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Sonnewald-Daum T, Euchner K, Frost L, Pauly T, Fuchs C, Zettler B, Schade R, Huber-Schlenstedt R, Harms J, Klima A, Mansfeld R. [Investigations of a controlled, decision tree based procedure for Selective Dry Cow Treatment in Bavarian dairy farms]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2024; 52:65-78. [PMID: 38701797 DOI: 10.1055/a-2272-3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Four parameters of a decision tree for Selective Dry Cow Treatment (SDCT), examined in a previous study, were analyzed regarding their efficacy in detecting cows for dry cow treatment (DCT, use of intramammary antimicrobials). This study set out to review wether all parameters (somatic cell count [SCC≥ 200 000 SC/ml 3 months' milk yield recordings prior dry off (DO)], clinical mastitis history during lactation [≥1 CM], culturing [14d prior DO, detection of major pathogens] and California-Mastitis-Test [CMT, > rate 1/+ at DO]) are necessary for accurate decision making, whether there are possible alternatives to replace culturing, and whether a simplified model could replace the decision tree. MATERIAL AND METHODS Records of 18 Bavarian dairy farms from June 2015 to August 2017 were processed. Data analysis was carried out by means of descriptive statistics, as well as employing a binary cost sensitive classification tree and logit-models. For statistical analyses the outcomes of the full 4-parameter decision tree were taken as ground truth. RESULTS 848 drying off procedures in 739 dairy cows (CDO) were included. SCC and CMT selected 88.1%, in combination with CM 95.6% of the cows that received DCT (n=494). Without culturing, 22 (4.4%) with major pathogens (8x Staphylococcus [S.] aureus) infected CDO would have been misclassified as not needing DCT. The average of geometric mean SCC (within 100 d prior DO) for CDO with negative results in culturing was<100 000 SC/ml milk, 100 000-150 000 SC/ml for CDO infected with minor pathogens, and ≥ 150 000 SC/ml for CDO infected with major pathogens (excluding S.aureus). Using SCC during lactation (at least 1x > 200 000 SC/ml) and positive CMT to select CDO for DCT, contrary to the decision tree, 37 CDO (4.4%) would have been treated "incorrectly without" and 43 CDO (5.1%) "unnecessarily with" DCT. Modifications were identified, such as SCC<131 000 SC/ml within 100 d prior to DO for detecting CDO with no growth or minor pathogens in culturing. The best model for grading CDO for or against DCT (CDO without CM and SCC<200 000 SC/ml [last 3 months prior DO]) had metrics of AUC=0.74, Accuracy=0.778, balanced Accuracy=0.63, Sensitivity=0.92 and Specificity=0.33. CONCLUSIONS Combining the decision tree's parameters SCC, CMT and CM renders suitable selection criteria under the conditions of this study. When omitting culturing, lower thresholds for SCC should be considered for each farm individually to select CDO for DCT. Nonetheless, the most accurate model could not replace the full decision tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Sonnewald-Daum
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katharina Euchner
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Laetitia Frost
- Institut für Statistik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Tim Pauly
- Institut für Statistik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Carla Fuchs
- Institut für Statistik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Bianca Zettler
- Institut für Statistik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Rebekka Schade
- Statistisches Beratungslabor StaBLab der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | | | - Jan Harms
- Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Grub
| | - André Klima
- Institut für Statistik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- Statistisches Beratungslabor StaBLab der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Rolf Mansfeld
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Guadagnini M, Gogna C, Tolasi C, Tolasi G, Gnali G, Freu G, Masroure AJ, Moroni P. Approach to Selective Dry Cow Therapy in Early Adopter Italian Dairy Farms: Why Compliance Is So Important. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3485. [PMID: 38003103 PMCID: PMC10668801 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective dry-cow therapy (SDCT) became mandatory in Italy on 28 January 2022. During 2020, a group of farms involved in a milk quality program began a pilot experiment with SDCT in order to understand its challenges and to identify areas for procedural improvements. The aim of this study was to describe the challenges and results of the SDCT in early adopters' herds with a special focus on treatment compliance. Retrospective data from 1911 cows from 11 dairy herds were evaluated. Somatic cell counts, clinical mastitis (CM) history, and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) were used as criteria for SDCT. Based on the dairy herd improvement test results and CM history, 48% of all cows should have received antibiotic treatments and internal teat sealants. Adding the CMT at dry-off increased the percentage of antibiotic-treated cows to 62%, with relevant variation among farms. Concerning treatment compliance, 21% of the cows were "non-compliant", suggesting the importance of monitoring treatment compliance. In conclusion, even if commonly used selection criteria for antibiotic treatments were used, the need for more education and in-depth monitoring of the SDCT adoption process was clearly identified. Close collaboration and agreement between veterinarians and farmers are key for SDCT adoption success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Guadagnini
- Axiota Animal Health, 2809 East Harmony Road #190, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA;
| | - Clarissa Gogna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.G.); (G.F.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Cecilia Tolasi
- Studio Veterinario “Armigio” Scarpizzolo di San Paolo, 25020 Brescia, Italy; (C.T.); (G.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Giacomo Tolasi
- Studio Veterinario “Armigio” Scarpizzolo di San Paolo, 25020 Brescia, Italy; (C.T.); (G.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Gisella Gnali
- Studio Veterinario “Armigio” Scarpizzolo di San Paolo, 25020 Brescia, Italy; (C.T.); (G.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Gustavo Freu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.G.); (G.F.); (A.J.M.)
