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Factors That Optimize Reproductive Efficiency in Dairy Herds with an Emphasis on Timed Artificial Insemination Programs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020301. [PMID: 33503935 PMCID: PMC7912388 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reproductive efficiency is critical for profitability of dairy operations. The first part of this manuscript discusses the key physiology of dairy cows and how to practically manipulate this reproductive physiology to produce timed artificial insemination (TAI) programs with enhanced fertility. In addition, there are other critical factors that also influence reproductive efficiency of dairy herds such as genetics, management of the transition period, and body condition score changes and improve management and facilities to increase cow comfort and reduce health problems. Using optimized TAI protocols combined with enhancing cow/management factors that impact reproductive efficiency generates dairy herd programs with high reproductive efficiency, while improving health and productivity of the herds. Abstract Reproductive efficiency is closely tied to the profitability of dairy herds, and therefore successful dairy operations seek to achieve high 21-day pregnancy rates in order to reduce the calving interval and days in milk of the herd. There are various factors that impact reproductive performance, including the specific reproductive management program, body condition score loss and nutritional management, genetics of the cows, and the cow comfort provided by the facilities and management programs. To achieve high 21-day pregnancy rates, the service rate and pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) should be increased. Currently, there are adjustments in timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols and use of presynchronization programs that can increase P/AI, even to the point that fertility is higher with some TAI programs as compared with AI after standing estrus. Implementation of a systematic reproductive management program that utilizes efficient TAI programs with optimized management strategies can produce high reproductive indexes combined with healthy cows having high milk production termed “the high fertility cycle”. The scientific results that underlie these concepts are presented in this manuscript along with how these ideas can be practically implemented to improve reproductive efficiency on commercial dairy operations.
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Nabenishi H, Negishi N, Yamazaki A. Predicting the start of calving in Japanese Black cattle using camera image analysis. J Reprod Dev 2020; 67:53-58. [PMID: 33298634 PMCID: PMC7902219 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the feasibility of using camera image analysis to detect behavioral changes as an indicator of the onset of calving in Japanese Black
cattle. Thirty-five pregnant cattle individually housed in pens were used and were continuously monitored using a digital camera system. For the automatic
determination of the x and y coordinates of a cow, trajectory analysis was conducted using thermal image and analysis software, and the distances moved were
calculated using coordinate data. Further, the frequency of postural changes and the time spent tail raising per hour were measured for 14 cows using visible
images. The measurement data were used to calculate hourly data for 12 h prior to amniorrhexis (first rupture of the allantoic sac). The hourly distances moved
tended to increase at the time of amniorrhexis, with significantly longer distances measured 3–0 h before amniorrhexis than those at 12–8 h before amniorrhexis
(P < 0.05). In all cows, amniorrhexis occurred within 11 h of hourly distances moved by more than 50% compared with distance moved the previous hour. The
overall average elapsed time before amniorrhexis was 9 h 30 min (range: 5–11 h). Tail raising time and the frequency of postural changes significantly increased
at 1–0 h and 2–0 h before amniorrhexis, respectively. This suggests that predicting the time of calving is possible by measuring the activity of Japanese Black
cows during late pregnancy using camera image analysis as a non-invasive technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Nabenishi
- Laboratory of Animal Feeding and Management, Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Natsuko Negishi
- Laboratory of Animal Feeding and Management, Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Atusi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Animal Feeding and Management, Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Luteal Presence and Ovarian Response at the Beginning of a Timed Artificial Insemination Protocol for Lactating Dairy Cows Affect Fertility: A Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091551. [PMID: 32887225 PMCID: PMC7552238 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) concentration during follicular growth has a major impact on fertility response in timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols. Luteal presence at the beginning of a TAI protocol and ovarian response after the first gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection (G1) affect P4 concentration and subsequently pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI). A systematic review of the literature and meta-analytical assessment was performed with the objective of evaluating the magnitude of the effect of luteal presence and ovarian response at the beginning of a TAI protocol on P/AI in lactating dairy cows. We considered only studies using synchronisation protocols consisting of GnRH and prostaglandin F 2α. The time interval between G1 and prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α) had to range from 5 to 7 d. The time interval between the PGF 2α injection and G2 had to range from 48 to 72 h. We used 28 controlled experiments from 27 published manuscripts including 16,489 cows with the objective of evaluating the effect size of having a functional corpus luteum (CL) at G1 on P/AI. Information regarding ovulatory response after G1 was available for 5676 cows. In a subset of cows (n = 4291), information was available for luteal presence and ovulatory response at the initiation of the TAI protocol. A functional CL at G1 increased (p < 0.001) the relative risk of conceiving (RR (relative risk) = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.21-1.45) in lactating dairy cows. Ovulation after G1 increased (p < 0.001) the relative risk of conceiving (RR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.20-1.38) in lactating dairy cows. The effect of ovulatory response on P/AI after G1 was affected by luteal presence at G1. In summary, there was a clear benefit on P/AI for cows starting a TAI protocol with a functional CL (+10.5 percentage units) and cows ovulating at the beginning of a TAI protocol (+11.0 percentage units).
