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Jena MK, Khan FB, Ali SA, Abdullah A, Sharma AK, Yadav V, Kancharla S, Kolli P, Mandadapu G, Sahoo AK, Rath PK, Taneera J, Kumar S, Mohanty AK, Goh KW, Ming LC, Ardianto C. Molecular complexity of mammary glands development: a review of lactogenic differentiation in epithelial cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:491-508. [PMID: 37694522 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2252872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a dynamic organ with various physiological processes like cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during the pregnancy-lactation-involution cycle. It is essential to understand the molecular changes during the lactogenic differentiation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs, the milk-synthesizing cells). The MECs are organized as luminal milk-secreting cells and basal myoepithelial cells (responsible for milk ejection by contraction) that form the alveoli. The branching morphogenesis and lactogenic differentiation of the MECs prepare the gland for lactation. This process is governed by many molecular mediators including hormones, growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, regulatory proteins, etc. Interestingly, various signalling pathways guide lactation and understanding these molecular transitions from pregnancy to lactation will help researchers design further research. Manipulation of genes responsible for milk synthesis and secretion will promote augmentation of milk yield in dairy animals. Identifying protein signatures of lactation will help develop strategies for persistent lactation and shortening the dry period in farm animals. The present review article discusses in details the physiological and molecular changes occurring during lactogenic differentiation of MECs and the associated hormones, regulatory proteins, miRNAs, and signalling pathways. An in-depth knowledge of the molecular events will aid in developing engineered cellular models for studies related to mammary gland diseases of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdullah Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Amarish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasana Kumar Rath
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Lee WY, Lee R, Park HJ. Tebuconazole Induces ER-Stress-Mediated Cell Death in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Lines. TOXICS 2023; 11:397. [PMID: 37112622 PMCID: PMC10144106 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB) is a triazole fungicide used to increase crop production by controlling fungi, insects, and weeds. Despite their extensive use, people are concerned about the health risks associated with pesticides and fungicides. Numerous studies have defined the cellular toxicity of triazole groups in pesticides, but the mechanisms of TEB toxicity in bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (MAC-T cells) have not yet been studied. Damage to the mammary glands of dairy cows directly affects milk production. This study investigated the toxicological effects of TEB on MAC-T cells. We found that TEB decreases both cell viability and proliferation and activates apoptotic cell death via the upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as cleaved caspases 3 and 8 and BAX. TEB also induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via the upregulation of Bip/GRP78; PDI; ATF4; CHOP; and ERO1-Lα. We found that TEB induced mitochondria-mediated apoptotic MAC-T cell death by activating ER stress. This cell damage eventually led to a dramatic reduction in the expression levels of the milk-protein-synthesis-related genes LGB; LALA; CSN1S1; CSN1S2; and CSNK in MAC-T cells. Our data suggest that the exposure of dairy cows to TEB may negatively affect milk production by damaging the mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Lee
- Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculure and Fisheries, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Ran Lee
- Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculure and Fisheries, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, Republic of Korea
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3
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Carreón-Talavera R, Santana-Sánchez P, Fuentes-Pananá EM, Legorreta-Haquet MV, Chávez-Sánchez L, Gorocica-Rosete PS, Chávez-Rueda AK. Prolactin promotes proliferation of germinal center B cells, formation of plasma cells, and elevated levels of IgG3 anti-dsDNA autoantibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1017115. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1017115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) mainly affects females at reproductive age, which has been associated with hormones, such as prolactin (PRL). Different studies suggest that PRL exacerbates the clinical manifestations of SLE both in patients and in mouse models (e.g., the MRL/lpr strain), increasing the production of autoantibodies, which can be deposited as immune complexes and trigger inflammation and damage to different tissues. The objective of this work was to explore the potential mechanisms by which PRL increases the concentration of self-reactive antibodies in the MRL/lpr SLE model. To this end, we determined the role of PRL on the activation and proliferation of germinal center B cells (B-GCs) and their differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). We show that the absolute number and percentage of B-GCs were significantly increased by PRL in vivo or upon in vitro treatment with anti-IgM and anti-CD40 antibodies and PRL. The augmented B-GC numbers correlated with enhanced proliferation, but we did not observe enhanced expression of CD80 and CD86 activation markers or the BCL6 transcription factor, arguing against a more effective differentiation. Nevertheless, we observed enhanced phosphorylation of STAT1, secretion of IL-6, expression of IRF4, numbers of ASCs, and levels of IgG3 antibodies directed against dsDNA. Altogether, these results support the hypothesis that a PRL-mediated expansion of B-GCs yields more self-reactive ASCs, potentially explaining the pathogenic immune complexes that steadily lead to tissue damage during SLE.
