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Vettori JDM, Cavallini D, Giammarco M, Lanzoni L, Vignone O, Jalal H, Mammi L, Pezzi P, Formigoni A, Fusaro I. Parity and nutrient total-tract digestibility in dairy cows during transition period. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 22:100313. [PMID: 37736571 PMCID: PMC10509770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cows experience many physiological, nutritional and social changes during transition period. This study aims to evaluate the differences in nutrients total-tract digestibility (nTTD) between primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows through the transition period. From -23, -5, 0, 7, 14, and 30 days from calving a sample of feed and feces samples were collected from 25 Holstein cows (11 PP and 14 MP) as well as daily rumination time through accelerometers. The results show that average nTTD were different (p ≤ 0.02) for amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber organic matter (aNDFom) and potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber (pdNDF240; 52.5 vs. 54.0 and 78.8 vs. 81.3, respectively in PP vs. MP), while no differences were found regarding pdNDF24 and starch (88.5 vs. 88.6 and 95.1 vs. 96.1, respectively in PP vs. MP). Total-tract starch digestibility (TTstarchD) was different among timepoints (p < 0.01), going from an average of 91.40 up to 97.39% of starch, on times -23 and 14, respectively. Differences in total-tract digestibility of aNDFom among timepoints (p < 0.01) was expected because of differences in diet composition among lactating and non-lactating cows. No differences in daily rumination time (p = 0.92), TTstarchD and total-tract potentially digestible NDF digestibility at 24 h (TTpdNDF24D) were recorded. Our findings show that fiber digestibility during the transition period is higher in MP probably for a different ruminal retention time. These differences should be considered when formulating rations for groups with different parity number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio de M. Vettori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Damiano Cavallini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Melania Giammarco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lydia Lanzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Oreste Vignone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Hassan Jalal
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ludovica Mammi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Pezzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Formigoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Drouin P, da Silva ÉB, Tremblay J, Chevaux E, Apper E, Castex M. Inoculation with Lentilactobacillus buchneri alone or in combination with Lentilactobacillus hilgardii modifies gene expression, fermentation profile, and starch digestibility in high-moisture corn. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1253588. [PMID: 37901805 PMCID: PMC10602787 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1253588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inoculants combining Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii have been shown to improve the aerobic stability of high-moisture corn (HMC) and whole-plant corn silage, but the mode of action of this co-inoculation remains to be elucidated. This study used metatranscriptomics to evaluate the effects of inoculation with L. buchneri alone or combined with L. hilgardii on the bacterial community, gene expression, fermentation profile, and starch digestibility in HMC. High-moisture corn not inoculated (Control) or inoculated with L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 (LB) or L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 combined with L. hilgardii CNCM-I-4785 (Combo) was ensiled in mini silo bags for 30, 60, 120, and 180 days. The fermentation profile was evaluated at all time points. Metatranscriptomics was performed on samples collected on day 120. Combo had a greater alpha diversity richness index of contigs than LB and Control, and inoculation with Combo and LB modified the beta-diversity of contigs compared to Control. Out of 69 genes of interest, 20 were differentially expressed in LB compared to Control and 25 in Combo compared to Control. Of those differently expressed genes, 16 (10 of which were associated with carbohydrate metabolism and six with amino acid metabolism) were differently expressed in both LB and Combo compared to Control, and all those genes were upregulated in the inoculated silages. When we compared Combo and LB, we found seven genes expressed differently, four associated with carbohydrate metabolism and downregulated in Combo, and three associated with amino acid metabolism and upregulated in Combo. At day 120, the inoculated silages had more culturable lactic acid bacteria, higher Lactobacillus relative abundance, and lower Leuconostoc relative abundance than Control. The concentration of acetic acid remained low throughout ensiling in Control, but in LB and Combo, it increased up to day 60 and remained stable from day 60 to 180. The 1,2-propanediol was only detected in LB and Combo. Inoculation did not affect the concentration of starch, but starch digestibility was greater in Combo than in Control. Inoculation of HMC with Combo modified the gene expression and fermentation profile compared to Control and LB, improving starch digestibility compared to uninoculated HMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Drouin
- Independent Researcher, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
| | | | - Julien Tremblay