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Anoar Jamai Masroure
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.G.); (G.F.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.G.); (G.F.); (A.J.M.)
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Sonnewald-Daum T, Obster F, Mansfeld R. [Veterinary Herd Health Management and Selective Dry Cow Treatment in Germany - Results of a survey among farm veterinarians]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2023; 51:269-283. [PMID: 37956670 DOI: 10.1055/a-2135-5987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the survey was to evaluate the development and implementation of Veterinary Herd Health Management (VHHM), as well as Selective Dry Cow Treatment (SDCT), in German veterinary practices and dairy farms. Furthermore, this survey set out to compare and contrast veterinary practitioners that utilize VHHM in relation to SDCT with those that do not. MATERIAL AND METHODS The survey (n=600) was distributed to veterinary livestock practitioners at 7 advanced training courses. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Data analysis was carried out by means of descriptive statistics as well as by linear and logistic regression. RESULTS The response rate amounted to 39.3% (n=236). 54.2% (n=128) of the veterinarians reported that they conduct VHHM. Procedures for SDCT were used on farms overseen by 75% (n=177) of the vets. Different decision criteria applied at herd (81.6%, n=142) and at individual cow level (97.7%, n=172) respectively. A performance review of SDCT was carried out more frequently on farms of veterinarians that practice VHHM (66%, n=66) than those that do not (41%, n=28). An increase in the number of farms conducting VHHM was associated with an increase in the proportion of farms using SDCT. An increase of the probability of good udder health was associated with SDCT farms that also apply VHHM (OR: 1.025; p<0.05). The provision of consultation for problems arising during the dry period (OR: 3.639; p<0.05), the frequency of veterinarians addressing SDCT with farmers (OR: 1,595; p<0,05) and vice versa (OR: 1,538; p<0.05), as well as frequency of consultation for drying off management (OR: 1,608; p<0.05) had an positive impact on the likelihood of SDCT being implemented on a farm and whether this process was ultimately successful. CONCLUSIONS According to available data, both VHHM and SDCT are established parts of veterinary practice in bovine care. In practice, SDCT is partially conducted within the framework of a controlled procedure including a performance review. The implementation of VHHM has an effect on the number of farms performing SDCT as well as on udder health where VHHM and SDCT are combined on a farm. The range and frequency of consultation by veterinarians have a significant influence on a reduction of use of antibiotics by implementation of SDCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Sonnewald-Daum
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Fabian Obster
- Statistisches Beratungslabor (StaBLab), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- Fakultät für Betriebswirtschaft, Universität der Bundeswehr München
| | - Rolf Mansfeld
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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McCubbin KD, de Jong E, Brummelhuis CM, Bodaneze J, Biesheuvel M, Kelton DF, Uyama T, Dufour S, Sanchez J, Rizzo D, Léger D, Barkema HW. Antimicrobial and teat sealant use and selection criteria at dry-off on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7104-7116. [PMID: 37500435 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Infections with antimicrobial resistant pathogens are a major threat to human and animal health worldwide. Further, reduction of livestock-associated antimicrobial use (AMU) is often identified as an area of focus. Selective dry cow therapy (DCT) warrants consideration as an important way to decrease AMU on Canadian dairy farms. In addition, teat sealants (TS) are a nonantimicrobial alternative for prevention of intramammary infection during the dry period. Therefore, objectives of this study were to determine how antimicrobials and TS are used at dry-off on Canadian dairy farms to determine selective DCT uptake and enacted selection protocols. It was expected that these data will provide a baseline understanding of DCT practices and highlight areas for future intervention to further reduce AMU. An observational study was conducted utilizing 2 in-person questionnaires conducted between July 2019 and September 2021 on 144 participating dairy farms in 5 Canadian provinces (British Columbia = 30, Alberta = 30, Ontario = 31, Québec = 29, and Nova Scotia = 24). Overall, 45 farms (31%) reported adopting selective DCT, 95 (66%) enacted blanket DCT, and 4 (3%) did not provide antimicrobial DCT. Farms enacting selective DCT had approximately 50% less intramammary antimicrobials used at dry-off compared with blanket DCT farms. Cow somatic cell count history was the most