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Masello M, Ceglowski B, Thomas MJ, Giordano JO. A reproductive management program aimed at increasing reinsemination of nonpregnant dairy cows at detected estrus resulted in similar reproductive performance to a program that favored timed artificial insemination. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3719-3729. [PMID: 32089314 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to compare time to pregnancy and proportion of cows not pregnant 210 d after first service for cows managed for second and subsequent artificial insemination (AI) services with a reproductive management program that promoted reinsemination at detected estrus (AIE) or a program that promoted timed AI (TAI). After first service, lactating Holstein cows were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to d 32 Resynch (D32R; n = 464) or AIE Resynch (AIER; n = 512). To determine the effect of management strategies on time to pregnancy and cows not pregnant by the end of a 210 d at-risk period after first AI service, cows remained in AIER and D32R until pregnancy or herd exit. Cows in D32R received a GnRH treatment 32 ± 3 d after AI (first treatment intervention; FTI). Nonpregnancy diagnosis was conducted 7 d later by transrectal ultrasonography when nonpregnant cows with a corpus luteum (CL) ≥15 mm completed the Resynch protocol (PGF2α, 56 h later GnRH, and 16 to 18 h later TAI) and cows without a CL (NoCL cows) were enrolled in a PreG-Ovsynch protocol (GnRH, 7 d later GnRH, 7 d later PGF2α, 56 h later GnRH, and 16 to 18 h TAI) to receive TAI. For the AIER treatment, nonpregnant cows with a CL ≥15 mm observed by transrectal ultrasonography 32 ± 3 d after AI (i.e., FTI) received PGF2α to induce estrus. Cows not AIE within 7 d were enrolled in Resynch (GnRH, 7 d later PGF2α, 56 h later GnRH, and 16 to 18 h TAI). Cows in the NoCL group in AIER were enrolled in PreG-Ovsynch. Detection of estrus was performed based on visual observation of behavioral signs of estrus and tail-paint removal. Binomial data were analyzed with logistic regression and time to event data with Cox's proportional regression. After the FTI, a greater proportion of cows were AIE in AIER than D32R (36.0 vs. 11.9%) and more cows were AIE within 7 d of the FTI for AIER (25.0%) than D32R (4.8%). Overall pregnancy per AI at 68 ± 3 d after AI did not differ (AIER = 35.5% vs. D32R = 34.7%). The hazard of pregnancy up to 210 d after first AI for all cows enrolled (hazard ratio = 1.04, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.19) and for cows that received treatments only (D32R = 308, AIER = 349; hazard ratio = 1.00, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.19) did not differ. We conclude that a program aimed at increasing the proportion of cows reinseminated at detected estrus by treatment with PGF2α at 32 ± 3 d after AI may be an alternative strategy for dairy farms that prefer or need to inseminate more cows at detected estrus rather than by TAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masello
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - B Ceglowski
- Dairy Health and Management Services, Lowville, NY 13367
| | - M J Thomas
