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Kaltenegger A, Humer E, Stauder A, Zebeli Q. Feeding of bakery by-products in the replacement of grains enhanced milk performance, modulated blood metabolic profile, and lowered the risk of rumen acidosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10122-10135. [PMID: 32896410 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leftover bakery by-products (BP) from bakeries and supermarkets may serve as energy-rich ingredient in ruminant diets. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the successive substitution of cereal grains by BP on dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, and metabolic health as well as ruminal pH and eating and chewing behavior of dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Simmental cows (149 ± 22.3 d in milk, lactation number 2.63 ± 1.38, 756 ± 89.6 kg of initial body weight) were fed a total mixed ration containing a 50:50 ratio of forage to concentrate throughout the experiment (35 d). During the first week, all cows received a control diet (without BP) as a baseline (d -7 to 0). In the next 4 wk (d 1 to 28), cows were allocated to 3 groups differing in the BP concentrations of diets [0% BP (CON), 15% BP, and 30% BP on a DM basis]. The DM intake and reticuloruminal pH were continuously measured. Blood and milk samples were taken every week, but only results from the experimental period (d 21 and 28) were used for statistical analyses, whereas results from the baseline were considered covariates. Diet analyses showed that BP inclusion increased the ether extract and sugar contents, whereby starch and neutral detergent fiber decreased. Experimental data showed that feeding BP in the diet increased DM intake. Furthermore, the cows fed 30% BP produced roughly 4 kg/d more milk and energy-corrected milk than the CON cows. The milk urea nitrogen was lower in cows fed the BP. Feeding BP reduced the blood glucose and insulin concentrations, whereas nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and cholesterol increased linearly. Cows fed 15% BP had the shortest period of time in which ruminal pH was below 5.8, in contrast to CON cows (+188 min/d). Taken together, the results suggest that the inclusion of up to 30% BP in the diets of mid-lactation dairy cows shifted the nutrient profile from a glucogenic diet to a lipogenic diet, holding the potential to enhance performance and lower the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaltenegger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Stauder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Liu E, VandeHaar MJ, Lock AL. Effects of supplementing Holstein cows with soybean oil compared with palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides on milk production and nutrient partitioning. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8151-8160. [PMID: 32622595 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both insulin and trans-10,cis-12 C18:2 (t10c12CLA) can be increased by high-starch diets; thus, it is difficult to determine whether insulin or t10c12CLA mediates nutrient partitioning toward body tissues during milk fat depression. To minimize insulin secretion while manipulating t10c12CLA levels, diets supplemented with palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides and soybean oil were fed to cows. Thirty-two Holstein cows (93 ± 35 d in milk) were included in the crossover experiment with each treatment period being 28 d. Treatment diets contained 25% neutral detergent fiber, 32% starch, 18% crude protein, and 4.6% fatty acids (dry matter basis). Treatment diets contained either palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides (2.5% dry matter, BergaFat T-300, Berg + Schmidt America LLC, Libertyville, IL; PAT) or soybean oil (2.5% dry matter; SBO). Cows were blocked by milk yield, body weight, and parity, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment sequences (PAT-SBO or SBO-PAT). Cows fed PAT produced milk with only 3.1% fat, indicating milk fat depression; SBO decreased fat content further to only 2.4%. No effect of treatment was observed on dry matter intake, apparent net energy intake, milk yield, body condition score, or fat thickness over the rump and rib. However, compared with PAT, SBO decreased fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat yield, de novo fatty acids, and 16-carbon fatty acid yield, whereas SBO increased body weight gain. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility tended to be lower in SBO, whereas fatty acid digestibility was higher. Additionally, the concentration of plasma insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, and triglycerides, and milk metabolites (trans-10 C18:1 and t10c12CLA) were all higher in SBO. In conclusion, with similar dietary starch content, the diet containing palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides partitioned more energy toward milk synthesis, whereas the diet containing soybean oil partitioned more energy toward body tissue gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - M J VandeHaar
