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Brown W, Caputo M, Siberski C, Koltes J, Peñagaricano F, Weigel K, White H. Predicting dry matter intake in mid-lactation Holstein cows using point-in-time data streams available on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9666-9681. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Netto A, Gama M, Guido S, Bessa R, Inácio J, Monteiro C, Melo G, Ribeiro E, Ferreira M. Replacing Corn With Full-fat Corn Germ in a Basal Diet Containing Cactus (Opuntia strica) Cladodes and Sugarcane as Forage Sources Induces Milk Fat Depression Associated With the trans-10 Shift in Dairy Cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hashem NM, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Nanotechnology and Reproductive Management of Farm Animals: Challenges and Advances. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1932. [PMID: 34209536 PMCID: PMC8300313 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive efficiency of farm animals has central consequences on productivity and profitability of livestock farming systems. Optimal reproductive management is based on applying different strategies, including biological, hormonal, nutritional strategies, as well as reproductive disease control. These strategies should not only guarantee sufficient reproductive outcomes but should also comply with practical and ethical aspects. For example, the efficiency of the biological- and hormonal-based reproductive strategies is mainly related to several biological factors and physiological status of animals, and of nutritional strategies, additional factors, such as digestion and absorption, can contribute. In addition, the management of reproductive-related diseases is challenged by the concerns regarding the intensive use of antibiotics and the development of antimicrobial resistant strains. The emergence of nanotechnology applications in livestock farming systems may present innovative and new solutions for overcoming reproductive management challenges. Many drugs (hormones and antibiotics), biological molecules, and nutrients can acquire novel physicochemical properties using nanotechnology; the main ones are improved bioavailability, higher cellular uptake, controlled sustained release, and lower toxicity compared with ordinary forms. In this review, we illustrate advances in the most common reproductive management strategies by applying nanotechnology, considering the current challenges of each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrein M. Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Departamento de Produccion y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CardenalHerrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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de Aragão Bulcão LF, Alba HDR, de Carvalho GGP, de Araújo MLGML, Gandra JR, Ribeiro CVDM, de Freitas Júnior JE. Digestion, ruminal metabolism, and feeding behavior of buffaloes fed diets supplemented with soybean oil, whole and raw soybean, and calcium salts of fatty acids. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:216. [PMID: 33743087 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) sources on the nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and feeding behavior in diets for buffaloes. Four castrated Murrah buffaloes with approximately 24 months of age and an initial average body weight of 351 ± 15 kg were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment, containing the following diets: (1) control (CON): control diet based on soybean meal and ground corn, (2) soybean oil (SO): dietary inclusion of 2.20% (DM basis), (3) whole raw soybean (WRS): dietary inclusion of 16.0%, and (4) calcium salts of FA (CSFA): dietary inclusion of 2.60%. There was an effect of diets in ether extract intake among buffaloes fed UFA and CON diets, and among buffaloes fed CSFA and WRS diets (P < 0.05). Diets containing UFA sources provided higher EE digestibility (P < 0.05). Buffaloes fed WRS had higher rumen pH values than animals fed the CSFA diet (P < 0.05). Supplementation of UFA sources decreased the molar concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (P < 0.05). Diets influenced the times spent in chewing, idling, and the rumination efficiencies of DM and NDF (P < 0.05). The supplementation with WRS, SO, and CSFA does not negatively affect intake, digestion, ruminal metabolism, and feeding behavior. The WRS as a fat supplement source decreases dietary costs by replacing ground corn and soybean meal simultaneously compared to other fat sources used. Nevertheless, whole and raw soybean in buffaloes' diet can reduce chewing and rumination activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Fialho de Aragão Bulcão
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Henry Daniel Ruiz Alba
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cláudio Vaz Di Mambro Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - José Esler de Freitas Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil.
