1
|
Kupczyński R, Pacyga K, Lewandowska K, Bednarski M, Szumny A. Milk Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids as Biomarkers of Rumen Fermentation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1706. [PMID: 38891752 PMCID: PMC11171151 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk and dairy products are the primary sources of OBCFAs, which have beneficial health properties. The goal of this study was to identify the factors that influence the content of OBCFAs in cow's milk and to indicate which OBCFAs can serve as biomarkers for fermentation processes. The content of OBCFAs in milk depends on the species of ruminants, with studies showing that this varies between 3.33% (in goat's milk) and 5.02% (in buffalo's milk). These differences also stem from the animals' energy balance, lactation phases, forage-to-concentrate ratio, and the presence of bioactive compounds in feeds, as well as management practices and environmental conditions. The OBCFAs in milk fat mainly come from rumen bacteria, but can also be synthesized de novo in the mammary gland, making them potentially useful noninvasive indicators of rumen fermentation. The concentration of BCFA is lower in colostrum and transitional milk than in full lactation milk. The proportions of total OBCFAs are higher in first- and second-parity cows. The most effective predictors of the biohydrogenation of fatty acids in the rumen are likely C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, iso-C16:0, and iso-C13:0. OBCFAs have been identified as potential biomarkers for rumen function, because their synthesis depends on specific bacteria. Strong predictors of subclinical ruminal acidosis include iso-C14:0, iso-C13:0, and C15:0. The concentration of ∑ OBCFA >C16 in milk is associated with fat mobilization and serves as a significant marker of the energy balance in cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kupczyński
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Pacyga
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Kamila Lewandowska
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Michał Bednarski
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, 47 Grunwaldzki Sq., 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng L, Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Meale SJ, Rugoho I, Jonker A, Khan MA, Al-Marashdeh O, Dewhurst RJ. Review: Markers and proxies to monitor ruminal function and feed efficiency in young ruminants. Animal 2021; 15:100337. [PMID: 34537442 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing the rumen's capacity to utilise recalcitrant and low-value feed resources is important for ruminant production systems. Early-life nutrition and management practices have been shown to influence development of the rumen in young animals with long-term consequences on their performance. Therefore, there has been increasing interest to understand ruminal development and function in young ruminants to improve feed efficiency, health, welfare, and performance of both young and adult ruminants. However, due to the small size, rapid morphological changes and low initial microbial populations of the rumen, it is difficult to study ruminal function in young ruminants without major invasive approaches or slaughter studies. In this review, we discuss the usefulness of a range of proxies and markers to monitor ruminal function and nitrogen use efficiency (a major part of feed efficiency) in young ruminants. Breath sulphide and methane emissions showed the greatest potential as simple markers of a developing microbiota in young ruminants. However, there is only limited evidence for robust indicators of feed efficiency at this stage. The use of nitrogen isotopic discrimination based on plasma samples appeared to be the most promising proxy for feed efficiency in young ruminants. More research is needed to explore and refine potential proxies and markers to indicate ruminal function and feed efficiency in young ruminants, particularly for neonatal ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cheng
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Dookie Campus, 3647 Victoria, Australia.