- Energy, Mining, and Environment, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Costa DM, Carvalho BF, de Souza VC, Pereira MN, da Silva Ávila CL. Particle size and storage length affect fermentation and ruminal degradation of rehydrated corn grain silage. Arch Anim Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37325929 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2219177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Particle size and storage time are factors that can affect the fermentation quality and digestibility of rehydrated corn grain silage (RCS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of particle size and storage time on chemical and microbiological characteristics, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of RCS. Corn grains were ground to pass through either a 3 mm (fine) or 9 mm (coarse) screen, rehydrated to 44.3% moisture and ensiled in 200 L polyethylene buckets. Samples were taken before and after ensiling at 10, 30, 90 and 200 days of storage to assess microbial counts, fermentation end products, and DM ruminal degradability. DM degradation was evaluated with incubation times of 0 (bag wash), 3, 6 and 48 h in 3 rumen-cannulated cows. The effective ruminal degradation (ERD) was calculated based on soluble fraction (A), degradable fraction (B) and passage rate (kp) defined as 7.0%/h: A + B [kd/(kd + kp)]. Aerobic stability was evaluated in silages after 200 days of storage, and pH and temperature were analysed up to 240 h of aerobic exposure. At 90 and 200 d of storage, fine RCS resulted in lower crude protein and greater NH3-N concentrations than coarse RCS. Coarsely ground RCS had a lower temperature at the beginning of storage than finely ground corn. Finely ground RCS had greater yeast counts and ethanol concentrations than coarsely ground RCS during storage time. Fine RCS was more susceptible to aerobic deterioration, reaching maximum temperature and pH values faster than coarse RCS. DM ruminal degradability increased over the storage time. The particle size of the rehydrated corn grain silage did not affect the kd values after 90 d of storage, while for the ERD, a long fermentation time was necessary (200 d). Considering the fermentation characteristics and the kinetics of ruminal DM degradation, fine grinding is recommended for short storage periods and coarse grinding may be a strategy to increase the rate of grinding when the storage period is greater than 200 d.
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4
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Roseira JPS, Pereira OG, da Silveira TC, da Silva VP, Alves WS, Agarussi MCN, Ribeiro KG. Effects of exogenous protease addition on fermentation and nutritive value of rehydrated corn and sorghum grains silages. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7302. [PMID: 37147458 PMCID: PMC10162983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate the effects of the addition of exogenous protease on the fermentation and nutritive value of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silages during various storage periods. Treatments were applied using a 2 × 6 × 3 factorial combination, with 2 types of rehydrated grains (corn and sorghum), 6 doses of the enzyme (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%, based on natural matter) and 3 fermentation periods (0, 60, and 90 days) in a completely randomized design, with 4 replications. The protease aspergilopepsin I, of fungal origin, produced by Aspergillus niger, was used. The lactic acid concentration increased linearly as the enzyme dose increased in corn (CG) and sorghum (SG) grain silages, at 60 and 90 days of fermentation. There was an increase in the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and soluble protein, as well as the in situ starch digestibility in rehydrated CG and SG silages, compared to the treatment without the addition of protease. The addition of 0.3% exogenous protease at the moment of CG ensiling and 0.5% in rehydrated SG increased the proteolytic activity during fermentation, providing an increase in in situ starch digestibility in a shorter storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Odilon Gomes Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Wagner Sousa Alves
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
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Cueva SF, Harper M, Roth GW, Wells H, Canale C, Gallo A, Masoero F, Hristov AN. Effects of ensiling time on corn silage starch ruminal degradability evaluated in situ or in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3961-3974. [PMID: 37105872 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurements of concentration and ruminal degradability of corn silage starch is necessary for formulation of diets that meet the energy requirements of dairy cows. Five corn silage hybrids ensiled for 0 (unfermented), 30, 60, 120, and 150 d were used to determine the effects of ensiling time on starch degradability of corn silage. In addition, the effects of grind size of silage samples on 7-h in vitro starch degradability and the relationship between in vitro, in situ and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) starch degradability were studied. In situ disappearance of corn silage starch increased from 0 to 150 d of ensiling, primarily as a result of an increase in the washout or rapidly degraded fraction of starch, particularly during the first 60 d of ensiling. When analyzed in vitro and by NIRS, ensiling time increased corn silage starch degradability either linearly or to a greater extent during the first 2 mo of ensiling. Differences in in situ starch disappearance among corn silage hybrids were apparent during the first 2 mo of ensiling but were attenuated as silages aged. No differences among hybrids were detected using a 7-h in vitro starch digestibility approach. Results from the in vitro subexperiment indicate that 7-h in vitro starch degradability was increased by reducing grind size of corn silage from 4 to 1 mm, regardless of ensiling duration. Fine grinding corn silages samples (i.e., 1-mm sieve) allowed distinguishing low- from medium- and high-starch degradability rated hybrids. Correlations among in situ, in vitro and NIRS measurements for starch degradability were medium to high (r ≥0.57); however, agreement among methods was low (concordance correlation coefficient ≤0.15). In conclusion, ensiling time linearly increased degradation rate of corn silage resulting in greater in situ starch disappearance after 150 d of ensiling. Reductions in grind size from 4 to 1 mm resulted in greater in vitro starch degradability, regardless of ensiling duration. Strong correlation but low agreement between starch degradability methods suggest that absolute estimations of corn silage starch degradability will vary, but all methods can be used to assess the effect of ensiling time on starch degradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - M Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - G W Roth