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Hamzaoui S, Caja G, Such X, Albanell E, Salama AAK. Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Digestibility, and Metabolism in Dairy Goats under Thermoneutral and Heat Stress Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020350. [PMID: 33573331 PMCID: PMC7911429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat stress (HS) not only reduces milk yield but also depresses its contents of fat and protein, which might negatively impact cheese making. Dietary supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) could increase milk fat and improve milk fatty acid (FA) profiles in dairy goats. In the present study dairy goats were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or HS (12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. In each ambient temperature, goats were fed a control diet (CON) or the same diet supplemented with SBO. Goats in HS suffered depressed feed intake and milk production, but they had greater digestibility coefficients compared to TN goats. Regardless of the HS treatment, goats supplemented with SBO produced milk with greater contents of fat, monounsaturated FA, and conjugated linoleic acid, without any negative effects on milk protein content. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with soybean oil was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and improve its fatty acid profile. Both TN and HS goats responded to soybean oil supplementation similarly since the interaction between soybean oil supplementation and temperature treatment was not significant. Abstract In a previous work, we observed that heat-stressed goats suffer reductions in milk yield and its contents of fat and protein. Supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) may be a useful strategy to enhance milk quality. In total, eight multiparous Murciano–Granadina dairy goats (42.8 ± 1.3 kg body weight; 99 ± 1 days of lactation) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements and 2 d transition between periods). Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were no oil (CON) or 4% of soybean oil (SBO), and controlled thermal neutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. This resulted in four treatment combinations: TN-CON, TN-SBO, HS-CON, and HS-SBO. Compared to TN, HS goats experienced lower (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight, N retention, milk yield, and milk protein and lactose contents. However, goats in HS conditions had greater (p < 0.05) digestibility coefficients (+5.1, +5.2, +4.6, +7.0, and +8.9 points for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, respectively) than TN goats. The response to SBO had the same magnitude in TN and HS conditions. Supplementation with SBO had no effects on feed intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. However, SBO supplementation increased (p < 0.05) blood non-esterified fatty acids by 50%, milk fat by 29%, and conjugated linoleic acid by 360%. In conclusion, feeding 4% SBO to dairy goats was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and conjugated linoleic acid without any negative effects on intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. These beneficial effects were obtained regardless goats were in TN or HS conditions.
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Mirzaei-Alamouti H, Akbari-Pabandi K, Mansouryar M, Sirjani MA, Cieslak A, Szumacher-Strabel M, Patra AK, Vazirigohar M. Effects of feeding frequency and oil supplementation on feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation, digestibility, blood metabolites, and milk performance in late-lactation cows fed a high-forage diet. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11424-11438. [PMID: 33222855 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many dairy producers are keen to feed low-producing late-lactation cows only once per day (1×) to reduce production costs. This study examined effects of feeding frequency (FF: thrice versus once daily) on behavioral patterns, ruminal fermentation, and milk production performance of cows and supplementation of yellow grease oil (YO) rich in 18:2n-6 as a potential strategy to alleviate the possible negative effects of 1× daily feeding. Twenty-four late-lactation Holstein cows (215 ± 53.8 DIM) housed in tiestalls were assigned to 4 treatments according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 FF [3 times daily (3×) at 0800, 1400, and 2000 h; or 1× at 0800 h] and 2 high-forage total mixed rations (TMR), without (CON) or with 25 g/kg of dry matter of YO (YGO), in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied for 21 d. Feeding behavior was recorded every 5 min over a 24-h period on d 19. Fresh TMR and orts were sampled (d 15 to 21) and separated using a 3-screen (19, 8, and 1.18 mm) Penn State Particle Separator for sorting activity. Ruminal fluid samples were collected using oral stomach tubing on d 21. Cows on 1×-CON spent more time eating during the first 6 h after feeding at 0800 h than did cows on 3×-CON or 1×-YGO. Decreasing FF increased meal length and tended to increase meal size for CON cows, but supplementing YO increased meal bouts and reduced meal length and size for cows fed 1×. Cows on 1×-CON had the greatest ruminating time between 2000 and 0800 h compared with other treatments. Total and daytime distribution of lying time did not vary by treatments. Sorting activity was higher for cows fed frequently, and the extent of sorting was increased by oil supplementation. In the morning ruminal fluid samples, pH was not different among treatments, but in the evening samples 1× daily feeding reduced ruminal pH compared with 3×. In the morning and evening samples, ratios of acetate to propionate were the lowest for 1×-CON cows compared with other treatments. Dry matter intake and milk yield were similar among the groups. Milk fat content and yield decreased with 1×-CON treatment, but supplementing YO numerically increased milk fat for cows fed 1×. These results suggest that decreasing FF from 3× to 1× daily increases meal length, particularly after feed delivery, in cows fed high-forage diets; but supplementation of plant oil changes feeding patterns and may improve ruminal pH and milk fat in cows fed once a day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Morteza Mansouryar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Adam Cieslak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, India 700037
| | - Mina Vazirigohar
- Zist Dam Group, University Incubator Center, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran.