common criterion for selective DCT decision-making, followed by previous clinical mastitis history, bacteriological culture, and milk production. A slight majority of farms (56%) applied TS to all cows at dry-off, whereas 17 farms (12%) used TS selectively, and 46 farms (32%) did not use TS. Larger herds more often used TS, and farms with an automatic milking system more often used TS selectively than applied to all cows. Results highlighted the variability in antimicrobial treatment and TS use protocols at dry-off on Canadian dairy farms, and the potential for further antimicrobial reduction with increased adoption of selective DCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayley D McCubbin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Ellen de Jong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Carmen M Brummelhuis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Bodaneze
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Marit Biesheuvel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Tamaki Uyama
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Simon Dufour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Daniella Rizzo
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada N1H 8J1
| | - David Léger
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada N1H 8J1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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Tommasoni C, Fiore E, Lisuzzo A, Gianesella M. Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: On-Farm Diagnostics and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2538. [PMID: 37570346 PMCID: PMC10417731 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cattle farms, and it can affect the health status of the udder and the quantity and quality of milk yielded. The correct management of mastitis is based both on preventive and treatment action. With the increasing concern for antimicrobial resistance, it is strongly recommended to treat only the mammary quarters presenting intramammary infection. For this reason, a timely and accurate diagnosis is fundamental. The possibility to detect and characterize mastitis directly on farm would be very useful to choose the correct management protocol. Some on-field diagnostic tools are already routinely applied to detect mastitis, such as the California Mastitis Test and on-farm culture. Other instruments are emerging to perform a timely diagnosis and to characterize mastitis, such as Infra-Red Thermography, mammary ultrasound evaluation and blood gas analysis, even if their application still needs to be improved. The main purpose of this article is to present an overview of the methods currently used to control, detect, and characterize mastitis in dairy cows, in order to perform a timely diagnosis and to choose the most appropriate management protocol, with a specific focus on on-farm diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tommasoni
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
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Henningsen MB, Denwood M, Kirkeby CT, Nielsen SS. Use of Danish National Somatic Cell Count Data to Assess the Need for Dry-Off Treatment in Holstein Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2523. [PMID: 37570331 PMCID: PMC10416964 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In Denmark, PCR testing of dairy cattle is commonly used to select animals for the antibacterial treatment of intramammary infection (IMI) during the dry-off period. IMI is associated with a high somatic cell count (SCC), routinely recorded for milk quality control for most commercial dairy herds. This study aimed to compare SCC curves over the lactation among dairy cows with positive vs. negative PCR test results for four major IMI pathogens. Data from 133,877 PCR-tested Holstein cows from 1364 Danish conventional dairy herds were used to fit a nonlinear mixed-effects model using a modified four-parameter Wilmink function. We stratified the data into first, second, third or fourth and later parity and fitted Wilmink curves to all SCC observations between 6 and 305 days in milk. The PCR tests were taken before dry-off at the end of the lactation to investigate which animals qualified for selective dry cow therapy. A PCR Ct-value of 37 and below was used to determine if an animal was PCR positive for any of the following IMI pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Str. dysgalactiae and Str. uberis. Our findings showed that mean SCC curve fits were higher for PCR-positive animals in all four parity groups and across lactations. The use of SCC data fitted to the entire lactation for multiple lactations enabled quantification of overall differences in SCC curves between cattle with and without detected IMI, adjusted for parity group and stage of lactation. These findings are relevant to the use of SCC to support treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj Beldring Henningsen
- Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (M.D.); (S.S.N.)