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Wells
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Shippensburg, PA 17257
| | - C Canale
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Shippensburg, PA 17257
| | - A Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy 29100
| | - F Masoero
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy 29100
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Coulson CA, Boyd BM, Troyer BC, McPhillips LJ, Norman MM, Woita NM, Wilson HC, Butterfield KM, Spore TJ, Erickson GE. Impact of different corn milling methods for high-moisture and dry corn on finishing cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestion. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac385. [PMID: 36592751 PMCID: PMC9831093 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different corn milling methods for high-moisture and dry corn on finishing cattle performance, carcass traits, and nutrient digestion. In experiment 1, steers (N = 600 [60 pens]; initial body weight [BW] = 402 ± 17 kg) were fed for 134 d to evaluate the effect of milling method and corn type on performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments were evaluated as a 2 × 3 factorial design with factors being milling method (Automatic Ag roller mill [ROLL] or hammer mill [HAMMER]) and corn type (high-moisture [HMC], dry [DC], or 50:50 blend of HMC and DC [BLEND]). There were no milling method × corn type interactions for final BW, gain (ADG), or dry matter intake (DMI; P ≥ 0.32), but there tended to be an interaction for G:F (P = 0.09). Cattle fed ROLL HMC had 4.7% greater gain:feed (G:F; P ≤ 0.01) with 55% lower fecal starch (P < 0.01) compared to HAMMER HMC, whereas processing did not impact (P = 0.74) G:F in DC diets. There were no further effects (P ≥ 0.14) on performance or carcass traits regardless of milling method or corn type. In experiment 2, seven ruminally fistulated steers were utilized in a 4 × 7 incomplete Latin rectangle to evaluate the effects of DC or HMC processed with either ROLL or HAMMER (2 × 2 factorial treatment design) on nutrient digestion. Feeding HMC decreased the amount of excreted dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM; P ≤ 0.01) regardless of mill type, but there was a tendency (P ≤ 0.13) for an interaction between corn type and mill type for DM and OM digestibility. There was no difference between milling treatments fed as HMC (P ≥ 0.69), but the HAMMER DC diet was more digestible than the ROLL DC (P = 0.05). As expected, HMC-based diets had greater (P < 0.01) starch digestibility compared to DC, but milling method had no impact on starch digestibility (P = 0.56). There were no differences (P = 0.56) in average ruminal pH, but HMC diets had greater variance (P = 0.04) and greater area less than pH 5.6 (P = 0.05) compared to DC based diets while milling method did not impact either (P > 0.33). Processing HMC with a roller mill improved G:F compared to processing with a hammer mill, but had little effect when corn was fed as dry corn or HMC:DC blend. Furthermore, feeding cattle HMC compared to DC increases nutrient digestibility, but milling method had little impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Coulson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Bradley M Boyd
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Braden C Troyer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Levi J McPhillips
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Mitch M Norman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Nicole M Woita
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Hannah C Wilson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Kylie M Butterfield
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Tyler J Spore
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Galen E Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Propionic acid-based additive with surfactant action on the nutritive value of rehydrated corn grain silage for growing ewe lambs performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Guimarães GS, Azevedo JAG, Cairo FC, da Silva CS, Souza LL, dos Santos Nunes F, de Carvalho GGP, de Araújo GGL, Silva RR. Proportions of concentrate and rehydrated ground grain corn silage at different storage times for better use of starch by lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:297. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Saylor B, Diepersloot E, Heinzen C, McCary C, Ferraretto L. Effect of kernel breakage on the fermentation profile, nitrogen fractions, and in vitro starch digestibility of whole-plant corn silage and ensiled corn grain. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:191-195. [PMID: 36338450 PMCID: PMC9623685 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation was unaffected by kernel breakage in whole-plant corn silage. Starch digestibility increased with ensiling in broken but not intact kernels. Nitrogen fractions increased to a greater extent in broken kernels ensiled alone. Fermentation of ensiled corn grain was enhanced in broken kernels ensiled alone.