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Liu E, VandeHaar MJ, Lock AL. Effects of supplementing Holstein cows with soybean oil compared with palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides on milk production and nutrient partitioning. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8151-8160. [PMID: 32622595 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both insulin and trans-10,cis-12 C18:2 (t10c12CLA) can be increased by high-starch diets; thus, it is difficult to determine whether insulin or t10c12CLA mediates nutrient partitioning toward body tissues during milk fat depression. To minimize insulin secretion while manipulating t10c12CLA levels, diets supplemented with palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides and soybean oil were fed to cows. Thirty-two Holstein cows (93 ± 35 d in milk) were included in the crossover experiment with each treatment period being 28 d. Treatment diets contained 25% neutral detergent fiber, 32% starch, 18% crude protein, and 4.6% fatty acids (dry matter basis). Treatment diets contained either palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides (2.5% dry matter, BergaFat T-300, Berg + Schmidt America LLC, Libertyville, IL; PAT) or soybean oil (2.5% dry matter; SBO). Cows were blocked by milk yield, body weight, and parity, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment sequences (PAT-SBO or SBO-PAT). Cows fed PAT produced milk with only 3.1% fat, indicating milk fat depression; SBO decreased fat content further to only 2.4%. No effect of treatment was observed on dry matter intake, apparent net energy intake, milk yield, body condition score, or fat thickness over the rump and rib. However, compared with PAT, SBO decreased fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat yield, de novo fatty acids, and 16-carbon fatty acid yield, whereas SBO increased body weight gain. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility tended to be lower in SBO, whereas fatty acid digestibility was higher. Additionally, the concentration of plasma insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, and triglycerides, and milk metabolites (trans-10 C18:1 and t10c12CLA) were all higher in SBO. In conclusion, with similar dietary starch content, the diet containing palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides partitioned more energy toward milk synthesis, whereas the diet containing soybean oil partitioned more energy toward body tissue gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - M J VandeHaar
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Sun Y, Xia H, Lu X, Xu C, Li M, Chen Z, Yang Z. MicroRNA-141 participates in milk lipid metabolism by targeting SIRT1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Context
The regulation of milk lipids is important for the evaluation of dairy cows’ performance. Lipids are produced and secreted by mammary gland under the regulation of steroid hormones, growth factors and microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNAs have been verified to be involved in numerous biological processes. Previous studies have shown that miR-141 is expressed at higher levels in dairy cows at peak lactation than in those at early lactation. However, the roles of miR-141 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and the mechanisms how it affects lipid metabolism are as yet unknown.
Aims
The aims of this study were to clarify (i) the molecular mechanisms of miR-141 in milk lipid metabolism, and (ii) how miR-141 affects milk lipid metabolism in BMECs.
Methods
Triglycerides were observed in BMECs using triglyceride analysis after overexpression or inhibition of miR-141; selected potential candidate genes that are targeted by miR-141 using TargetScan. The regulatory relationship among miR-141, SIRT1 gene and lipid metabolism-related genes (SREBF1, FASN and PPARγ) by using the dual luciferase assay, quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting.
Key results
Through overexpression or inhibition of miR-141 expression, we found that miR-141 promoted lipid metabolism in BMECs and an increase in triglycerides was observed in these cells. Further, miR-141 targets the 3′UTR of SIRT1 mRNA, and negative regulates the expression of SIRT1 gene in BMECs. Also, the expression levels of SREBF1, FASN and PPARγ, which are related to milk lipid metabolism, were also altered after overexpression miR-141.
Conclusions
Our results have revealed that miR-141 could promote milk lipid metabolism in BMECs by means of negative regulates SIRT1 gene and positive effects lipid metabolism-related genes (SREBF1, FASN and PPARγ) in BMECs.
Implications
Our research indicates that miR-141 could be considered a marker in cattle breeding to obtain high quality dairy products. It would be useful to study the function of miRNAs in milk lipid metabolism and synthesis. In the long term these findings might be helpful in developing practical means to improve the quality of ruminant milk.