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Filippone Pavesi L, Pollera C, Sala G, Cremonesi P, Monistero V, Biscarini F, Bronzo V. Effect of the Selective Dry Cow Therapy on Udder Health and Milk Microbiota. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1259. [PMID: 37627678 PMCID: PMC10451862 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the use of antimicrobials on dairy farms has been significantly limited from both the legislative and consumer points of view. This study aims to check the efficacy of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) versus blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT) on bovine udder in healthy animals. SDTC is when an antibiotic is administered only to infected cows, compared with BDCT, where all cows receive an antimicrobial, regardless of their infection status. The milk samples were collected from enrolled Holstein Friesian cows 7 days before dry-off (T0) and 10 days after calving (T1) to assess somatic cell count (SCC), intramammary infections (IMIs), and milk microbiota variation. After pre-drying sampling, cows are randomly assigned to the following treatments: internal teat sealant alone (ITS; 24 cows), which is a treatment in a cow that does not receive antibiotics in SDTC, or in combination with intramammary antibiotic treatment (A+ITS; 22 cows). Non-statistically significant results are found between the two treatment groups at T1 for SCC, milk yield, and alpha diversity in milk microbiota. A statistically (p < 0.033) T1 IMI decrease is reported in the A+ITS group, and a significant beta diversity analysis is shown between the two timepoints (p = 0.009). This study confirms the possibility of selective drying without new IMI risk or increased SCC at calving, considering healthy cows without contagious infections and SCC values >200,000 cells/mL in the previous lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Filippone Pavesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.F.P.); (C.P.); (V.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Claudia Pollera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.F.P.); (C.P.); (V.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (SP-22), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Valentina Monistero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.F.P.); (C.P.); (V.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Filippo Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.F.P.); (C.P.); (V.M.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases—MiLab, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Lipkens Z, Piepers S, De Vliegher S. Impact of Selective Dry Cow Therapy on Antimicrobial Consumption, Udder Health, Milk Yield, and Culling Hazard in Commercial Dairy Herds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050901. [PMID: 37237804 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to evaluate whether or not implementing selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) on commercial dairy farms reduces antimicrobial consumption without negatively affecting future performances when compared to blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT). Twelve commercial herds in the Flemish region of Belgium with overall good udder health management were enrolled in a randomized control trial, including 466 cows that were assigned to a BDCT (n = 244) or SDCT (n = 222) group within herds. Cows in the SDCT group were dried off with internal teat sealants combined or not with long-acting antimicrobials according to a predefined algorithm based on test-day somatic cell count (SCC) data. Total antimicrobial use for udder health between drying off and 100 days in milk was significantly lower in the SDCT group (i.e., a mean of 1.06 defined the course dose) compared to the BDCT group (i.e., a mean of 1.25 defined the course dose), although with substantial variation between herds. Test-day SCC values, milk yield, and the clinical mastitis and culling hazard in the first 100 days in milk did not differ between the BDCT and SDCT groups. SCC-based and algorithm-guided SDCT is suggested to decrease the overall use of antimicrobials without jeopardizing cows' udder health and milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Paramasivam R, Gopal DR, Dhandapani R, Subbarayalu R, Elangovan MP, Prabhu B, Veerappan V, Nandheeswaran A, Paramasivam S, Muthupandian S. Is AMR in Dairy Products a Threat to Human Health? An Updated Review on the Origin, Prevention, Treatment, and Economic Impacts of Subclinical Mastitis. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:155-178. [PMID: 36636377 PMCID: PMC9831082 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s384776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine mastitis is the most frequent and costly illness impacting dairy herds worldwide. The presence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows has an impact on the decreased output of milk and milk quality, culling of affected cows, mortality rate, as well as mastitis-related treatment expenses, generating significant financial loss to the dairy industry. The pathogenic bacteria invade through the mammary gland, which then multiply in the milk-producing tissues causing infection, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is concerning, jeopardizes human health, and also has public health consequences. Intervention to promote herd health is essential to protect public health and the economy. Results This review attempts to provide an overview of subclinical mastitis, including mastitis in different species, the effect of mastitis on human health and its pathogenic mechanism, the prevalence and incidence of subclinical mastitis, and current preventive, diagnostic, and treatment methods for subclinical mastitis. It also elaborates on the management practices that should be followed by the farms to improve herd immunity and health. Conclusion This review brings the importance of the threat of antimicrobial resistance organisms to the dairy industry. Furthermore, this review gives a glimpse of the economic consequences faced by the farmers and a futuristic mastitis market analysis in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragul Paramasivam