The objective of this experiment was to analyze the effect of kernel breakage on the fermentation profile, nitrogen fractions, and ruminal in vitro starch digestibility of whole-plant corn silage and ensiled corn grain. Whole corn plants were harvested, and ears were separated from the forage portion and shelled. Corn kernels were either left intact or broken manually using a hammer. The remaining forage portion of the corn plants was chopped. Samples of the intact and broken kernels were stored for 0 or 30 d in quadruplicate vacuum pouches. Remaining intact and broken kernels were each reconstituted with the chopped forage portion of the corn plant to simulate whole-plant corn forage and were also stored for 0 or 30 d. In kernels separated from whole-plant corn silage, kernel form had no effect on zein protein concentrations. However, it was observed that in vitro starch digestibility at 7 h increased with ensiling only in kernels that were broken. When corn kernels were ensiled alone, concentrations of soluble crude protein and ammonia nitrogen increased with ensiling to a greater extent when kernels were broken. Finally, fermentation of ensiled corn grain was enhanced when kernels were broken. Overall, this study gives insight into the importance of kernel breakage to improve starch digestibility in corn silage through means other than a reduction in particle size and opens the door for continued investigation into the proteolytic activity occurring in the silo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.A. Saylor
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - E.C. Diepersloot
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - C. Heinzen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - C.L. McCary
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - L.F. Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
- Corresponding author
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Dong R, Sun G, Yu G. Estimating in vitro ruminal ammonia-N using multiple linear models and artificial neural networks based on the CNCPS nitrogenous fractions of cattle rations with low concentrate/roughage ratios. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:841-853. [PMID: 34110053 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between the in vitro ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3 -N) concentration and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) N-fractions of feeds for cattle and further compare the performance of developing multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models in estimating the NH3 -N concentration in rumen fermentation. Two data sets were established, of which the training data set containing forty-five rations for cattle with concentrate/roughage ratios of 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80 and 10:90 used for developing models and the test data set containing ten other rations with the same concentrate/roughage ratios with the training data set were used for validating of models. The NH3 -N concentrations of feed samples were measured using an in vitro incubation technique. The CNCPS N-fractions (g), for example PB1 (rapidly degraded true protein), PB2 (neutral detergent soluble nitrogen), PB3 (acid detergent soluble nitrogen) of rations, were calculated based on chemical analysis. Statistical analysis indicated that the NH3 -N concentration (mg) was significantly correlated with the CNCPS N-fractions (g) PB1 , PB2 and PB3 in a multiple linear pattern: NH3 -N = (130.70±33.80) PB1 + (155.83±17.89) PB2 - (85.44±37.69) PB3 + (42.43±1.05), R2 = 0.77, p < 0.0001, n = 45. The results indicated that both MLR and ANN models were suitable for predicting in vitro NH3 -N concentration of rations using CNCPS N-fractions PB1 , PB2 , and PB3 as independent variables while the neural network model showed better performance in terms of greater r2 , CCC and lower RMSPE between the observed and predicted values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilan Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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12
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Fernandes J, da Silva ÉB, Carvalho-Estrada PDA, Daniel JLP, Nussio LG. Influence of hybrid, moisture, and length of storage on the fermentation profile and starch digestibility of corn grain silages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Gomes ALM, Bueno AVI, Jacovaci FA, Donadel G, Ferraretto LF, Nussio LG, Jobim CC, Daniel JLP. Effects of processing, moisture, and storage length on the fermentation profile, particle size, and ruminal disappearance of reconstituted corn grain. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5921232. [PMID: 33045037 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to examine the effects of processing, moisture, and anaerobic storage length of reconstituted corn grain (RCG) on the fermentation profile, geometric mean particle size (GMPS), and ruminal dry matter disappearance (DMD). Dry corn kernels were ground (hammer mill, 5-mm screen) or rolled, then rehydrated to 30%, 35%, or 40% moisture, and stored for 0, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 180 d in laboratory silos. Rolled corn had an increased GMPS compared with ground corn (2.24 and 1.13 mm, respectively, at ensiling). However, there was a trend for an interaction between processing and moisture concentration to affect particle size, with GMPS increasing with increased moisture concentration, especially in ground corn. Longer storage periods also slightly increased GMPS. Processing, moisture, and storage length interacted to affect the fermentation pattern (two- or three-way interactions). Overall, pH decreased, whereas lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and NH3-N increased with storage length. RCG with 30% moisture had less lactic acid than corn with 35% and 40% moisture, indicating that fermentation might have been curtailed and also due to the clostridial fermentation that converts lactic acid to butyric acid. Ensiling reconstituted ground corn with 30% of moisture led to greater concentrations of ethanol and butyric acid, resulting in greater DM loss than grain rehydrated to 35% or 40% of moisture. Ammonia-N and in situ ruminal DMD were highest for reconstituted ground corn with 35% or 40% of moisture, mainly after 60 d of storage. Therefore, longer storage periods and greater moisture contents did not offset the negative effect of greater particle size on the in situ ruminal DMD of rolled RCG. Nonetheless, RCG should be ensiled with more than 30% moisture and stored for at least 2 mo to improve the ruminal DMD and reduce the formation of ethanol and butyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L M Gomes
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Antonio V I Bueno
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Jacovaci
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Donadel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Luiz G Nussio
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Clóves C Jobim
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - João L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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14
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Carvalho BF, Sales GFC, Schwan RF, Ávila CLS. Criteria for lactic acid bacteria screening to enhance silage quality. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:341-355. [PMID: 32869919 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge of ensiling is conserving the feed through a fermentative process that results in high nutritional and microbiological quality while minimizing fermentative losses. This challenge is of growing interest to farmers, industry and research and involves the use of additives to improve the fermentation process and preserve the ensiled material. Most studies involved microbial additives; lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been the focus of much research and have been widely used. Currently, LABs are used in modern and sustainable agriculture because of their considerable potential for enhancing human and animal health. Although the number of studies evaluating LABs in silages has increased, the potential use of these micro-organisms in association with silage has not been adequately studied. Fermentation processes using the same strain produce very different results depending on the unique characteristics of the substrate, so the choice of silage inoculant for different starting substrates is of extreme importance to maximize the nutritional quality of the final product. This review describes the current scenario of the bioprospecting and selection process for choosing the best LAB strain as an inoculant for ensiling. In addition, we analyse developments in the fermentation process and strategies and methods that will assist future studies on the selection of new strains of LAB as a starter culture or inoculant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Carvalho
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - G F C Sales
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - R F Schwan
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - C L S Ávila
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Saylor BA, Fernandes T, Sultana H, Gallo A, Ferraretto LF. Influence of microbial inoculation and length of storage on fermentation profile, N fractions, and ruminal in situ starch disappearance of whole-plant corn silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Bolson DC, Pereira DH, Dos Santos Pina D, Xavier IM, Barbosa PL, E Pedreira BC, Mombach MA. Corn silage rehydrated with crude glycerin in lambs' diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3307-3314. [PMID: 32789585 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the feed intake efficiency, digestibility, microbial efficiency, and nitrogen balance would be affected by inclusion of rehydrated corn grain silage with crude glycerin or water to substitute the dry corn in diets for feedlot lambs. Ten crossbred (Santa Ines × Dorper) uncastrated male lambs (25.6 ± 4.0 kg body weight) were assigned in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design and subjected to five experimental diets, one containing dry corn and four diets containing corn grain silage rehydrated with crude glycerin in levels of 0, 75, 150, and 225 in g/kg of natural matter. The moisture of 32.5% was maintained in all silages. The inclusion of crude glycerin represented 0, 40, 80, and 120 g/kg of total diet. The inclusion of rehydrated corn silage did not affect the DM, CP, EE, and ED intake. The diets with rehydrated corn silage improved the digestibility of DM, without affecting the fiber digestibility. The nitrogen losses were insignificant, resulting in the efficient use of dietary nutrients. In conclusion, corn silage rehydrated with 150 g/kg NM of crude glycerin is recommended as a feed to substitute dry corn diet, as it did not influence the nutrients intake, increased the dry matter digestibility with efficient use of the dietary nutrients, improving the animal performance in the feedlot.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mircéia Angele Mombach
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, EMBRAPA Agrosilvopastoral, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Saylor BA, Casale F, Sultana H, Ferraretto LF. Effect of microbial inoculation and particle size on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and ruminal in situ starch degradation of high-moisture corn ensiled for a short period. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:379-395. [PMID: 31629529 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy farmers are often challenged with the need to feed high-moisture corn (HMC) after less than 30 d of fermentation. The objective this study was to assess the effects of microbial inoculation and particle size on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and ruminal in situ starch degradation of HMC ensiled for a short period. High-moisture corn was harvested, coarsely ground (3,798 ± 40 µm, on average) or finely ground (984 ± 42 µm, on average), then ensiled in quadruplicate vacuum pouches untreated (CON) or with the following treatments: Lactobacillus plantarum CH6072 at 5 × 104 cfu/g and Enterococcus faecium CH212 at 5 × 104 cfu/g of fresh forage (LPEF); or Lactobacillus buchneri LB1819 at 7.5 × 104 cfu/g and Lactococcus lactis O224 at 7.5 × 104 cfu/g (LBLL). Silos were allowed to ferment for 14 or 28 d. Ruminal in situ starch degradation increased when HMC was finely ground. In addition, in situ starch degradation was greater and aerobic stability increased approximately 5-fold with LBLL compared with CON and LPEF. An interaction between microbial inoculation and storage length occurred for lactic acid. At 14 d, concentrations of lactic acid were greatest in LPEF and lowest in LBLL. Lactic acid concentrations increased from 14 to 28 d with CON and LPEF, but decreased with LBLL. At 28 d, concentrations of lactic acid were lower in LBLL compared with CON and LPEF. An interaction between particle size, microbial inoculation, and storage length occurred for acetic acid and ammonia-N. At 14 and 28 d, acetic acid concentrations were greatest in finely ground LBLL followed by coarsely ground LBLL. Ammonia-N concentrations increased across all treatments from 0 to 28 d. At 14 and 28 d, concentrations of ammonia-N were greatest in finely ground LBLL and lowest in coarsely ground CON and coarsely ground LPEF. Results from this study suggest that L. buchneri LB1819 can produce acetic acid in as little as 14 d, and that by 28 d, it has the potential to improve the aerobic stability of HMC. Additionally, results indicate that L. buchneri LB1819 has the potential to improve ruminal degradation of starch by 28 d of storage. Finally, results confirm enhanced fermentation and improved ruminal starch degradation with finely ground HMC by 28 d of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Saylor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - F Casale
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - H Sultana
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Santos W, Salvati G, Arthur B, Daniel J, Nussio L. The effect of sodium benzoate on the nutritive value of rehydrated sorghum grain silage for dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Santos WP, Salvati GGS, Silveira JM, Salvo PAR, Arthur BAV, Gritti VC, Oliveira KS, Ferraz MV, Daniel JLP, Nussio LG. The effect of length of storage and sodium benzoate on the nutritive value of reconstituted sorghum grain silages for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9028-9038. [PMID: 31421881 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty Holstein cows at 168 ± 87 d in milk (mean ± SD) were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effects of 2 storage lengths (30 or 90 d) and the presence of sodium benzoate (control or 0.2% as fed) on the nutritive value of reconstituted sorghum grain silages (RSGS). For each treatment, dry ground sorghum grain