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Sauls-Hiesterman JA, Banuelos S, Atanasov B, Bradford BJ, Stevenson JS. Physiologic responses to feeding rumen-protected glucose to lactating dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 216:106346. [PMID: 32414460 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that rumen-protected glucose (RPG) in diets of dairy cows increases concentrations of insulin resulting in greater blood progesterone concentrations because elevated insulin decreases activity of liver enzymes inactivating steroid hormones. Timing of ovulation was synchronized among 64 postpartum Holstein cows using GnRH and PGF2α (Day 0 = ovulation). Cows were milked thrice daily and assigned randomly a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 4 kg of an RPG product in place of corn grain, top-dressed in the diet beginning on Day -3. Blood was collected pre- and post-prandial on Days 0, 2, and 4 to determine plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and daily from Days 2 through 12. Intake of crude protein and energy-soluble carbohydrates increased linearly with dose, whereas starch intake decreased linearly with dose. Neither daily milk yield nor dry matter intake (DMI), energy-corrected milk (ECM), somatic cell count, or percentages of milk fat, protein and lactose on Day 8 differed among dietary treatments. Neither pre- nor post-prandial changes in plasma glucose differed among treatments. In contrast, post-prandial glucose decreased from Days 0 through 4. A change in plasma insulin (post-prandial minus pre-prandial) was detected. Milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with RPG dose. Concentrations of progesterone were unaffected by RPG dose. It is concluded that insulin response to RPG was decreased relative to the control and RPG supplementation linearly increased crude protein intake and milk urea nitrogen with increasing dose, but did not affect concentrations of progesterone, milk yield, or dry matter intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sauls-Hiesterman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, United States
| | - S Banuelos
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, United States
| | - B Atanasov
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, United States
| | - J S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, United States.
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Ma YF, Batistel F, Xu TL, Han LQ, Bucktrout R, Liang Y, Coleman DN, Parys C, Loor JJ. Phosphorylation of AKT serine/threonine kinase and abundance of milk protein synthesis gene networks in mammary tissue in response to supply of methionine in periparturient Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4264-4274. [PMID: 30879806 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objective was to evaluate the effect of increasing the supply of Met around parturition on abundance and phosphorylation of insulin- and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-related signaling proteins along with mRNA abundance of milk protein and fat synthesis-related genes in postpartal mammary tissue. A basal control diet (control) or the basal diet plus ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected Met (0.9 g/kg of dry matter intake; Mepron, Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany) were fed (n = 30 cows/diet) from d -28 to 60 relative to parturition. Mammary tissue and blood plasma were harvested from the same cows (n = 5/diet) in the control and Met groups at d 21 postpartum for mRNA, protein, and AA analysis. Increasing the supply of Met led to greater milk protein percentage and milk yield along with greater ratio of phosphorylated (p-)AKT to total AKT. The ratio of p-mTORC1 to total mTORC1 did not differ, but ratio of p-RPS6 to total ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) was lower in response to Met supply. These responses were associated with greater mRNA abundance of the signaling proteins Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). Greater Met supply also upregulated mRNA abundance of high-affinity cationic (SLC7A1) and sodium-coupled AA transporters (SLC38A1, SLC38A2); leucyl-tRNA (LARS), valyl-tRNA (VARS), and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases (IARS); glucose transport solute carrier family 2 member 3 (SLC2A1); glucose transport solute carrier family 2 member 3 (SLC2A3); and casein α-s1 (CSN1S1). The mRNA abundance of components of the unfolded protein response, such as x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), were upregulated, and protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 15A (PPP1R15A) was downregulated in response to greater Met supply. Overall, the data suggest that increased dry matter intake, greater phosphorylation status of AKT, upregulation of glucose and AA transporters, and transcripts of tRNases in response to enhanced Met supply might have compensated for a reduction in ribosome biogenesis due to a lower ratio of p-RPS6 to total RPS6. Together, these cellular responses constitute a mechanism whereby Met supply can regulate milk protein synthesis in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, P. R. China; Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F Batistel