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Jiménez-Montenegro L, Alfonso L, Mendizabal JA, Urrutia O. Worldwide Research Trends on Milk Containing Only A2 β-Casein: A Bibliometric Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151909. [PMID: 35953898 PMCID: PMC9367265 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A1 β-casein has been correlated with adverse health outcomes, and, as a consequence, milk containing only A2 β-casein has emerged on the market. There has been a relevant increase in publications in this area since 2010. Food Science Technology and Agriculture were the main research areas of this topic. The term β-casomorphin was the most frequently used. The USA, New Zealand, and Australia were the most productive countries, though the most productive research institutions were, in absolute terms, from India, France, and Germany. The majority of the most cited studies that refer to A2 β-casein and health were reviews, and a few clinical trials have also been published. Abstract The protein fraction of β-casein may play a key role in the manifestation of a new intolerance: milk protein intolerance. The most common forms of β-casein among dairy cattle breeds are A1 and A2 β-casein. During gastrointestinal digestion of A1 β-casein, an opioid called peptide β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) is more frequently released, which can lead to adverse health outcomes. For that reason, novel products labelled as “A2 milk” or “A1-free dairy products” have appeared on the market. In this context, a bibliometric analysis on A2 β-casein research was carried out through the Web of Science (WoS) database. The main objective of this work was to provide an overview of the state of the art in the field of β-casein A2 by analyzing the number of publications per year, trends in thematic content, the most frequently used terms, and the most important institutions and countries in the field. This bibliometric study showed that a greater effort is needed to determine the possible implications of this novel product for human health and the market.
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Zhao X, Sun P, Liu M, Liu S, Huo L, Ding Z, Liu M, Wang S, Lv C, Wu H, Yang L, Liang A. Deoxynivalenol exposure inhibits biosynthesis of milk fat and protein by impairing tight junction in bovine mammary epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 237:113504. [PMID: 35447471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common feed contaminants, and it poses a serious threat to the health of dairy cows. The existing studies of biological toxicity of DON mainly focus on the proliferation, oxidative stress, and inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells, while its toxicity on the biosynthesis of milk components has not been well documented. Hence, we investigated the toxic effects and the underlying mechanism of DON on the bovine mammary alveolar cells (MAC-T). Our results showed that exposure to various concentrations of DON significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and altered the cell morphology which was manifested by cell distortion and shrinkage. Moreover, the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values of MAC-T cells exposed to DON were gradually decreased in a time- and concentration- dependent manner, but lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was significantly increased with the maximum increase of 2.4-fold, indicating the cell membrane and tight junctions were damaged by DON. Importantly, DON significantly reduced the synthesis of β-casein and lipid droplets, along with the significantly decreases of phospho-mTOR, phospho-4EBP1, phospho-JAK2, and phospho-STAT5. Gene expression profiles showed that the expressions of several genes related to lipid synthesis and metabolism were changed, including acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2), fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1), and insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in ribosome, glutathione metabolism, and lipid biosynthetic process, which play important roles in the toxicological process induced by DON. Taken together, DON affects the proliferation and functional differentiation of MAC-T cells, which might be related to the cell junction disruption and morphological alteration. Our data provide new insights into functional differentiation and transcriptomic alterations of MAC-T cells after DON exposure, which contributes to a comprehensive understanding of DON-induced toxicity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Peihao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mingxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shuanghang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lijun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhiming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ce Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hanxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Aixin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Liu S, Deng T, Hua L, Zhao X, Wu H, Sun P, Liu M, Zhang S, Yang L, Liang A. Novel functional mutation of the PDIA3 gene affects milk composition traits in Chinese Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5153-5166. [PMID: 35379459 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 (PDIA3) is a multifunctional protein, and it plays a vital role in modulating various cell biological functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Our previous study on Mediterranean buffalo demonstrated that PDIA3 is a potential candidate gene associated with milk yield based on genome-wide association study analysis. However, the genetic effects of the PDIA3 gene on milk performance in dairy cattle and the corresponding mechanism have not been documented. This study aims to explore the genetic effects of PDIA3 polymorphisms on milk production traits in 362 Chinese Holstein cattle. The results showed that 4 SNPs were identified from the 5' untranslated region of the PDIA3 gene in the studied population, of which 2 SNPs (g.