| | - G Cantalapiedra-Hijar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - S J Meale
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343 Queensland, Australia
| | - I Rugoho
- Lely Australia Pty Ltd, 84 Agar Drive, Truganina 3029, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Jonker
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - M A Khan
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - O Al-Marashdeh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - R J Dewhurst
- Scotland's Rural College, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Toral PG, Hervás G, Della Badia A, Gervais R, Frutos P. Effect of dietary lipids and other nutrients on milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acid composition in dairy ewes. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11413-11423. [PMID: 33069404 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) are largely derived from bacteria leaving the rumen, which has encouraged research on their use as biomarkers of rumen function. Targeted research has examined relationships between these fatty acids (FA) and dietary components, but interactions between the effects of lipids and other nutrients on milk OBCFA are not well characterized yet. Furthermore, factors controlling milk OBCFA in sheep are largely unknown. Thus, the present meta-analysis examined relationships between diet composition and milk OBCFA using a database compiled with lot observations from 14 trials in dairy ewes fed lipid supplements. A total of 47 lots received lipid supplements, whereas their respective controls (27 lots) were fed the same basal diets without lipid supplementation. Relationships between milk OBCFA and dietary components were first assessed through a principal component analysis (PCA) and a correlation analysis. Then, responses of milk OBCFA to variations in specific dietary components (selected on the basis of the PCA) were examined in more detail by regression analysis. According to the loading plot, dietary unsaturated C18 FA loaded opposite to major milk OBCFA (e.g., 15:0, 15:0 anteiso, and 17:0) and were strongly correlated with principal component 1, which described 46% of variability. Overall, regression equations supported this negative, and generally linear, relationship between unsaturated C18 FA levels and milk OBCFA. However, the influence of C20-22 n-3 polyunsaturated FA and saturated FA was more limited. The PCA also suggested that dietary crude protein is not a determinant of milk OBCFA profile in dairy ewes, but significant relationships were observed between some OBCFA and dietary fiber or starch, consistent with a potential role of these FA as biomarkers of rumen cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria. In this regard, regression equations indicated that iso FA would show opposite responses to increasing levels of acid detergent fiber (positive linear coefficients) and starch (negative linear coefficients). Lipid supplementation would not largely affect these associations, supporting the potential of OBCFA as noninvasive markers of rumen function under different feeding conditions (i.e., with or without lipid supplementation). Because consumption of these FA may have nutritional benefits for humans, the use of high-fiber/low-starch rations might be recommended to maintain the highest possible content of milk OBCFA in dairy sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Toral
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain.
| | - G Hervás
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - A Della Badia
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - R Gervais
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - P Frutos
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ducháček J, Stádník L, Ptáček M, Beran J, Okrouhlá M, Gašparík M. Negative Energy Balance Influences Nutritional Quality of Milk from Czech Fleckvieh Cows due Changes in Proportion of Fatty Acids. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040563. [PMID: 32230933 PMCID: PMC7222402 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of negative energy balance on fatty acids proportion in the milk of Czech Fleckvieh cows after calving. Milk quality was determined based on fatty acid group proportion. Milk quality was evaluated in relation to selected negative energy balance (NEB) traits: body condition change (DEC) and milk citric acid content (CAC) after calving. Milk samples (n = 992) were collected once per week from 248 Czech Fleckvieh cows during the first month of lactation. Fatty acid content (%) in milk samples was determined and results were grouped as saturated (SFA) (hypercholesterolemic or volatile fatty acids) or unsaturated (UFA) (monounsaturated or polyunsaturated). Our results showed that cows with a deep NEB produce milk that is healthier for human consumption. Cows with a more significant DEC or the highest level of CAC in milk had the lowest proportion of SFA and the highest proportion of UFA (p < 0.01). These cows experienced higher physiological stress after calving; however, they produced milk of higher nutritional quality. Nowadays, we can see preventive efforts to mitigate NEB periods as a result of modern breeding trends regarding vitality, robustness, or longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromír Ducháček
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.O.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-022-438-3070
| | - Luděk Stádník
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Ptáček
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Jan Beran
- Department Animal Husbandry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Monika Okrouhlá
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Matúš Gašparík