- Dairy Health and Management Services, Lowville, NY 13367
| | - J O Giordano
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Sauls-Hiesterman JA, Voelz BE, Stevenson JS. A shortened resynchronization treatment for dairy cows after a nonpregnancy diagnosis. Theriogenology 2019; 141:105-112. [PMID: 31536859 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that a shortened version of a modified Ovsynch program (OVS: GnRH-1 - 7 d - PGF2α-1 - 24 h - PGF2α-2 - 32 h - GnRH-2 - 16 h - AI) that excluded GnRH-1 to resynchronize ovulation in cows bearing a corpus luteum (CL) after a non-pregnancy diagnosis (NPD) or including progesterone supplementation with the OVS treatment for cows without a CL would produce shorter inter-insemination intervals and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) not different from that of cows treated with the OVS treatment. Of the 1697 lactating Holstein cows enrolled in this experiment, complete data were available for only 1584 cows because the remainder was not treated, inseminated per treatment design, left the herd before pregnancy diagnosis, or some other outcome was missing. Cows were enrolled in the study and assigned to either of three treatments at NPD (32 ± 3 d after AI [Day 0]). Cows with a detected CL were assigned randomly to: (1) a modified Ovsynch (OVS; GnRH-1 - 7 d - PGF2α-1 - 24 h - PGF2α-2 - 32 h - GnRH-2 - 16 h - AI) or (2) Short Synch (SS; PGF2α-1 - 24 h - PGF2α-2 - 32 h - GnRH-2 - 16 h - AI). Cows with no CL were assigned to OVS plus a progesterone insert (CIDR). Blood was collected at NPD to measure progesterone concentration and determine accuracy of treatment assignment (progesterone ≥ 1 ng/mL for a functional CL). Overall progesterone concentration at NPD was less in OVS + CIDR cows (1.5 ± 0.3 ng/mL) than in OVS (5.2 ± 0.2 ng/mL) or SS cows (3.7 ± 0.3 ng/mL). No differences in luteolytic risk (progesterone < 0.5 ng/mL at 72 h after PGF2α-1) were detected after PGF2α (>96.7%) and ovulation risk after GnRH-2 was 93.8, 91.7, and 86.2% for SS, OVS, and OVS + CIDR, respectively. Mean and median inter-insemination interval were less in SS (mean = 34.3 ± 0.05 d [median = 35 d] than OVS cows (40.2 ± 0.05 d [42 d]), but that in OVS cows did not differ from OVS + CIDR cows (41.4 ± 0.05 d [42 d]). Technicians were more accurate in visually detecting a functional CL than a non-functional CL (81.2 vs. 61.1%). Sensitivity of detecting a functional CL by technicians averaged 91.2%, but specificity was 39.8%. Pregnancy per AI at 32 ± 3 d after AI was less for SS (16.5% [n = 115]) than OVS (29.3% [n = 133] when a functional CL was inaccurately detected, but did not differ when a functional CL was detected accurately (27.6% [n = 561] vs 30.3% [508]). Pregnancy per AI did not differ between OVS and OVS + CIDR cows regardless of CL status. Short synch is an alternative to the entire modified Ovsynch program to produce similar P/AI when the CL status was detected accurately, and regardless of functional CL status, SS reduced inter-insemination intervals by 7 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sauls-Hiesterman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | | | - J S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA.