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Long Noncoding RNAs of Brown to White Adipose Tissue Transformation in Goats. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080904. [PMID: 31443273 PMCID: PMC6721666 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the thermogenesis and energy storage of brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, knowledge of the cellular transition from BAT to white adipose tissue (WAT) and the potential role of lncRNAs in goat adipose tissue remains largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the transformation from BAT to WAT using histological and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene analyses. Brown adipose tissue mainly existed within the goat perirenal fat at 1 day and there was obviously a transition from BAT to WAT from 1 day to 1 year. The RNA libraries constructed from the perirenal adipose tissues of 1 day, 30 days, and 1 year goats were sequenced. A total number of 21,232 lncRNAs from perirenal fat were identified, including 5393 intronic-lncRNAs and 3546 antisense-lncRNAs. Furthermore, a total of 548 differentially expressed lncRNAs were detected across three stages (fold change ≥ 2.0, false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05), and six lncRNAs were validated by qPCR. Furthermore, trans analysis found lncRNAs that were transcribed close to 890 protein-coding genes. Additionally, a coexpression network suggested that 4519 lncRNAs and 5212 mRNAs were potentially in trans-regulatory relationships (r > 0.95 or r < −0.95). In addition, Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses showed that the targeted genes were involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid elongation and metabolism, the citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways. The present study provides a comprehensive catalog of lncRNAs involved in the transformation from BAT to WAT and provides insight into understanding the role of lncRNAs in goat brown adipogenesis.
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Mahdavi A, Mahdavi A, Darabighane B, Mead A, Lee MRF. Effects of soybean oil supplement to diets of lactating dairy cows, on productive performance, and milk fat acids profile: a meta-analysis. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1585211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahdavi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Iran
| | - Ata Mahdavi
- Faculty College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Darabighane
- Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Andrew Mead
- Department of Computational and Analytical Science, Rothamsted Research, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Michael R. F. Lee
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Devon, UK
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Somerset, UK
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Mu Y, Lin X, Wang Z, Hou Q, Wang Y, Hu Z. High-production dairy cattle exhibit different rumen and fecal bacterial community and rumen metabolite profile than low-production cattle. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00673. [PMID: 30277648 PMCID: PMC6460281 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to simultaneously investigate the gut bacteria typical characteristic and conduct rumen metabolites profiling of high production dairy cows when compared to low‐production dairy cows. The bacterial differences in rumen fluid and feces were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The metabolite differences were identified by metabolomics profiling with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). The results indicated that the high‐production dairy cows presented a lower rumen bacterial richness and species evenness when compared to low‐production dairy cows. At the phylum level, the high‐production cows increased the abundance of Proteobacteria and decreased the abundance of Bacteroidetes, SR1, Verrucomicrobia, Euryarchaeota, Planctomycetes, Synergistetes, and Chloroflexi significantly (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the rumen fluid of the high‐production group was significantly enriched for Butyrivibrio, Lachnospira, and Dialister (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, rumen fluid of high‐production group was depleted for Prevotella, Succiniclasticum, Ruminococcu, Coprococcus,YRC22, CF231, 02d06, Anaeroplasma, Selenomonas, and Ruminobacter significantly (p < 0.05). A total of 92 discriminant metabolites were identified between high‐production cows and low‐production cows. Compared to rumen fluid of low‐production dairy cows, 10 differential metabolites were found up‐regulated in rumen fluid of high‐production dairy cows, including 6alpha‐Fluoropregn‐4‐ene‐3,20‐dione, 3‐Octaprenyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate, disopyramide, compound III(S), 1,2‐Dimyristyl‐sn‐glycerol, 7,10,13,16‐Docosatetraenoic acid, ferrous lactate, 6‐Deoxyerythronolide B, vitamin D2, L‐Olivosyl‐oleandolide. The remaining differential metabolites were found down‐regulated obviously in high‐production cows. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that most increased abundances of rumen fluid metabolites of high‐yield cows were related to metabolic pathways involving biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, steroid biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid‐quinone biosynthesis. Most down‐regulated metabolic pathways were relevant to nucleotide metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism and biosynthesis of some antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Mu
- College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyan Lin
- College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuling Hou
- College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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12