-1713 C>T and g.-934 G>A) were confirmed to be significantly associated with milk protein percentage, whereas g.-434 C>T was significantly associated with milk fat percentage. Notably, linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated that 3 SNPs (g.-1713 C>T, g.-934 G>A, and g.-695 A>C) formed one haplotype block, which was found to be significantly associated with milk protein percentage. The luciferase assay demonstrated that allele C of g.-434 C>T exhibited a higher promotor activity compared with allele T, suggesting that g.-434 C>T might be a potential functional mutation affecting PDIA3 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of the PDIA3 gene was found to induce higher levels of triglyceride and BODIPY fluorescence intensity. In addition, PDIA3 overexpression was also found to positively regulate the synthesis and secretion of α-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein, whereas knockdown of this gene showed the opposite effects. In summary, our findings revealed significant genetic effects of PDIA3 on milk composition traits, and the identified SNP and the haplotype block might be used as genetic markers for dairy cow selected breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tingxian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Liping Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xinzhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hanxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Peihao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mingxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Aixin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Zhou J, Yue S, Xue B, Wang Z, Wang L, Peng Q, Hu R, Xue B. Effect of hyperthermia on cell viability, amino acid transfer, and
milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 64:110-122. [PMID: 35174346 PMCID: PMC8819330 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of milk yield caused by heat stress in summer is the main condition
restricting the economic benefits of dairy farms. To examine the impact of
hyperthermia on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells, we incubated the MAC-T
cells at thermal-neutral (37°C, CON group) and hyperthermic (42°C,
HS group) temperatures for 6 h. Subsequently, the cell viability and apoptotic
rate of MAC-T cells, apoptosis-related genes expression, casein and amino acid
transporter genes, and the expression of the apoptosis-related proteins were
examined. Compared with the CON group, hyperthermia significantly decreased the
cell viability (p < 0.05) and elevated the apoptotic
rate (p < 0.05) of MAC-T cells. Moreover, the expression
of heat shock protein (HSP)70,
HSP90B1, Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX),
Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 genes was
upregulated (p < 0.05). The expression of HSP70 and BAX
(pro-apoptotic) proteins was upregulated (p < 0.05)
while that of B-cell lymphoma (BCL)2 (antiapoptotic) protein was downregulated
(p < 0.05) by hyperthermia. Decreased mRNA
expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway-related
genes, amino acid transporter genes (SLC7A5,
SLC38A3, SLC38A2, and
SLC38A9), and casein genes (CSNS1,
CSN2, and CSN3) was found in the heat
stress (HS) group (p < 0.05) in contrast with the CON
group. These findings illustrated that hyperthermia promoted cell apoptosis and
reduced the transport of amino acids into cells, which inhibited the milk
proteins synthesis in MAC-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan
Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sungming Yue
- Department of Bioengineering, Sichuan Water Conservancy
Vocation College, Chengdu 611845, China
| | - Benchu Xue
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan
Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan
Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan
Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan
Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan
Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan
Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Corresponding author: Bai Xue, Animal Nutrition
Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China. Tel:
+86-28-86291781, E-mail:
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Prolactin Increases the Frequency of Follicular T Helper Cells with Enhanced IL21 Secretion and OX40 Expression in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6630715. [PMID: 33763492 PMCID: PMC7963914 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6630715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by high levels of IgG class autoantibodies that contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. The formation of these autoantibodies occurs in the germinal centers, where there is cooperation between follicular T helper cells (TFH) and autoreactive B cells. Prolactin has been reported to exacerbate the clinical manifestations of lupus by increasing autoantibody concentrations. The objective of this study was to characterize the participation of prolactin in the differentiation and activation of TFH cells, by performing in vivo and in vitro tests with lupus-prone mice, using flow cytometry and real-time PCR. We found that TFH cells express the long isoform of the prolactin receptor and promoted STAT3 phosphorylation. Receptor expression was higher in MRL/lpr mice and correlative with the manifestations of the disease. Although prolactin does not intervene in the differentiation of TFH cells, it does favor their activation by increasing the percentage of TFH OX40+ and TFH IL21+ cells, as well as leading to high serum concentrations of IL21. These results support a mechanism in which prolactin participates in the emergence of lupus by inducing overactive TFH cells and perhaps promoting dysfunctional germinal centers.