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Presynchronization strategy using prostaglandin F 2α, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and detection of estrus to improve fertility in a resynchronization program for dairy cows. Theriogenology 2018; 124:39-47. [PMID: 30339859 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives of experiment 1 were to evaluate pregnancy outcomes and reinsemination patterns of cows whose estrous cycles or ovulation were presynchronized with prostaglandin (PGF2α) or PGF2α and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) after non-pregnancy diagnosis in programs focusing on inseminating cows based on tail paint removal. Objectives of experiment 2 were to evaluate pregnancy outcomes and reinsemination patterns of cows with or without a corpus luteum (CL) present at non-pregnancy diagnosis in a program utilizing PGF2α and GnRH to presynchronize estrous cycles before resynchronization. Lactating Holstein cows from three herds were enrolled in the experiments at non-pregnancy diagnosis (d 0). Estrus was determined daily based on tail paint removal. In experiment 1, cows were assigned randomly to two treatments: (1) PGF2α on d 0 (n = 967; P7); and 2) PGF2α on d 0 and GnRH on d 7 (n = 962; P7G7). Cows not reinseminated based on tail paint removal were submitted to the timed-AI Cosynch-72 protocol 7 d after presynchronization treatments. Pregnancy per AI (P/AI) was greater (P = 0.01) for P7G7 cows than P7 cows. Cows inseminated based on tail paint removal had increased (P < 0.01) P/AI than cows submitted to the timed AI protocol. In addition, an interaction was detected (P = 0.03) between method of insemination and presynchronization treatment such that cows submitted to timed AI in the P7G7 treatment had greater P/AI than P7 cows. Nonetheless, P7 cows were inseminated at a faster rate (P < 0.01) than P7G7 cows. In experiment 2, presence of a CL was determined by transrectal ultrasonography at initiation of the P7G7 protocol (n = 1479). In a random subset of cows (n = 210), blood samples were collected immediately after ultrasound examination to determine progesterone concentration in order to evaluate accuracy of detection of a CL by ultrasonography. Accuracy of detection of a CL was 80%. Hazard to insemination and P/AI did not differ among cows regardless of CL status. In conclusion, herds relying mostly on detected estrus to reinseminate cows may achieve greater pregnancy outcomes if presynchronizing with PGF2α and GnRH instead of only PGF2α, albeit at a slower insemination rate. In addition, pregnancy outcomes and reinsemination patterns were similar for cows bearing or not bearing a CL when utilizing the P7G7 protocol, indicating a limited benefit of evaluating ovarian luteal structures by ultrasonography.
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Stevenson JS, Britt JH. A 100-Year Review: Practical female reproductive management. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10292-10313. [PMID: 29153166 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Basic knowledge of mechanisms controlling reproductive processes in mammals was limited in the early 20th century. Discoveries of physiologic processes and mechanisms made early in the last century laid the foundation to develop technologies and programs used today to manage and control reproduction in dairy cattle. Beyond advances made in understanding of gonadotropic support and control of ovarian and uterine functions in basic reproductive biology, advancements made in artificial insemination (AI) and genetics facilitated rapid genetic progress of economically important traits in dairy cattle. Technologies associated with management have each contributed to the evolution of reproductive management, including (1) hormones to induce estrus and ovulation to facilitate AI programs; (2) pregnancy diagnosis via ultrasonography or by measuring conceptus-derived pregnancy-associated glycoproteins; (3) estrus-detection aids first devised for monitoring only physical activity but that now also quantitate feeding, resting, and rumination times, and ear temperature; (4) sex-sorted semen; (5) computers and computerized record software packages; (6) handheld devices for tracking cow location and retrieving cow records; and (7) genomics for increasing genetic progress of reproductive and other economically important traits. Because of genetic progress in milk yield and component traits, the dairy population in the United States has been stable since the mid 1990s, with approximately 9 to 9.5 million cows. Therefore, many of these technologies and changes in management have been developed in the face of increasing herd size (4-fold since 1990), and changes from pastoral or dry-lot dairies to increased housing of cows in confinement buildings with freestalls and feed-line lockups. Management of groups of "like" cows has become equally important as management of the one. Management teams, including owner-managers, herdsmen, AI representatives, milkers, and numerous consultants dealing with health, feeding, and facilities, became essential to develop working protocols, monitor training and day-to-day chores, and evaluate current trends and revenues. Good management teams inspect and follow through with what is routinely expected of workers. As herd size will undoubtedly increase in the future, practical reproductive management must evolve to adapt to the new technologies that may find more herds being milked robotically and applying technologies not yet conceived or introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-0201.