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Freitas JE, Takiya CS, Del Valle TA, Barletta RV, Venturelli BC, Vendramini THA, Mingoti RD, Calomeni GD, Gardinal R, Gandra JR, Bettero VP, Ferreira de Jesus E, Oliveira MDS, Rennó FP. Ruminal biohydrogenation and abomasal flow of fatty acids in lactating cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil, whole soybeans, or calcium salts of fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7881-7891. [PMID: 30007815 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants have a unique metabolism and digestion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). Unlike monogastric animals, the fatty acid (FA) profile ingested by ruminants is not the same as that reaching the small intestine. The objective of this study was to evaluate whole raw soybeans (WS) in diets as a replacer for calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) in terms of UFA profile in the abomasal digesta of early- to mid-lactation cows. Eight Holstein cows (80 ± 20 d in milk, 22.9 ± 0.69 kg/d of milk yield, and 580 ± 20 kg of body weight; mean ± standard deviation) with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 22-d periods. The experiment evaluated different fat sources rich in linoleic acid on ruminal kinetics, ruminal fermentation, FA abomasal flow, and milk FA profile of cows assigned to treatment sequences containing a control (CON), with no fat source; soybean oil, added at 2.68% of diet dry matter (DM); WS, addition of WS at 14.3% of diet DM; and CSFA, addition of CSFA at 2.68% of diet DM. Dietary fat supplementation had no effect on nutrient intake and digestibility, with the exception of ether extract. Cows fed fat sources tended to have lower milk fat concentration than those fed CON. In general, diets containing fat sources tended to decrease ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility in relation to CON. Cows fed WS had lower ruminal digestibility of DM and higher abomasal flow of DM in comparison to cows fed CSFA. As expected, diets containing fat supplements increased FA abomasal flow of C18:0 and total FA. Cows fed WS tended to present a higher concentration of UFA in milk when compared with those fed CSFA. This study suggests that under some circumstances, abomasal flow of UFA in early lactation cows can be increased by supplementing their diet with fat supplements rich in linoleic acid, regardless of rumen protection, with small effects on ruminal DM digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Freitas
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, 0170-110
| | - C S Takiya
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - T A Del Valle
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - R V Barletta
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - B C Venturelli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - T H A Vendramini
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - R D Mingoti
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - G D Calomeni
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - R Gardinal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - J R Gandra
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil, 79825-070
| | - V P Bettero
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - E Ferreira de Jesus
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - M D S Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - F P Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil, 13635-900.
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Prieto-Manrique E, Mahecha-Ledesma L, Vargas-Sánchez JE, Angulo-Arizala J. The effect of sunflower seed oil supplementation on the milk fatty acid contents of cows fed leucaena in an intensive silvopastoral system. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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de Souza J, Lock A. Short communication: Comparison of a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement and calcium salts of palm fatty acids supplement on production responses of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3110-3117. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Combined effects of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids on lactation performance and the milk fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows. Animal 2017; 12:983-989. [PMID: 29032779 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential combined effects of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids supplementation on lactation performance and the milk fatty acid (FA) profile in dairy cows have not been well investigated. Our objective was to examine the effects of supplementation with a combination of these FA as well as the effects of removing each from the combination on lactation performance and the milk FA profile in dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows (101±11 days in milk) received four intravenously infused treatments in a 4×4 Latin square design, and each period lasted for 12 days which consisted of 5 days of infusion and 7 days of recovery. The control treatment (CTL) contained 58.30, 58.17 and 39.96 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively. The other three treatments were designated --C18 : 1 (20.68, 61.17 and 41.72 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively), -C18 : 2 (61.49, 19.55 and 42.13 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively) and -C18 : 3 (60.89, 60.16 and 1.53 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively). Dry matter intake and lactose content were not affected by the treatments, but the milk protein content was lower in cows treated with -C18 : 2 than that in CTL-treated cows. Milk yield as well as milk fat, protein and lactose yields were higher in cows treated with -C18 : 3 than the yields in CTL-treated cows, and these yields increased linearly as the unsaturation degree of the supplemental FA decreased. Compared with the CTL treatment, the -C18 : 2 treatment decreased milk C18 : 2 cis-9 content (by 2.80%) and yield (by 22.12 g/day), and the -C18 : 3 treatment decreased milk C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 content (by 2.72%) and yield (by 22.33 g/day). In contrast, removing C18 : 1 cis-9 did not affect the milk content or yield of C18 : 1 cis-9. The -C18 : 2-treated cows had a higher C18 : 1 cis-9 content and tended to have a higher C18 : 1 cis-9 yield than CTL-treated cows. The yields of C8 : 0, C14 : 0 and C16 : 0 as well as <C16 : 0 tended to increase linearly as the unsaturation degree of the supplemental FA decreased (P=0.06, 0.07, 0.07 and 0.09, respectively). These results indicated that supplementation with C18 unsaturated FA might not independently affect the lactation performance and the milk FA profile of dairy cows.
