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Martins L, Orsel K, Eshraghisamani R, Hernández-Agudelo JM, Pereira AC, Shaukat W, Koets AP, Bannantine JP, Ritter C, Kelton DF, Whittington RJ, Weber MF, Facciuolo A, Dhand NK, Donat K, Eisenberg S, Salgado MA, Kastelic JP, De Buck J, Barkema HW. Invited Review: Improved control of Johne's disease in dairy cattle through advancements in diagnostics, testing and management of young stock. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01187-1. [PMID: 39369889 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD; paratuberculosis) control programs have been regionally implemented across the globe, but few have successfully eradicated the pathogen (Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP)) causing this disease. The limited success may partly be attributed to excluding young stock (calves and replacement heifers or bulls) from testing strategies aimed at identifying MAP-infected cattle. Young stock can shed MAP in feces and can have detectable MAP-specific antibodies in blood, as confirmed in experimentally and naturally infected cattle. Furthermore, MAP transmission causes new infections in young stock. Calves and heifers are often included in JD management strategies on dairy farms but excluded from conventional diagnostic tests due to a presumed lag between infection and detection of MAP shedding and/or MAP-specific serum antibodies. We summarize evidence of MAP shedding early in the course of infection and discuss promising diagnostics, testing and management strategies to support inclusion of young stock in JD control programs. Improvements in fecal Polymerase Chain Reaction, interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enable earlier detection of MAP and specific early immune responses. Studies on IGRA and ELISA have focused on evaluation of new antigens and optimal age of testing. There are new diagnostics, including phage-based tests to detect viable MAP, and gene expression patterns and metabolomics to detect MAP-infected young stock. In addition, refinements in testing and management of calves and heifers may enable reductions in MAP prevalence. We provide recommendations for dairy farmers, researchers, veterinarians, and other stakeholders that may improve JD control programs with an objective to control and potentially eradicate JD. Additionally, we have identified the most pressing gaps in knowledge that currently hamper inclusion of young stock in JD prevention and control programs. In summary, transmission among young stock may cause new MAP infections, and appropriate use of new diagnostic tests, testing and management strategies for young stock may improve the efficacy of JD control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Martins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 0Z4, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 0Z4, Canada
| | | | - Jose Miguel Hernández-Agudelo
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Caroline Pereira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 0Z4, Canada
| | - Waseem Shaukat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 0Z4, Canada
| | - Ad P Koets
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Caroline Ritter
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Antonio Facciuolo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Karsten Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, 07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Susanne Eisenberg
- Animal Disease Fund of Lower Saxony, 30169 Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Miguel A Salgado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 0Z4, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 0Z4, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 0Z4, Canada.
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Morgan Bustamante BL, Chigerwe M, Martínez-López B, Aly SS, McArthur G, ElAshmawy WR, Fritz H, Williams DR, Wenz J, Depenbrock S. Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Respiratory Pathogens and Farm and Animal Variables in Weaned California Dairy Heifers: Logistic Regression and Bayesian Network Analyses. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:50. [PMID: 38247609 PMCID: PMC10812578 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Weaned dairy heifers are a relatively understudied production group. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common cause of antimicrobial drug (AMD) use, morbidity, and mortality in this production group. The study of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is complicated because many variables that may affect AMR are related. This study generates hypotheses regarding the farm- and animal-level variables (e.g., vaccination, lane cleaning, and AMD use practices) that may be associated with AMR in respiratory isolates from weaned dairy heifers. A cross-sectional study was performed using survey data and respiratory isolates (Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni) collected from 341 weaned dairy heifers on six farms in California. Logistic regression and Bayesian network analyses were used to evaluate the associations between farm- and animal-level variables with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) classification of respiratory isolates against 11 AMDs. Farm-level variables associated with MIC classification of respiratory isolates included the number of source farms of a calf-rearing facility, whether the farm practiced onsite milking, the use of lagoon water for flush lane cleaning, and respiratory and pinkeye vaccination practices. Animal-level variables associated with a MIC classification included whether the calf was BRD-score-positive and time since the last phenicol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Morgan Bustamante
- Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gary McArthur
- Swinging Udders Veterinarian Services, Galt, CA 95632, USA
| | - Wagdy R. ElAshmawy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Heather Fritz
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - John Wenz
- Field Disease Investigation Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Sarah Depenbrock
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Breen MJ, Williams DR, Abdelfattah EM, Karle BM, Byrne BA, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. Effect of Group Housing of Preweaned Dairy Calves: Health and Fecal Commensal Antimicrobial Resistance Outcomes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1019. [PMID: 37370338 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of group housing (three calves per group) on bovine respiratory disease (BRD), diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to fecal commensal Escherichia coli (EC) and enterococci/streptococci (ES). Our study comprised two arms, one experimental and one observational. In the experimental arm, preweaned calves on a California dairy were randomized to either individual (IND; n = 21) or group (GRP; n = 21) housing, using a modified California-style wooden hutch. The study period lasted from birth to 56 days of age, during which calves were health scored daily. Cumulative incidence and hazard ratios were estimated for disease. Antimicrobial resistance outcomes were assessed using a prospective cohort design; feces were collected from each calf three times per week and EC and ES were evaluated for AMR using the broth microdilution method against a panel of 19 antimicrobial drugs (AMD). Analysis of treatment records was used to select calves that had been exposed (EXP) to an AMD-treated calf. In GRP, exposure occurred when a calf was a hutchmate with an AMD-treated calf. In IND, exposure occurred when a calf was a neighbor with an AMD-treated calf (TRT). Age-matched unexposed calves (UNEXP) were then selected for comparison. Proportions of AMR in fecal commensals among EXP, UNEXP, and TRT calves were compared between GRP and IND. Accelerated failure time survival regression models were specified to compare differences in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fecal commensals between EXP and UNEXP calves within each of GRP and IND calves separately. Group calves had a BRD hazard 1.94 times greater that of IND calves (p = 0.03), using BRD treatment records as the outcome. For AMR in EC isolates, higher resistance to enrofloxacin was detected in enrofloxacin-EXP GRP isolates compared with enrofloxacin-EXP IND isolates, and UNEXP GRP calves had lower resistance to ceftiofur compared with enrofloxacin-EXP and enrofloxacin-TRT calves. A significant housing-by-time interaction was detected for EC ceftiofur MIC in EXP GRP calves at 4-14 days post exposure to enrofloxacin (MIC EXP-UNEXP: µg/mL (95% CI): 10.62 (1.17, 20.07)), compared with UNEXP calves. The findings of this study show an increase in BRD hazard for group-housed calves and an increase in ceftiofur resistance in group-housed calves exposed to an enrofloxacin-treated calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Breen
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Deniece R Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Essam M Abdelfattah
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Betsy M Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA 95963, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Okello E, Williams DR, ElAshmawy WR, Adams J, Pereira RV, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. Survey on Antimicrobial Drug Use Practices in California Preweaned Dairy Calves. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:636670. [PMID: 33969034 PMCID: PMC8101284 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.636670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The California (CA) dairy industry was surveyed in July 2017 to evaluate producers' knowledge and perceptions and antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in preweaned dairy calves following the implementation of the nationwide veterinary feed directive final rule (VFD) in January 2017 and prior to statewide implementation of CA Senate Bill (SB) 27 in January 2018. Together, these regulations require veterinary oversight for all uses of medically important antimicrobial drugs (MIADs) administered to livestock in CA. Survey questionnaire was mailed to 1,361 CA Grade A milk producing dairies and calf ranches across CA resulting in a 12% (169) response. Most respondents (83%) were aware of the VFD and SB 27 changes. Use of antibiotics was perceived as important (77%) in raising preweaned dairy calves and judicious use of antibiotics was ranked as the most important antimicrobial stewardship practice, amongst record keeping, observing withdrawal periods, having a valid Veterinarian-Client-Patient-Relationship (VCPR), and use of alternatives to antibiotics. Treating sick calves was the major indication for AMD use (90.5%); however, few producers reported use of antibiotics to control (12.7%) or prevent disease (11%). Neomycin sulfate, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and sulfamethazine were the most used AMD. The respondents reported a decreased use of AMD in milk (10%) and in solid feed (5%), and discontinuation of one or more AMDs used in milk (18.6%) or in solid feed (5%) post-VFD rule implementation in 2017. Most respondents reported keeping treatment records and the information recorded included date (82%), dose (44%) and route (15%) of AMD used. A few respondents reported they had initiated use of alternatives to AMDs, such as vitamins (32.6%), minerals (25.6%), herbal remedies (11.6%) and pathogen specific antibodies (7%), post-VFD. The limited changes noted in AMD use could be attributed to the short period between the implementation of the VFD and the time of the survey. Our study outcomes identified opportunities to improve AMD use practices, including record keeping and use of AMD alternatives, and provides a baseline for future evaluation of the impact of these regulatory changes, as well as guidance for the future recommendations on best practices to promote judicious AMD use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Deniece R Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Wagdy R ElAshmawy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jaymes Adams
- Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship Program, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Richard V Pereira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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5
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Konboon M, Bani-Yaghoub M, Pithua PO, Rhee N, Aly SS. A nested compartmental model to assess the efficacy of paratuberculosis control measures on U.S. dairy farms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203190. [PMID: 30278041 PMCID: PMC6168138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne's disease (JD), is a chronic contagious disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease is incurable, fatal and causes economic losses estimated to exceed 200 million dollars to the U.S. dairy industry annually. Several preventive and control measures have been recommended; however, only a few of these measures have been validated empirically. Using a nested compartmental (NC) modeling approach, the main objective of this research was to identify the best combination of control and preventive measures that minimizes the prevalence and incidence of JD and the risk of MAP occurrence in a dairy herd. The NC model employs both MAP transmission estimates and data on pen movement of cattle on a dairy to quantify the effectiveness of control and preventive measures. To obtain reasonable ranges of parameter values for between-pen movements, the NC model was fitted to the movement data of four typical California dairy farms. Using the estimated ranges of the movement parameters and those of JD from previous research, the basic reproduction number was calculated to measure the risk of MAP occurrence in each pen environment as well as the entire dairy. Although the interventions evaluated by the NC model were shown to reduce the infection, no single measure alone was capable of eradicating the infection. The numerical simulations suggest that a combination of test and cull with more frequent manure removal is the most effective method in reducing incidence, prevalence and the risk of MAP occurrence. Other control measures such as limiting calf-adult cow contacts, raising calves in a disease-free herd or colostrum management were less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinee Konboon
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Majid Bani-Yaghoub
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Patrick O. Pithua
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Noah Rhee
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Garcia AB, Shalloo L. Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 98:5019-39. [PMID: 26074241 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (also called Johne's disease) is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that affects ruminants and other animals. The epidemiology of paratuberculosis is complex and the clinical manifestations and economic impact of the disease in cattle can be variable depending on factors such as herd management, age, infection dose, and disease prevalence, among others. Additionally, considerable challenges are faced in the control of paratuberculosis in cattle, such as the lack of accurate and reliable diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, efforts are directed toward the control of this disease because it can cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industry mainly due to increased premature culling, replacement costs, decreased milk yield, reduced feed conversion efficiency, fertility problems, reduced slaughter values, and increased susceptibility to other diseases or conditions. The variability and uncertainty surrounding the estimations of paratuberculosis prevalence and impact influence the design, implementation, and efficiency of control programs in diverse areas of the world. This review covers important aspects of the economic impact and control of paratuberculosis, including challenges related to disease detection, estimations of the prevalence and economic effects of the disease, and the implementation of control programs. The control of paratuberculosis can improve animal health and welfare, increase productivity, reduce potential market problems, and increase overall business profitability. The benefits that can derive from the control of paratuberculosis need to be communicated to all industry stakeholders to promote the implementation of control programs. Moreover, if the suspected link between Johne's disease in ruminants and Crohn's disease in humans was established, significant economic losses could be expected, particularly for the dairy industry, making the control of this disease a priority across dairy industries internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Garcia
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - L Shalloo
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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