was rehydrated to 35% moisture and ensiled in 200-L plastic drums. The treatments were RSGS stored for 30 d without sodium benzoate (30 CON), RSGS stored for 30 d with sodium benzoate (30 BEN), RSGS stored for 90 d without sodium benzoate (90 CON) and RSGS stored for 90 d with sodium benzoate (90 BEN). Diets contained 16.3% RSGS. Silages stored for 90 d had higher concentrations of 1,2-propanediol, soluble protein, and ammonia nitrogen than did those stored for 30 d. Sodium benzoate reduced ethanol and ethyl-ester formation. Silages stored for 90 d had higher starch (89.3 vs. 86.9%) and protein (57.1 vs. 54.0%) digestibility compared with silages stored for 30 d. The ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio tended to be lower in RSGS stored for 90 d than in RSGS stored for 30 d (3.75 vs. 3.34). Milk yield increased from 30.0 kg/d in cows fed RSGS stored for 30 d to 31.2 kg/d in cows fed RSGS stored for 90 d, without a change in dry matter intake (23.5 kg/d on average). Hence, feed efficiency and milk N efficiency also had tendencies to increase in cows fed RSGS stored for 90 d. Sodium benzoate did not alter cow performance but slightly increased plasma glucose (65.2 vs. 63.6 mg/dL). In conclusion, increasing the storage period of RSGS from 30 to 90 d improved starch and protein digestibility, milk yield, and feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Santos
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900.
| | - G G S Salvati
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - J M Silveira
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - P A R Salvo
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - B A V Arthur
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - V C Gritti
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - K S Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - M V Ferraz
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Parintins, Brazil, 69152240
| | - J L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Brazil, 87020900
| | - L G Nussio
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
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20
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Oliveira ER, Takiya CS, Del Valle TA, Rennó FP, Goes RHT, Leite RS, Oliveira KM, Batista JD, Araki HM, Damiani J, Da Silva MSJ, Gandra ER, Pereira TL, Gandra JR. Effects of exogenous amylolytic enzymes on fermentation, nutritive value, and in vivo digestibility of rehydrated corn silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Grant RJ, Ferraretto LF. Silage review: Silage feeding management: Silage characteristics and dairy cow feeding behavior. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4111-4121. [PMID: 29685280 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feeding environment and feed accessibility influence the dairy cow's response to the ration and forage composition. Fiber content, physical form, and fermentability influence feeding behavior, feed intake, and overall cow metabolic and lactational responses to forage. It is possible to vary eating time of lactating dairy cattle by over 1 h/d by changing dietary silage fiber content, digestibility, and particle size. Optimizing silage particle size is important because excessively long particles increase the necessary chewing to swallow a bolus of feed, thereby increasing eating time. Under competitive feeding situations, excessively coarse or lower fiber digestibility silages may limit DMI of lactating dairy cows due to eating time requirements that exceed available time at the feed bunk. Additionally, greater silage particle size, especially the particles retained on the 19-mm sieve using the Penn State Particle Separator, are most likely to be sorted. Silage starch content and fermentability may influence ruminal propionate production and thereby exert substantial control over meal patterns and feed consumption. Compared with silage fiber characteristics, relatively little research has assessed how silage starch content and fermentability interact with the feeding environment to influence dairy cow feeding behavior. Finally, voluminous literature exists on the potential effects that silage fermentation end products have on feeding behavior and feed intake. However, the specific mechanisms of how these end products influence behavior and intake are poorly understood in some cases. The compounds shown to have the greatest effect on feeding behavior are lactate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, ammonia-N, and amines. Any limitation in the feeding environment will likely accentuate the negative response to poor silage fermentation. In the future, to optimize feeding behavior and dry matter intake of silage-based diets fed to dairy cattle, we will need to consider the chemical and physical properties of silage, end products of silage fermentation, and the social and physical components of the feeding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Grant
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921.