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Effects of Hydroxytyrosol against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells: A Natural Therapeutic Tool for Bovine Mastitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080693. [PMID: 32756342 PMCID: PMC7464001 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bovine mastitis is a growing health problem, affecting both welfare of dairy cattle and milk production. It often leads to chronic infections, disturbing the quality of milk and resulting in cow death. Thus, it has a great economic impact for breeders. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of hydroxytyrosol—a natural molecule which is the major constituent of many phyto-complexes—in an in vitro model of mastitis induced by LPS (1μg/mL). Results: Our results showed that hydroxytyrosol (10 and 25 μM) was able to prevent the oxidative stress induced by LPS (intracellular ROS, GSH and NOX-1) and the consequently inflammatory response (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). The protective effect of hydroxytyrosol is also related to the enhancement of endogenous antioxidant systems (Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1 and Txnrd1). Moreover, hydroxytyrosol showed an important protective effect on cell functionality (α-casein S1, α-casein S2 and β-casein). Conclusions: Taken together, our results showed a significant protective effect of hydroxytyrosol on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in MAC-T cells. Thus, we indicated a possible important therapeutic role for hydroxytyrosol in the prevention or management of bovine mastitis.
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Bae D, Chon JW, Kim DH, Kim H, Seo KH. Effect of folic acid supplementation on proliferation and apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:13-21. [PMID: 32362185 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1758123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) is known to be an important micronutrient in humans; however, information regarding the effect of FA supplementation on bovine mammary epithelial (BME) cells is insufficient. FA supplementation is reported to increase milk production in dairy cows, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. This study examined the effects of FA supplementation on the proliferation and apoptosis of a BME cell line (MAC-T). MAC-T cells were treated with various concentrations (deficient in FA (DF) < 0.01 ng/mL; low-level FA (LF) 3.1 ng/mL; normal FA (NF) 15.4 ng/mL; and high-level FA (HF) 30.8 ng/mL) based on serum folate (10-20 ng/mL) in milking cows. HF treatment significantly increased the proliferation of MAC-T cells. Cellular apoptosis was observed mainly in the DF group. The number of apoptotic cells in DF media was significantly higher than that in NF media. The bcl-2/bax mRNA expression ratio was significantly increased in the HF group compared to that in the DF group. FA supplementation significantly increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax protein levels in MAC-T cells. FA supplementation increases proliferation and decreases apoptosis in these cells. This study might provide information regarding the molecular mechanism through which FA supplementation is associated with increased milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongryeoul Bae
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Whan Chon
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Dong-Hyeon Kim
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Wang B, Shi L, Men J, Li Q, Hou X, Wang C, Zhao F. Controlled synchronization of prolactin/STAT5 and AKT1/mTOR in bovine mammary epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:243-252. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Liao XD, Zhou CH, Zhang J, Shen JL, Wang YJ, Jin YC, Li SL. Effect of all-trans retinoic acid on casein and fatty acid synthesis in MAC-T cells. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:1012-1022. [PMID: 31480153 PMCID: PMC7206372 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective Caseins and fatty acids of milk are synthesized and secreted by the epithelial cells of the mammary gland. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, has been shown to promote mammary development. This study was conducted to determine the effect of ATRA on casein synthesis and fatty acid composition in MAC-T cells. Methods MAC-T cells were allowed to differentiate for 4 d, treated with ATRA (0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 μM), and incubated for 3 d. We analyzed the fatty acid composition, the mRNA expression of casein and fatty acid synthesis-related genes, and the phosphorylation of casein synthesis-related proteins of MAC-T cells by gas chromatography, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting, respectively. Results In MAC-T cells, ATRA increased the mRNA levels of αS1-casein and β-casein, janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and E74-like factor 5 of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 β (STAT5-β) pathway, ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, inhibited the mRNA expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E of the mTOR pathway, and promoted the phosphorylation of STAT5-β and S6K1 proteins. Additionally, ATRA increased the de novo synthesis of fatty acids, reduced the content of long-chain fatty acids, the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (SFA), the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to SFA, and the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 PUFA. The mRNA levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) were enhanced by ATRA. Conclusion ATRA promotes the synthesis of casein by regulating