk quality depends on the effective and consistent application of established mastitis control practices. The US dairy industry continues to rely more on nonfamily labor to perform critical tasks to maintain milk quality. Thus, it is important to understand dairy producer attitudes and beliefs relative to management practices, as well as employee performance, to advance milk quality within the changing structure of the dairy industry. To assess the adoption rate of mastitis control practices in United States dairy herds, as well as assess social variables, including attitudes toward employees relative to mastitis control, a survey was sent to 1,700 dairy farms in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Florida in January and February of 2013. The survey included questions related to 7 major areas: sociodemographics and farm characteristics, milking proficiency, milking systems, cow environment, infected cow monitoring and treatment, farm labor, and attitudes toward mastitis and related antimicrobial use. The overall response rate was 41% (21% in Florida, 39% in Michigan, and 45% in Pennsylvania). Herd size ranged from 9 to 5,800 cows. Self-reported 3-mo geometric mean bulk tank SCC (BTSCC) for all states was 194,000 cells/mL. Multivariate analysis determined that proven mastitis control practices such as the use of internal teat sealants and blanket dry cow therapy, and not using water during udder preparation before milking, were associated with lower BTSCC. Additionally, farmer and manager beliefs and attitudes, including the perception of mastitis problems and the threshold of concern if BTSCC is above 300,000 cells/mL, were associated with BTSCC. Ensuring strict compliance with milking protocols, giving employees a financial or other penalty if BTSCC increased, and a perceived importance of reducing labor costs were negatively associated with BTSCC in farms with nonfamily employees. These findings highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to managing mastitis, one that includes the human dimensions of management to maintain the practice of scientifically validated mastitis control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Schewe
- Department of Sociology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210.
| | - J Kayitsinga
- Julian Samora Research Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - G A Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - C Odom
- Social Science Research Center, College of Arts and Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - W A Coats
- Social Science Research Center, College of Arts and Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - P Durst
- Michigan State University Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - E P Hovingh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - R O Martinez
- Julian Samora Research Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - R Mobley
- College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee 32307
| | - S Moore
- Michigan State University Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - R J Erskine
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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O'Connell A, McParland S, Ruegg PL, O'Brien B, Gleeson D. Seasonal trends in milk quality in Ireland between 2007 and 2011. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3778-90. [PMID: 25828653 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate annual and seasonal trends in bulk tank somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC), and laboratory pasteurization count (LPC) in Ireland between 2007 and 2011 (inclusive), and to compare trends based on herd type and herd size. The unadjusted median SCC and TBC of all records were 266,000 and 17,000 cfu/mL, respectively. Data were transformed to log values and analyzed using a mixed model. Fixed effects included milk processor, year, month, and total monthly milk volume; milk producer was fitted as a random variable. After analysis, means were back transformed for interpretation. Annual SCC increased slightly from 259,000 cells/mL in 2007 to a peak of 272,647 cells/mL in 2009 and then declined slightly thereafter. Although statistically significant changes in annual TBC are probably not biologically relevant, values ranged between 23,922 and 26,290 cfu/mL. Annual LPC peaked in 2008 (265 cfu/mL), declined in 2009, and increased thereafter. Monthly mean SCC of all records increased from April onward, with the greatest increases seen from October to December, when the majority of cows entered late lactation. Monthly mean TBC exhibited a seasonal trend, whereby TBC was greatest at the beginning and end of the year, coinciding with winter housing. Seasonal milk production herds (n=8,002 herds) calve all cows in spring (February to April), whereas split-calving herds (n=1,829 herds) calve cows in the spring and autumn. From February to September, monthly SCC was lower for seasonal herds than for split-calving herds, whereas SCC was lower for split-calving herds for the remaining months. During winter (October to March), split-calving herds had lower monthly TBC than seasonal herds, most likely because of stricter regulations imposed upon them. Herd size was approximated using total annual milk production figures. Across all months, larger herds had lower SCC and TBC compared with smaller herds. No obvious improvements in milk quality were seen between 2007 and 2011. Farmers have the opportunity to improve milk quality by reducing bulk tank SCC in late lactation and by imposing stricter hygiene practices at the beginning and end of the year to overcome the seasonal variation of bulk tank TBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O'Connell
- Teagasc, Livestock Systems Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706.
| | - S McParland
- Teagasc, Livestock Systems Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - B O'Brien
- Teagasc, Livestock Systems Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - D Gleeson
- Teagasc, Livestock Systems Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Rola J, Larska M, Grzeszuk M, Rola J. Association between antibody status to bovine herpesvirus 1 and quality of milk in dairy herds in Poland. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:781-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bulk tank milk somatic cell counts in dairy herds with different bovine viral diarrhoea virus status in Poland. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116:183-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Masiello S, Martin N, Watters R, Galton D, Schukken Y, Wiedmann M, Boor K. Identification of dairy farm management practices associated with the presence of psychrotolerant sporeformers in bulk tank milk. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4083-96. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Characterization of management practices used on Kentucky dairy farms with low somatic cell counts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dong F, Hennessy DA, Jensen HH. Factors determining milk quality and implications for production structure under somatic cell count standard modification. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6421-35. [PMID: 22981577 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Consumer and processor demand for high-quality milk has placed increasing pressure on US milk producers to achieve higher product standards. International standards for somatic cell count (SCC) are becoming more stringent, but in May 2011, the United States National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments chose to retain the 750,000 cells/mL standard. Using ordinary least squares and quantile regressions on US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Resource Management Survey Dairy Costs and Returns Report data for 2005, we model producer and farm-level characteristics associated with SCC. Quantile regression analysis allows for a more parsed inquiry into statistical associations. Dairy Costs and Returns Report data provide cross-sectional information on the physical structure, input expenses, demographics, and outputs for farms in selected states. Location outside the Southeast, lower herd age, full-time farming status, use of biosecurity guidelines, good milking facilities and operations management, and application of related quality tests are all associated with lower SCC levels. Size of operation had little effect on SCC levels after controlling for other factors. Many of the operations that did not attain a more demanding SCC standard of 400,000 cells/mL had older operators, operators who expressed intention to exit within 10 yr, smaller size, and location in the Southeast when compared with those meeting the tighter standard. The results suggest that the stricter scheme favors larger farms that are more committed to production and are less likely to be sole or family proprietorships.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dong
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706-1503, USA
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Abstract
The objective of this study was therefore to present factors affecting somatic cell counts in bovine bulk milk as a result of intramammary infections as well as non-infectious factors. The paper presents also the impact of on-farm management practices on the level of bulk milk somatic cell counts and presents quality indicators in bulk tank milk. At the farm level bulk milk bacterial infection takes place through three main sources: bacterial contamination from the external surface of the udder and teats, from the surface of the milking equipment, and from mastitis microorganisms within the udder. The threshold of 200,000 cells/ml identifies bacteriological negative quarters of the udder. The counts of mammary pathogens in bulk tank milk are relatively low, on average not exceeding 1,000 cfu/ml. Environmental pathogens predominate in bulk tank milk samples with somatic cells count <300 × 10(3) ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Olechnowicz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 52 Wojska Polskiego, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
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Ingham S, Hu Y, Ané C. Erratum to “Comparison of bulk-tank standard plate count and somatic cell count for Wisconsin dairy farms in three size categories” (J. Dairy Sci. 94:4237–4241). J Dairy Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-94-10-5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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