- Department of Animal, Dairy & Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan 84322
| | - T L Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - L Q Han
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - R Bucktrout
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457, Germany
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Zinicola M, Bicalho RC. Association of peripartum plasma insulin concentration with milk production, colostrum insulin levels, and plasma metabolites of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:1473-1482. [PMID: 30471907 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess associations between plasma insulin concentration around parturition and production in Holstein cows. Primiparous and multiparous cows (n = 267) were enrolled. Blood samples were collected within 12 h after parturition (d 0), and on d 3 and 10 after calving. In addition, blood samples were collected 7 d before (-7 d) the expected date of parturition and colostrum samples were collected within 8 h after parturition from a subset of cows to measure insulin concentration (n = 47). All samples were harvested from 0630 to 1100 h and were used to quantify insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate. The plasma concentrations of insulin on d -7 and 0 were not correlated with insulin levels in colostrum. Cows were grouped according to plasma insulin concentration based on the median as low insulin (L-INS) or high insulin (H-INS) on d 0 (median = 0.35 ng/mL; range 0.2 to 1.2), 3 (median = 0.32 ng/mL; range 0.2 to 1.6), and 10 (median = 0.30 ng/mL; range 0.2 to 0.8). We detected that cows in the L-INS group on d 0 (L-INS = 0.57 ± 0.02; H-INS = 0.49 ± 0.02 mmol/L), d 3 (L-INS = 0.56 ± 0.02; H-INS = 0.49 ± 0.02 mmol/L), and d 10 (L-INS = 0.61 ± 0.03; H-INS = 0.55 ± 0.03 mmol/L) had higher NEFA concentrations compared with cows in the H-INS group. Compared with H-INS cows, milk yield was higher for cows classified as L-INS on d 0 (L-INS = 40.75 ± 0.69; H-INS = 38.41 ± 0.64 kg) and d 10 (L-INS = 40.95 ± 0.74; H-INS = 38.66 ± 0.64 kg). Moreover, fat-corrected milk was higher for cows classified as L-INS on d 0 (L-INS = 40.59 ± 2.36; H-INS = 37.73 ± 2.31 kg) and d 10 (L-INS = 41.00 ± 2.42; H-INS = 38.65 ± 2.28 kg) compared with H-INS cows, and energy-corrected milk was higher for L-INS cows compared with H-INS cows regardless of the day (d 0, L-INS = 44.50 ± 0.70 vs. H-INS = 41.67 ± 0.64 kg; d 3, L-INS = 43.65 ± 0.74 vs. H-INS = 40.88 ± 0.72 kg; d 10, L-INS = 44.09 ± 0.73 vs. H-INS = 40.55 ± 0.68 kg). We conclude that low plasma insulin concentration during early lactation is associated with higher milk yield in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zinicola
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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de Souza J, Lock A. Long-term palmitic acid supplementation interacts with parity in lactating dairy cows: Production responses, nutrient digestibility, and energy partitioning. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3044-3056. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Contreras GA, Strieder-Barboza C, De Koster J. Symposium review: Modulating adipose tissue lipolysis and remodeling to improve immune function during the transition period and early lactation of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2737-2752. [PMID: 29102145 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in our understanding of transition and early lactation cow physiology and the use of advanced dietary, medical, and management tools, at least half of early lactation cows are reported to develop disease and over half of cow deaths occur during the first week of lactation. Excessive lipolysis, usually measured as plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), is a major risk factor for the development of displaced abomasum, ketosis, fatty liver, and metritis, and may also lead to poor lactation performance. Lipolysis triggers adipose tissue (AT) remodeling that is characterized by enhanced humoral and cell-mediated inflammatory responses and changes in its distribution of cellular populations and extracellular matrix composition. Uncontrolled AT inflammation could perpetuate lipolysis, as we have observed in cows with displaced abomasum, especially in those animals with genetic predisposition for excessive lipolysis responses. Efficient transition cow management ensures a moderate rate of lipolysis that is rapidly reduced as lactation progresses. Limiting FFA release from AT benefits immune function as several FFA are known to promote dysregulation of inflammation. Adequate formulation of pre- and postpartum diet reduces the intensity of AT lipolysis. Additionally, supplementation with niacin, monensin, and rumen-protected methyl donors (choline and methionine) during the transition period is reported to minimize FFA release into systemic circulation. Targeted supplementation of energy sources during early lactation improves energy balance and increases insulin concentration, which limits AT lipolytic responses. This review elaborates on the mechanisms by which uncontrolled lipolysis triggers inflammatory disorders. Details on current nutritional and pharmacological interventions that aid the modulation of FFA release from AT and their effect on immune function are provided. Understanding the inherent characteristics of AT biology in transition and early lactation cows will reduce disease incidence and improve lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | | | - Jenne De Koster