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.O.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Relations of Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Microbial Matters to Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Rumen Fluid of Dairy Cows at Different Milk Stages. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121019. [PMID: 31766741 PMCID: PMC6941105 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFAs) and ruminal fermentation parameters, microbial populations, and base contents. Significant relationships existed between the concentrations of C11:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, C15:0, and anteiso-C17:0 in rumen and milk. The total OBCFA content in milk was positively related to the acetate molar proportion but negatively correlated with isoacid levels. The adenine/N ratio was negatively related to milk OBCFA content but positively associated with the iso-C15:0/iso-C17:0 ratio. Abstract The purpose of this research was to evaluate whether relationships exist between odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFAs) originating from milk fat and the corresponding data of ruminal fermentation parameters, microbial populations, and base contents that were used to mark microbial protein in rumen. Nine lactating Holstein dairy cows with similar body weights and parity were selected in this study, and the samples of rumen and milk were collected at the early, middle, and late stages, respectively. The rumen and milk samples were collected over three consecutive days from each cow, and the ruminal and milk OBCFA profiles, ruminal fermentation parameters, bacterial populations, and base contents were measured. The results showed that the concentrations of OBCFAs, with the exception of C11:0 and C15:0, were significantly different between milk and rumen (p < 0.05). The concentrations of anteiso-fatty acids in milk were higher than those in rumen, and the contents of linear odd-chain fatty acids were higher than those of branched-chain fatty acids in both milk and rumen. Significant relationships that existed between the concentrations of C11:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, C15:0, and anteiso-C17:0 in rumen and milk (p < 0.05). The total OBCFA content in milk was positively related to the acetate molar proportion but negatively correlated with isoacid contents (p < 0.05). The populations of Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefacients, and Eubacterium ruminantium were significantly related to milk C13:0 contents (p < 0.05). The adenine/N ratio was negatively related to milk OBCFA content (p < 0.05) but positively associated with the iso-C15:0/iso-C17:0 ratio (p < 0.05). Milk OBCFAs were significantly correlated with ruminal fermentation parameters, ruminal bacterial populations, and base contents. Milk OBCFAs had the potential to predict microbial nitrogen flow, and the prediction equations for ruminal microbial nitrogen flow were established for OBCFAs in dairy milk.
Collapse
|
6
|
Magdalena JA, Tomás‐Pejó E, Ballesteros M, González‐Fernandez C. Volatile fatty acids production from protease pretreated
Chlorella
biomass via anaerobic digestion. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1363-1369. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mercedes Ballesteros
- Biotechnological Processes UnitIMDEA Energy Madrid Spain
- Biofuels UnitCIEMAT Madrid Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vazirigohar M, Dehghan-Banadaky M, Rezayazdi K, Nejati-Javaremi A, Mirzaei-Alamouti H, Patra A. Short communication: Effects of diets containing supplemental fats on ruminal fermentation and milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6133-6141. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
Ariko T, Kass M, Henno M, Fievez V, Kärt O, Kaart T, Ots M. The effect of replacing barley with glycerol in the diet of dairy cows on rumen parameters and milk fatty acid profile. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
9
|
Predicting in vitro rumen VFA production using CNCPS carbohydrate fractions with multiple linear models and artificial neural networks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116290. [PMID: 25551220 PMCID: PMC4281202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this trial were to develop multiple linear regression (MLR) models and three-layer Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation (BP3) neural network models using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) carbohydrate fractions as dietary variables for predicting in vitro rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and further compare MLR and BP3 models. Two datasets were established for the trial, of which the first dataset containing 45 feed mixtures with concentrate/roughage ratios of 10∶90, 20∶80, 30∶70, 40∶60, and 50∶50 were used for establishing the models and the second dataset containing 10 feed mixtures with the same concentrate/roughage ratios with the first dataset were used for testing the models. The VFA production of feed samples was determined using an in vitro incubation technique. The CNCPS carbohydrate fractions (g), i.e. CA (sugars), CB1 (starch and pectin), CB2 (available cell wall) of feed samples were calculated based on chemical analysis. The performance of MLR models and BP3 models were compared using a paired t-test, the determination coefficient (R2) and the root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) between observed and predicted values. Statistical analysis indicated that VFA production (mmol) was significantly correlated with CNCPS carbohydrate fractions (g) CA, CB1, and CB2 in a multiple linear pattern. Compared with MLR models, BP3 models were more accurate in predicting acetate, propionate, and total VFA production while similar in predicting butyrate production. The trial indicated that both MLR and BP3 models were suitable for predicting in vitro rumen VFA production of feed mixtures using CNCPS carbohydrate fractions CA, CB1, and CB2 as input dietary variables while BP3 models showed greater accuracy for prediction.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yoder P, St-Pierre N, Daniels K, O’Diam K, Weiss W. Effects of short-term variation in forage quality and forage to concentrate ratio on lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6596-609. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
|