| | - J H Britt
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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Wijma R, Pérez MM, Masello M, Stangaferro ML, Giordano JO. A resynchronization of ovulation program based on ovarian structures present at nonpregnancy diagnosis reduced time to pregnancy in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1697-1707. [PMID: 29224858 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate time to pregnancy after the first service postpartum and pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) in dairy cows managed with 2 resynchronization of ovulation programs. After first service, lactating Holstein cows were blocked by parity (primiparous vs. multiparous) and randomly assigned to the d 32 Resynch (R32; n = 1,010) or short Resynch (SR; n = 1,000) treatments. Nonpregnancy diagnosis (NPD) was conducted 32 ± 3 d after AI by transrectal ultrasonography. Nonpregnant cows in R32 received the Ovsynch protocol: GnRH, PGF2α 7 d later, GnRH 56 h later, and timed AI (TAI) 16 to 18 h later. Cows in SR with a corpus luteum (CL) ≥15 mm and a follicle ≥10 mm at NPD received PGF2α, PGF2α 24 h later, GnRH 32 h later, and TAI 16 to 18 h later. Cows in SR without a CL ≥15 mm or a follicle ≥10 mm at NPD received a modified Ovsynch protocol with 2 PGF2α treatments and progesterone (P4) supplementation (GnRH plus CIDR, PGF2α and CIDR removal 7 d later, PGF2α 24 h later, GnRH 32 h later, and TAI 16 to 18 h later). Blood samples were collected from a subgroup of cows at the GnRH before TAI (R32 = 114; SR = 121) to measure P4 concentration. Binomial outcomes were analyzed with logistic regression and hazard of pregnancy (R32 = 485; SR = 462) with Cox's proportional regression in SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). For P/AI analysis, the TAI service was the experimental unit (R32 = 720; SR = 819). Models included treatment and parity as fixed effects and farm as random effect. The hazard of pregnancy was greater for the SR treatment (hazard ratio = 1.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.37). Median time to pregnancy was 95 and 79 d for the R32 and SR treatments, respectively. At NPD, 71.3 and 71.2% of cows had a CL for the R32 and SR treatments, respectively. Treatment did not affect overall P/AI 32 ± 3 d after AI (R32 = 31.0% vs. SR = 33.9%) or for cows with a CL at NPD (R32 = 32.7% vs. SR = 32.8%). For cows with no CL at NPD, P/AI was greater for the SR treatment (36.9%) than for the R32 treatment (28.6%). Pregnancy loss from 32 to 63 d after AI was similar for all services combined (R32 = 8.3% vs. SR = 10.4%) and for cows with no CL at NPD (R32 = 13.2% vs. SR = 7.2%) but tended to be affected by treatment for cows with a CL at NPD (R32 = 6.8% vs. SR = 11.9%). Treatment affected the proportion of cows with P4 ≤0.5 ng/mL at the GnRH before TAI for all cows (R32 = 68.4% vs. SR = 81.8%), tended to have an effect among cows with a CL (R32 = 70.0% vs. SR = 81.8%), and had no effect for cows with no CL (R32 = 64.7% vs. SR = 81.8%). We concluded that the SR program reduced time to pregnancy because of a reduction of the interbreeding interval for cows with a CL at NPD and greater P/AI in cows with no CL at NPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wijma
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M M Pérez
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Masello
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M L Stangaferro
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J O Giordano
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Voelz B, Rocha L, Scortegagna F, Stevenson J, Mendonça L. Treatment of lactating dairy cows with gonadotropin-releasing hormone before first insemination during summer heat stress. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7612-7623. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Synchronization and Artificial Insemination Strategies in Dairy Herds. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2016; 32:349-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Giordano J, Thomas M, Catucuamba G, Curler M, Masello M, Stangaferro M, Wijma R. Reproductive management strategies to improve the fertility of cows with a suboptimal response to resynchronization of ovulation. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2967-2978. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stevenson J, Pulley S. Feedback effects of estradiol and progesterone on ovulation and fertility of dairy cows after gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced release of luteinizing hormone. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3003-3015. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pulley S, Stevenson J. Five-day resynchronization programs in dairy cows including presynchronization and progesterone at two stages following artificial insemination. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6243-55. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Titler M, Maquivar M, Bas S, Rajala-Schultz P, Gordon E, McCullough K, Federico P, Schuenemann G. Prediction of parturition in Holstein dairy cattle using electronic data loggers. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5304-12. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mendonça LGD, Amstalden M, Chebel RC. Short communication: Insertion of an intravaginal progesterone device at the time of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection affects neither GnRH-induced release of luteinizing hormone nor development of dominant follicle in early diestrus of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3918-25. [PMID: 25892694 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to evaluate the acute effects of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert containing 1.38 g of progesterone (P4) on the release of LH, follicular growth, and circulating concentrations of P4 in cows treated with GnRH at the time of CIDR insertion. Nonpregnant, lactating dairy cows (n=27) were blocked by parity, predicted 305-d mature-equivalent milk production, and body condition score and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) CIDR insertion concurrent with an injection of 200 µg of GnRH (n=10; 2GP4); (2) CIDR insertion concurrent with an injection of 100 µg of GnRH (n=10; 1GP4); and (3) injection of 100 µg of GnRH (n=7; CON). Prior to onset of treatments, cows were submitted to a presynchronization protocol that consisted of a CIDR insert containing 1.38 g of P4 from d -7 to -2, 25mg of PGF2α on d -2 and -1, and 100 µg of GnRH on d 0. Experimental treatments were applied on d 6, the early luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Concentrations of P4 in plasma were determined on d -2 and 0 and at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 345, 600, and 1,200 min relative to treatment on d 6. Concentrations of LH were determined in plasma samples obtained at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 345 min relative to treatment on d 6. Ultrasonography examinations of ovarian structures were performed on d -2, 0, 2, and at 0, 600, and 1,200 min relative to treatment on d 6. Mean concentrations of P4 in the CON group (1.91±0.28 ng/mL) were lower than in 2GP4 (3.40±0.26 ng/mL) and 1GP4 (3.31±0.24 ng/mL) groups, but concentrations in 2GP4 and 1GP4 were similar. Mean concentration of LH in response to the GnRH injection on d 6 was greatest in 2GP4 cows (3.08±0.21 ng/mL) and did not differ between 1GP4 (2.23±0.21 ng/mL) and CON (2.14±0.25 ng/mL) cows. The diameter of the dominant follicle on d 6 was similar among treatments (2GP4=15.34±0.50; 1GP4=15.31±0.50; CON=14.77±0.62 mm). In conclusion, CIDR insertion concurrent with a 100- or 200-µg dose of GnRH neither altered GnRH-induced LH release nor had an acute effect on dominant follicle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G D Mendonça
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108.
| | - M Amstalden
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
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Giordano J, Stangaferro M, Wijma R, Chandler W, Watters R. Reproductive performance of dairy cows managed with a program aimed at increasing insemination of cows in estrus based on increased physical activity and fertility of timed artificial inseminations. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2488-501. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bisinotto R, Lean I, Thatcher W, Santos J. Meta-analysis of progesterone supplementation during timed artificial insemination programs in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2472-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Forro A, Tsousis G, Beindorff N, Sharifi AR, Brozos C, Bollwein H. Factors affecting the success of resynchronization protocols with or without progesterone supplementation in dairy cows. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:121-6. [PMID: 25293490 PMCID: PMC4367142 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate factors that influence the success of resynchronization protocols for bovines with and without progesterone supplementation. Cow synchronized and not found pregnant were randomly assigned to two resynchronization protocols: ovsynch without progesterone (P4) supplementation (n = 66) or with exogenous P4 administered from Days 0 to 7 (n = 67). Progesterone levels were measured on Days 0 and 7 of these protocols as well as 4 and 5 days post-insemination. Progesterone supplementation raised the P4 levels on Day 7 (p < 0.05), but had no overall effect on resynchronization rates (RRs) or pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI). However, cows with Body Condition Score (BCS) > 3.5 had increased P/AI values while cows with BCS < 2.75 had decreased P/AI rates after P4 supplementation. Primiparous cows had higher P4 values on Day 7 than pluriparous animals (p = 0.04) and tended to have higher RRs (p = 0.06). Results of this study indicate that progesterone supplementation in resynchronization protocols has minimal effects on outcomes. Parity had an effect on the levels of circulating progesterone at initiation of the protocol, which in turn influenced the RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Forro
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30173 Hanover, Germany
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Wiltbank MC, Pursley JR. The cow as an induced ovulator: Timed AI after synchronization of ovulation. Theriogenology 2014; 81:170-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bruno R, Moraes J, Hernández-Rivera J, Lager K, Silva P, Scanavez A, Mendonça L, Chebel R, Bilby T. Effect of an Ovsynch56 protocol initiated at different intervals after insemination with or without a presynchronizing injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on fertility in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:185-94. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bilby T, Bruno R, Lager K, Chebel R, Moraes J, Fricke P, Lopes G, Giordano J, Santos J, Lima F, Stevenson J, Pulley S. Supplemental progesterone and timing of resynchronization on pregnancy outcomes in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7032-7042. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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