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Lee S, Kelleher SL. Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E405-22. [PMID: 27354238 PMCID: PMC5005964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactation is a dynamic process that has evolved to produce a complex biological fluid that provides nutritive and nonnutritive factors to the nursing offspring. It has long been assumed that once lactation is successfully initiated, the primary factor regulating milk production is infant demand. Thus, most interventions have focused on improving breastfeeding education and early lactation support. However, in addition to infant demand, increasing evidence from studies conducted in experimental animal models, production animals, and breastfeeding women suggests that a diverse array of maternal factors may also affect milk production and composition. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the role of maternal genetics and modifiable factors, such as diet and environmental exposures, on reproductive endocrinology, lactation physiology, and the ability to successfully produce milk. To identify factors that may affect lactation in women, we highlight some information gleaned from studies in experimental animal models and production animals. Finally, we highlight the gaps in current knowledge and provide commentary on future research opportunities aimed at improving lactation outcomes in breastfeeding women to improve the health of mothers and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pharmacology, and Surgery, Pennsylvania State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Michenet A, Saintilan R, Venot E, Phocas F. Insights into the genetic variation of maternal behavior and suckling performance of continental beef cows. Genet Sel Evol 2016; 48:45. [PMID: 27335091 PMCID: PMC4918023 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-016-0223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In beef cattle, maternal care is critical for calf survival and growth. Our objective was to evaluate the major sources of additive genetic variation in maternal behavior and suckling performance in two genetically close beef breeds. METHODS Maternal performance was assessed based on maternal behavior (MB), milk yield (MY) and udder swelling score (US) of 1236 Blonde d'Aquitaine cows and 1048 Limousin cows. MB was scored just after calving to describe the intensity of the dam's protective behavior towards her calf. Most of the cows were genotyped using the low-density chip EuroG10K BeadChip, and imputed to the high-density 770K panel within breed. Genetic parameters for each trait were estimated for each breed under a multi-trait best linear unbiased prediction animal model. Genomic analysis was performed for each breed using the high-density genotypes and a Bayesian variable selection method. RESULTS Heritabilities were low for MB (0.11-0.13), intermediate for MY (0.33-0.45) and high for US (0.47-0.64). Genetic correlations between the traits ranged from 0.31 to 0.58 and 0.72 to 0.99 for the Blonde d'Aquitaine and Limousin breeds, respectively. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected for MB in Blonde d'Aquitaine with NPY1R and ADRA2A as candidate causative genes. Thirty to 56 QTL were detected for MY and US in both breeds and 12 candidate genes were identified as having a role in the genetic variation of suckling performance. Since very few pleiotropic QTL were detected, there was little biological explanation for the moderate (0.57) to very high (0.99) genetic correlations estimated between MY and US in the Blonde d'Aquitaine and Limousin cows, respectively. In Blonde d'Aquitaine, the correlation was largely due to the pleiotropic QTL detected in the region upstream of the CG gene, while in Limousin, this region was only identified for US, thus attesting the difference in genetic architecture between the breeds. CONCLUSIONS Our findings question the assumption that two populations that have close genetic links share many QTL. Nevertheless, we identified four candidate genes that may explain a substantial amount of the genetic variation in suckling performance of these two breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Michenet
- />GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />AURIVA, Les Nauzes, 81580 Soual, France
| | - Romain Saintilan
- />GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />ALLICE, 149 rue de Bercy, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Eric Venot
- />GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Phocas