- Research and Development Division, Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | - Dhinakar Raj Gopal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Science University (TANUVAS), Chennai, 600007, India
| | | | | | | | - Bhavadharani Prabhu
- Research and Development Division, Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | - Veeramani Veerappan
- Research and Development Division, Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Lab, Centre for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India,Division of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Saravanan Muthupandian, Email
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Effectiveness of Intramammary Antibiotics, Internal Teat Sealants, or Both at Dry-Off in Dairy Cows: Milk Production and Somatic Cell Count Outcomes. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100559. [PMID: 36288172 PMCID: PMC9608262 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is the greatest disease challenge for dairy producers, with substantial economic impacts due to lost milk production. Amongst the approaches implemented to control and prevent mastitis on dairies are vaccination, pre- and post-milking teat dips, and treatments at dry-off including intramammary antibiotics and teat sealants. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the effect of different treatments at dry-off on the subsequent lactation's milk production and somatic cell count (SCC). A single-blinded controlled block randomized clinical trial was conducted between December 2016 and August 2018 on eight herds from four of the top ten milk-producing counties in California: Tulare, Kings, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin. The trial was repeated with cows enrolled during the winter and summer seasons to account for seasonal variability. Eligible cows were treated at dry-off with either intramammary antibiotics (AB), internal teat sealant (TS), AB + TS, or did not receive any treatment (control), and were followed through 150 days in milk (DIM) post-calving. The milk production and SCC data were extracted from monthly test day milk records (Dairy Comp 305, Valley Ag Software, Tulare, CA, USA). Two-piece spline linear mixed models were used to model the milk production (kg) and natural logarithm-transformed SCC. After accounting for parity, breed, season, and dry period duration, the milk model showed a significant increase in milk production (1.84 kg/day) in cows treated with AB + TS at dry-off in comparison to controls. There was no significant difference in the milk produced by cows that received either AB or TS (0.12 kg/day, and 0.67 kg/day, respectively) in comparison to the untreated cows. Different dry cow treatments were associated with a significant reduction in ln SCC during the first 150 DIM. The greatest reduction was associated with using AB + TS, followed by AB, and finally TS in comparison to controls. Dairies with high SCC may benefit from treating cows at dry-off with AB, TS, or both.
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Goncalves JL, Young J, Leite RDF, Fidelis CE, Trevisoli PA, Coutinho LL, Silva NCC, Cue RI, Rall VLM, dos Santos MV. The Impact of Selective Dry Cow Therapy Adopted in a Brazilian Farm on Bacterial Diversity and the Abundance of Quarter Milk. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100550. [PMID: 36288163 PMCID: PMC9606860 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current study sought to assess the impact of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) (protocol 1: antibiotics combined with internal teat sealant (ITS); vs. protocol 2: ITS alone) on bacterial diversity and the abundance of quarter milk. Based on the results of bacteriological culturing, the quarters (n = 313) were categorized as healthy, cured, persistent, and new intramammary infection. The bacterial diversity was similar when comparing both healthy and cured quarters submitted to both drying-off protocols. Although healthy cows that were treated at drying-off using only teat sealant showed no alteration in the alpha and beta diversity of bacteria, they showed a higher abundance of bacterial groups that may be beneficial to or commensals of the mammary gland, which implies that antibiotic therapy should be reserved for mammary quarters with a history of mastitis. Abstract We aimed to evaluate the impact of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) (protocol 1: antimicrobial combined with internal teat sealant (ITS); vs. protocol 2: ITS alone) on bacterial diversity and the abundance of quarter milk. Eighty high production cows (parity ≤ 3 and an average milk yield of 36.5 kg/cow/day) from the largest Brazilian dairy herd available were randomly selected; milk quarter samples were collected for microbiological culture (MC) on the day of drying-off (n = 313) and on day 7 post-calving (n = 313). Based on the results of the MC before and after calving, 240 quarters out of 313 were considered healthy, 38 were cured, 29 showed new infections and 6 had persistent infections. Mammary quarters were randomly selected based on intramammary information status and SDCT protocols for bacterial diversity analyses. The bacterial diversity was similar when comparing both healthy and cured quarters submitted to both drying-off protocols. Despite healthy cows that were treated at dry-off using only teat sealant showing no alteration in the alpha and beta bacterial diversity, they did show a higher abundance of bacterial groups that may be beneficial to or commensals of the mammary gland, which implies that antibiotic therapy should be reserved for mammary quarters with a history of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano L. Goncalves
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Juliana Young
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Renata de F. Leite
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos E. Fidelis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila A. Trevisoli
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz L. Coutinho
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Nathália C. C. Silva
- Department of Food Science and nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Roger I. Cue