JAK2/STAT5 pathway and downstream mTOR signaling pathway, and it improves the fatty acid composition of MAC-T cells by regulating SREBP1-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Dong Liao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chang-Hai Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jing-Lin Shen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ya-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong-Cheng Jin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Sheng-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Cheng WN, Jeong CH, Seo HG, Han SG. Moringa Extract Attenuates Inflammatory Responses and Increases Gene Expression of Casein in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070391. [PMID: 31248033 PMCID: PMC6680921 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a common inflammatory disease in the udder of dairy cows that causes economic loss to dairy industries. The development of alternative strategies, especially the utilization of natural products, e.g. Moringa oleifera, has gained a lot of interests. The objective of the current study was to investigate the protective effects of moringa extract (ME) in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) in in vitro settings. Radical scavenging capacities and anti-inflammatory properties of ME were examined using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged MAC-T cells. ME showed significant radical scavenging activities. In addition, ME decreased reactive oxygen species produced by LPS in cells. ME also attenuated inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 expression induced by LPS by down-regulating NF-κB signaling cascade. Moreover, ME ameliorated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6. Furthermore, ME up-regulated mRNA expression levels of heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1, and thioredoxin reductase 1. Importantly, ME promoted differentiated MAC-T cells by increasing mRNA expression levels of α-casein S1, α-casein S2, and β-casein. In conclusion, ME has beneficial effects in bovine mammary epithelial cells through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and casein production properties. Our study provides evidence that ME could be a good candidate for a feed supplement to decrease inflammatory responses due to bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nee Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Chang Hee Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Chung HJ, Park HJ, Baek SY, Park JK, Lee WY, Kim KW, Jo YM, Hochi S, Kim YM, Choi TJ, Cho ES, Cho KH. Production of human tissue-type plasminogen activator (htPA) using in vitro cultured transgenic pig mammary gland cells. Anim Biotechnol 2018; 30:317-322. [PMID: 30522372 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1521824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots. We have previously produced a human tPA (htPA)-overexpressing transgenic pig using a mammary gland-specific promoter. In this study, we have established a transgenic pig mammary gland cell line that produces recombinant htPA. The mammary gland cells grew well and retained their character over long periods of culture. There was no difference in the extent of apoptosis in transgenic cells compared to wild-type mammary gland cells. In addition, the transgenic mammary gland cells expressed and secreted htPA into the conditioned media at a concentration similar to that in milk. This transgenic cell line represents a simple and ethical method for recombinant htPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Jae Chung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Baek
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Park
- Department of Swine & Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Beef & Dairy Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woon Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jo
- Medi Kinetics Central Research Institute , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Shinichi Hochi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Ueda , Nagano , Japan
| | - Yong-Min Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jeong Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Suek Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
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GABA regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of MAC-T cells through the LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Enhancement of milk protein expression in mammary epithelial cells via co-culturing with preadipocyte cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Park HJ, Lee WY, Jeong HY, Song H. Regeneration of Bovine Mammary Gland in Immunodeficient Mice by Transplantation of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Mixed with Matrigel. Int J Stem Cells 2016; 9:186-191. [PMID: 27788570 PMCID: PMC5155714 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives With the global demand for dairy protein for consumption growing annually, there has been increasing activity in the research field of dairy protein synthesis and production. From a manipulation perspective, it is more difficult to use live cattle for laboratory studies on the production of milk as well as of dairy protein such as casein, as compared with using laboratory animals like rodents. Therefore, we aimed to develop a mouse model of bovine mammary alveolar ducts for laboratory-scale studies. We studied the formation of the bovine mammary gland ductal structure by transplanting the MAC-T bovine alveolar cell line into mice. Methods and Results MAC-T cells (1×107) were suspended in Matrigel and injected into the dorsal tissue of 8-week-old male BALB/C nude mice. Histological analysis of tissue dissected from the MAC-T cell-transplanted mice after 6 weeks showed the typical morphology of the tubuloalveolar female gland, as well as glands made up of branching ducts that were surrounded by smooth muscle with small alveoli budding off the ducts. In addition, the epithelial markers CK14 and CK18 were expressed within the duct-like structure. Prolactin was detected in the duct interior in these CK14+ and CK18+ cells but not in the non-transplanted MAC-T cells. Conclusions These results showed that duct-like tissue had been successfully formed after 6 weeks of transplantation of the CK14+ and CK18+ MAC-T cells into mice dorsal tissue. This mouse model will be a useful tool for further research on the bovine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Ha Yeon Jeong