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Gutiérrez TJ. Characterization and in vitro digestibility of non-conventional starches from guinea arrowroot and La Armuña lentils as potential food sources for special diet regimens. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomy J. Gutiérrez
- Departamento Químico Analítico; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Central de Venezuela; Caracas Venezuela
- FInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Central de Venezuela; Caracas Venezuela
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17
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Sinedino LDP, Honda PM, Souza LRL, Lock AL, Boland MP, Staples CR, Thatcher WW, Santos JEP. Effects of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid on reproduction of dairy cows. Reproduction 2017; 153:707-723. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the effects of supplementing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich algae on reproduction of dairy cows. Holstein cows were assigned randomly to either a control (n = 373) or the same diet supplemented daily with 100 g/cow of an algae product containing 10% DHA (algae, n = 366) from 27 to 147 days postpartum. Measurements included yields of milk and milk components, fatty acids (FA) profiles in milk fat and plasma phospholipids, resumption of ovulation by 57 days postpartum, pregnancy per artificial insemination (AI) and expression of interferon-stimulated genes in leukocytes. Feeding algae increased resumption of estrous cyclicity (77.6 vs 65.9%) and pregnancy at first AI (47.6 vs 32.8%) in primiparous cows. Algae increased pregnancy per AI in all AI in both primiparous and multiparous cows (41.6 vs 30.7%), which reduced days to pregnancy by 22 days (102 vs 124 days) compared with control cows. Pregnant cows fed algae had greater expression of RTP4 in blood leukocytes compared with those in pregnant control cows. Feeding algae increased the incorporation of DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid, conjugated linoleic acid isomers cis-9 trans-11, trans-10 cis-12 and total n-3 FA in phospholipids in plasma and milk fat. Yields of milk and true protein increased by 1.1 kg/day and 30 g/day respectively, whereas fat yield decreased 40 g/day in algae compared with that in control. Supplementing DHA-rich algae altered the FA composition of lipid fractions and improved reproduction in dairy cows. The benefits on reproduction might be mediated by enhanced embryo development based on changes in interferon-stimulated gene expression.
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de Souza J, Garver J, Preseault C, Lock A. Short communication: Effects of prill size of a palmitic acid–enriched fat supplement on the yield of milk and milk components, and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:379-384. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Supplementation with Ca salts of soybean oil interacts with concentrate level in grazing dairy cows: milk production and milk composition. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1585-1591. [PMID: 27562303 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the associative effects of concentrate levels and Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO) supplementation on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acids of mid-lactation dairy cows grazing on tropical pasture. Twenty-four Jersey × Holstein cows were used in a randomized block design and assigned to four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Factors evaluated were concentrate levels (low, 3 kg/day vs. high, 7 kg/day of concentrate) and CSSO supplementation (without CSSO vs. with 250 g CSSO cow/day). All cows grazed on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon) and received the supplemental treatments for a 90-day period. Interactions between concentrate level and CSSO were detected for milk yield, milk yield components, energy-corrected milk (ECM) and 3.5 % fat-corrected milk (FCM). Milk yield increased when CSSO was fed in a low concentrate level, while it decreased milk production in a high concentrate level. Yields of fat, protein, lactose, 3.5 % FCM, and ECM were not affected with CSSO in the low concentrate, but reduced in the high concentrate level. CSSO increased proportions of monounsaturated milk FA, C18:2 trans-10 cis-12, and polyunsaturated FA, and reduced proportions of saturated milk FA in milk. In conclusion, feeding the high level of concentrate was an effective strategy to improve milk yield and solid production. CSSO supplementation increased milk production when fed at low concentrate level but did not affect yield of solids.