- />GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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de Souza J, Preseault CL, Lock AL. Short communication: Lactational responses to palmitic acid supplementation when replacing soyhulls or dry ground corn. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1945-1950. [PMID: 26805968 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of mid-lactation dairy cows to a palmitic acid (C16:0)-enriched fatty acid supplement when replacing soyhulls or dry ground corn in the diet. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (182 ± 60 d in milk; mean ± SD) were blocked by preliminary 3.5% fat-corrected milk and randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments consisted of a control diet containing no supplemental fat (CON), and 2 C16:0-enriched fatty acid-supplemented treatments (PA; BergaFat F100, Berg & Schmidt, Hanover, Germany) as a replacement for either soyhulls (PA-SH) or dry ground corn (PA-CG). The C16:0-enriched supplement was fed at 1.5% of diet dry matter. The PA treatments did not affect dry matter intake, but PA-SH increased dry matter intake by 1.4 kg/d compared with PA-CG. The PA treatments did not affect milk yield; however, PA-SH increased milk yield by 2.4 kg/d compared with PA-CG. The PA treatments tended to decrease milk protein content (3.12 vs. 3.15%). In contrast, PA-SH increased milk protein content (3.14 vs. 3.10%) and milk protein yield (1.27 vs. 1.19 kg/d) compared with PA-CG. The PA treatments increased milk fat concentration (3.68 vs. 3.55%) and milk fat yield (1.46 vs. 1.38 kg/d). The increase in milk fat yield with PA treatments was due to the increase in the yield of 16-carbon fatty acid in milk fat. Furthermore, PA-SH tended to increase yield of de novo fatty acids and yield of 16-carbon fatty acids compared with PA-CG. The PA treatments tended to increase feed efficiency (3.5% fat-corrected milk/dry matter intake) compared with CON (1.51 vs. 1.46). The PA-SH treatment tended to increase insulin concentration compared with PA-CG (1.58 vs. 1.49 μg/L) and PA treatments increased nonesterified fatty acids compared with CON (110 vs. 99 μEq/L). Overall, PA treatments improved feed efficiency and increased milk fat yield and the response to the C16:0-enriched fatty acid supplement was greater when it replaced soyhulls compared with when it replaced dry ground corn in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - C L Preseault
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Boerman J, Potts S, VandeHaar M, Lock A. Effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat on milk production and energy partitioning. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7264-76. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bennett KA, Hughes J, Stamatas S, Brand S, Foster NL, Moss SEW, Pomeroy PP. Adiponectin and Insulin in Gray Seals during Suckling and Fasting: Relationship with Nutritional State and Body Mass during Nursing in Mothers and Pups. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:295-310. [PMID: 25860828 DOI: 10.1086/680862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Animals that fast during breeding and/or development, such as phocids, must regulate energy balance carefully to maximize reproductive fitness and survival probability. Adiponectin, produced by adipose tissue, contributes to metabolic regulation by modulating sensitivity to insulin, increasing fatty acid oxidation by liver and muscle, and promoting adipogenesis and lipid storage in fat tissue. We tested the hypotheses that (1) circulating adiponectin, insulin, or relative adiponectin gene expression is related to nutritional state, body mass, and mass gain in wild gray seal pups; (2) plasma adiponectin or insulin is related to maternal lactation duration, body mass, percentage milk fat, or free fatty acid (FFA) concentration; and (3) plasma adiponectin and insulin are correlated with circulating FFA in females and pups. In pups, plasma adiponectin decreased during suckling (linear mixed-effects model [LME]: T = 4.49; P < 0.001) and the early postweaning fast (LME: T = 3.39; P = 0.004). In contrast, their blubber adiponectin gene expression was higher during the early postweaning fast than early in suckling (LME: T = 2.11; P = 0.046). Insulin levels were significantly higher in early (LME: T = 3.52; P = 0.004) and late (LME: T = 6.99; P < 0.001) suckling than in fasting and, given the effect of nutritional state, were also positively related to body mass (LME: T = 3.58; P = 0.004). Adiponectin and insulin levels did not change during lactation and were unrelated to milk FFA or percentage milk fat in adult females. Our data suggest that adiponectin, in conjunction with insulin, may facilitate fat storage in seals and is likely to be particularly important in the development of blubber reserves in pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bennett
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; 2Natural Environment Research Council Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratories, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
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