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Heo YT, Ha WT, Lee R, Lee WY, Jeong HY, Hwang KC, Song H. Mammary alveolar cell as in vitro evaluation system for casein gene expression involved in glucose level. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:878-885. [PMID: 27660020 PMCID: PMC5411853 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective Glucose is an essential fuel in the energy metabolism and synthesis pathways of all mammalian cells. In lactating animals, glucose is the major precursor for lactose and is a substrate for the synthesis of milk proteins and fat in mammary secretory (alveolar) epithelial cells. However, clear utilization of glucose in mammary cells during lactogenesis is still unknown, due to the lack of in vitro analyzing models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the reliability of the mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cell as an in vitro study model for glucose metabolism and lactating system. Methods Undifferentiated MAC-T cells were cultured in three types of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium with varying levels of glucose (no-glucose: 0 g/L, low-glucose: 1 g/L, and high-glucose: 4.5 g/L) for 8 d, after which differentiation to casein secretion was induced. Cell proliferation and expression levels of apoptotic genes, Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor, oxytocin receptor, αS1, αS2, and β casein genes were analyzed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 d after differentiation. Results The proliferation of MAC-T cells with high-glucose treatment was seen to be significantly higher. Expression of apoptotic genes was not affected in any group. However, expression levels of the mammary development related gene (IGF1 receptor) and lactation related gene (oxytocin receptor) were significantly higher in the low-glucose group. Expressions of αS1-casein, αS2-casein, and β-casein were also higher in the low-glucose treated group as compared to that in the no-glucose and high-glucose groups. Conclusion The results demonstrated that although a high-glucose environment increases cell proliferation in MAC-T cells, a low-glucose treatment to MAC-T cells induces higher expression of casein genes. Our results suggest that the MAC-T cells may be used as an in vitro model to analyze mammary cell development and lactation connected with precise biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Tae Heo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Woo Tae Ha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Ran Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, RIBHS, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-ju 380-701, Korea
| | - Ha Yeon Jeong
- Department of Animal Resources Development Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 331-801, Korea
| | - Kyu Chan Hwang
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundations, Seoul 152-895, Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Monzani PS, Guemra S, Adona PR, Ohashi OM, Meirelles FV, Wheeler MB. MAC-T cells as a tool to evaluate lentiviral vector construction targeting recombinant protein expression in milk. Anim Biotechnol 2014; 26:136-42. [PMID: 25380466 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2014.941468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior to generating transgenic animals for bioreactors, it is important to evaluate the vector constructed to avoid poor protein expression. Mammary epithelial cells cultured in vitro have been proposed as a model to reproduce the biology of the mammary gland. In the present work, three lentiviral vectors were constructed for the human growth hormone (GH), interleukin 2 (IL2), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) genes driven by the bovine β-casein promoter. The lentiviruses were used to transduce mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), and the transformed cells were cultured on polystyrene in culture medium with and without prolactin. The gene expression of transgenes was evaluated by PCR using cDNA, and recombinant protein expression was evaluated by Western-blotting using concentrated medium and cellular extracts. The gene expression, of the three introduced genes, was detected in both induced and non induced MAC-T cells. The human GH protein was detected in the concentrated medium, whereas CSF3 was detected in the cellular extract. Apparently, the cellular extract is more appropriate than the concentrated medium to detect recombinant protein, principally because concentrated medium has a high concentration of bovine serum albumin. The results suggest that MAC-T cells may be a good system to evaluate vector construction targeting recombinant protein expression in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S Monzani
- a Centro de Ciencias Biológicas e da Saúde , Universidade Norte do Paraná , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
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