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20
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Naves AB, Freitas Júnior JE, Barletta RV, Gandra JR, Calomeni GD, Gardinal R, Takiya CS, Vendramini THA, Mingoti RD, Rennó FP. Effect of raw soya bean particle size on productive performance and digestion of dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 100:778-88. [PMID: 26453023 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Differing soya bean particle sizes may affect productive performance and ruminal fermentation due to the level of fatty acid (FA) exposure of the cotyledon in soya bean grain and because the protein in small particles is more rapidly degraded than the protein in large particles, which influence ruminal fibre digestion and the amounts of ruminally undegradable nutrients. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of raw soya bean particle size on productive performance, digestion and milk FA profile of dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows were assigned to three 4 × 4 Latin squares with 21-day periods. At the start of the experiment, cows were 121 days in milk (DIM) and yielded 30.2 kg/day of milk. Cows were fed 4 diets: (i) control diet (CO), without raw soya bean; (ii) whole raw soya bean (WRS); (iii) cracked raw soya bean in Wiley mill 4-mm screen (CS4); and (iv) cracked raw soya bean in Wiley mill 2-mm screen (CS2). The inclusion of soya beans (whole or cracked) was 200 g/kg on dry matter (DM) basis and partially replaced ground corn and soya bean meal. Uncorrected milk yield and composition were not influenced by experimental diets; however, fat-corrected milk (FCM) decreased when cows were fed soya bean treatments. Soya bean diets increased the intake of ether extract (EE) and net energy of lactation (NEL ), and decreased the intake of DM and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC). Ruminal propionate concentration was lower in cows fed WRS than cows fed CS2 or CS4. Cows fed cracked raw soya bean presented lower nitrogen in faeces than cows fed WRS. The milk of cows fed WRS, CS2 and CS4 presented higher unsaturated FA than cows fed CO. The addition of raw soya bean in cow diets, regardless of the particle size, did not impair uncorrected milk yield and nutrient digestion, and increased the concentration of unsaturated FA in milk. Cows fed cracked raw soya bean presented similar productive performance to cows fed whole raw soya bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Naves
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - J E Freitas Júnior
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - R V Barletta
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - J R Gandra
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - G D Calomeni
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - R Gardinal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - C S Takiya
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - T H A Vendramini
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - R D Mingoti
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - F P Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows: Opportunities and challenges. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Comino L, Righi F, Coppa M, Quarantelli A, Tabacco E, Borreani G. Relationships Among Early Lactation Milk Fat Depression, Cattle Productivity and Fatty Acid Composition on Intensive Dairy Farms in Northern Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Comino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Federico Righi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Coppa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Afro Quarantelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Parma, Italy
| | - Ernesto Tabacco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giorgio Borreani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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El-Sherbiny M, Cieslak A, Pers-Kamczyc E, Szczechowiak J, Kowalczyk D, Szumacher-Strabel M. Short communication: A nanoemulsified form of oil blends positively affects the fatty acid proportion in ruminal batch cultures. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:399-407. [PMID: 26547647 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two consecutive rumen batch cultures were used to study the effect of nanoemulsified oils as a new type of supplement, on the in vitro fatty acid proportion and vaccenic acid formation. Three levels (3, 5, and 7%) of 2 different oil blends [soybean:fish oil (SF) or rapeseed-fish oil (RF)] were used. Both oil blends were used either in the raw form (SF or RF, respectively) or in the nanoemulsified form (NSF or NRF, respectively). The diets were the control (0%), which consisted of a dry total mixed ration without any supplements, the control plus 3, 5, or 7% of the SF or RF oil blend in appropriate form (raw or nanoemulsified). For each treatment, 6 incubation vessels were used. Each batch culture was incubated for 24h and conducted twice in 2 consecutive days. All supplements were calculated as a percentage of the substrate dry matter (400mg). Nanoemulsified supplements were recalculated to make sure the oil amount was equal to the raw oil supplementation levels. The results from both experiments indicated that the proportions of vaccenic acid and cis-9,trans-11 C18:2 increased when a raw oil blend was supplemented; on the other hand, no influence of nanoemulsified form of oil blend was observed on the proportion cis-9,trans-11 C18:2. Generally, supplementation with the nanoemulsified oil blends had less effect on biohydrogenation intermediates than the raw form of oil blends. However, the nanoemulsified form had a greater effect on the increase of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Nanoemulsified oil blends had a positive effect on decreasing the transformation rate of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in the biohydrogenation environment. Supplements of nanoemulsified oil blends tended to be more effective than supplements of raw oils in preserving a greater proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fermentation culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El-Sherbiny
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60637 Poznan, Poland; Department of Dairy Sciences, National Research Centre, 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - A Cieslak
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60637 Poznan, Poland
| | - E Pers-Kamczyc
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62035 Kornik, Poland
| | - J Szczechowiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60637 Poznan, Poland
| | - D Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60637 Poznan, Poland
| | - M Szumacher-Strabel
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60637 Poznan, Poland.
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