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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22
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Kung L, Shaver R, Grant R, Schmidt R. Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4020-4033. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Muck R, Nadeau E, McAllister T, Contreras-Govea F, Santos M, Kung L. Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3980-4000. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Ferraretto LF, Silva Filho WI, Fernandes T, Kim DH, Sultana H. Effect of ensiling time on fermentation profile and ruminal in vitro starch digestibility in rehydrated corn with or without varied concentrations of wet brewers grains. J Dairy Sci 2018. [PMID: 29519723 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rehydrating and ensiling dry ground corn (DGC) with varying concentrations of wet brewers grain (WBG) on fermentation profile and ruminal in vitro starch digestibility (ivSD; 7-h incubations on dried and 4-mm ground samples). Samples of DGC and WBG were weighed separately and mixed into 100% WBG (WBG); mixture of DGC and WBG targeting 60 (RC60), 65 (RC65), or 70% (RC70) of dry matter (DM); and DGC rehydrated with distilled water targeting for 70% of DM (REH). Samples were ensiled in vacuum-sealed bags and allowed to ferment for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 d. The experiment consisted of 30 treatments (5 mixtures of DGC and WGB × 6 ensiling time points) and 120 mini-silos (4 silos per treatment). All samples were analyzed for fermentation profile and water-soluble carbohydrates. Except for WBG, samples from 0 and 28 d were analyzed for ivSD. Content of DM was greater for REH (70.0%), followed by RC70 (69.2%), RC65 (63.9%), RC60 (58.4%), and WBG (17.5%) on d 0, with a slight decrease (1 to 2 percentage units) observed for all treatments until 28 d. Measurements of pH were highest for REH (6.19) and lowest for WBG (4.68) on 0 d, but all other treatments were lower than WBG on 14 and 28 d (3.83 vs. 4.14, on average). Except for WBG, all treatments had a gradual increase in lactic acid concentration from 0 to 28 d. In contrast, butyric acid gradually increased from 0 (0.25%) to 28 d (2.16% of DM) in WBG but not the other treatments. Fermentation patterns were related to water-soluble carbohydrates concentration, which was greater for all treatments except WBG from 0 (1.41% on average vs. 0.38% of DM, respectively) to 28 d (0.37% on average vs. 0.19% of DM, respectively). Except for RC60, greater ivSD was observed for all treatments on 28 than 0 d, but magnitude of the difference was greater for REH and RC70 (14.5 percentage units on average). Rehydration and ensiling of DGC with WBG resulted in adequate fermentation and enhanced starch digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| | - W I Silva Filho
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - T Fernandes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil 32700-000
| | - D H Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - H Sultana
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Junges D, Morais G, Spoto M, Santos P, Adesogan A, Nussio L, Daniel J. Short communication: Influence of various proteolytic sources during fermentation of reconstituted corn grain silages. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9048-9051. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Carvalho B, Ávila C, Bernardes T, Pereira M, Santos C, Schwan R. Fermentation profile and identification of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts of rehydrated corn kernel silage. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:589-600. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B.F. Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras MG Brazil
| | - C.L.S. Ávila
- Department of Animal Science; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras MG Brazil
| | - T.F. Bernardes
- Department of Animal Science; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras MG Brazil
| | - M.N. Pereira
- Department of Animal Science; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras MG Brazil
| | - C. Santos
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources; Faculty of Engineering and Sciences; Universidad de La Frontera; Temuco Chile
| | - R.F. Schwan
- Department of Biology; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras MG Brazil
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Arcari M, Martins C, Tomazi T, Gonçalves J, Santos M. Effect of substituting dry corn with rehydrated ensiled corn on dairy cow milk yield and nutrient digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Dias Junior G, Ferraretto L, Salvati G, de Resende L, Hoffman P, Pereira M, Shaver R. Relationship between processing score and kernel-fraction particle size in whole-plant corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2719-2729. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Da Silva T, Smith M, Barnard A, Kung L. The effect of a chemical additive on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high-moisture corn. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8904-12. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Ferraretto L, Fredin S, Shaver R. Influence of ensiling, exogenous protease addition, and bacterial inoculation on fermentation profile, nitrogen fractions, and ruminal in vitro starch digestibility in rehydrated and high-moisture corn. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7318-27. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Effect of ensiling time and hybrid type on fermentation profile, nitrogen fractions, and ruminal in vitro starch and neutral detergent fiber digestibility in whole-plant corn silage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2014-01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Effect of direct-fed microbial supplementation on lactation performance and total-tract starch digestibility by midlactation dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2014-01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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