- Department of Animal Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Quebec, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Vera Lucia Mores Rall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Marcos V. dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
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McCubbin KD, de Jong E, Lam TJGM, Kelton DF, Middleton JR, McDougall S, De Vliegher S, Godden S, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Rowe S, Speksnijder DC, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW. Invited review: Selective use of antimicrobials in dairy cattle at drying-off. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7161-7189. [PMID: 35931474 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Administering intramammary antimicrobials to all mammary quarters of dairy cows at drying-off [i.e., blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT)] has been a mainstay of mastitis prevention and control. However, as udder health has considerably improved over recent decades with reductions in intramammary infection prevalence at drying-off and the introduction of teat sealants, BDCT may no longer be necessary on all dairy farms, thereby supporting antimicrobial stewardship efforts. This narrative review summarizes available literature regarding current dry cow therapy practices and associated impacts of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) on udder health, milk production, economics, antimicrobial use, and antimicrobial resistance. Various methods to identify infections at drying-off that could benefit from antimicrobial treatment are described for selecting cows or mammary quarters for treatment, including utilizing somatic cell count thresholds, pathogen identification, previous clinical mastitis history, or a combination of criteria. Selection methods may be enacted at the herd, cow, or quarter levels. Producers' and veterinarians' motivations for antimicrobial use are discussed. Based on review findings, SDCT can be adopted without negative consequences for udder health and milk production, and concurrent teat sealant use is recommended, especially in udder quarters receiving no intramammary antimicrobials. Furthermore, herd selection should be considered for SDCT implementation in addition to cow or quarter selection, as BDCT may still be temporarily necessary in some herds for optimal mastitis control. Costs and benefits of SDCT vary among herds, whereas impacts on antimicrobial resistance remain unclear. In summary, SDCT is a viable management option for maintaining udder health and milk production while improving antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayley D McCubbin
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ellen de Jong
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Theo J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - Scott McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa FVC Morrinsville, PO Box 21, Morrinsville 3340, New Zealand; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sandra Godden
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - Päivi J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Sam Rowe
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - David C Speksnijder
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Farm Animal Clinic ULP, 3481LZ Harmelen, the Netherlands
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Ferreira FC, Martínez-López B, Okello E. Potential impacts to antibiotics use around the dry period if selective dry cow therapy is adopted by dairy herds: An example of the western US. Prev Vet Med 2022; 206:105709. [PMID: 35835049 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a prevalent and expensive disease in dairy herds worldwide. Blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT), in which all quarters of all cows are infused with antimicrobials at the dry-off, is a cornerstone for mastitis control in many countries. An alternative approach is the use of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT), in which only cows with high risk for intramammary infection (IMI) at dry-off receive antimicrobials. Our objectives in this cross-sectional study were to estimate the potential reduction in the use of antimicrobials if SDCT was adopted in the US by using cow-level dairy herd data and to describe the factors associated with cows being classified as high-risk for an IMI at dry-off. Besides, we aimed to describe the seasonality in IMI at dry-off. We used cow-level somatic cell score (SCS) test-day data from herds in the western US (DHIA, Dairy Herd Improvement Association, AgriTech, Visalia, CA) to create five scenarios to classify cows as high risk for IMI at dry-off. Associations between cow-level data and state were also used in logistic regression models. We also calculated the average animal-defined daily dosage of antimicrobials per cow per year around the dry period if a BDCT or SDCT approach is used, adjusting for the risk of cases of clinical mastitis in the next lactation for the SDCT approach. The point prevalence of IMI at the last test-day before dry-off varied between 15.0 % and 54 % for primiparous and 34.0 % and 85 % for multiparous cows, depending on the scenario. By extrapolating our results obtained from using data from dairies enrolled in the DHIA testing program for the western US, we demonstrated that regardless of the criteria used to classify cows as high risk of IMI at dry-off (scenarios 1-5), if selective dry cow therapy is adopted in the US, the dairy industry could reduce the use of antimicrobials around the dry-off between 31 % and 66 %. Multiparous cows had greater odds of being classified as high-risk than primiparous cows. Cows dried off in the spring, summer, and fall had lower odds of being classified as high-risk compared to cows dried off in the winter. Advanced days in milk at dry-off was associated with greater risk of IMI at dry-off. Greater milk yield and higher protein percentage at the last test-day before dry-off were associated with decreased odds of a cow being classified as high-risk at dry-off, cows in small herds had greater odds of being classified as high-risk at dry-off, and a variation among states was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Ferreira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA.
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95618 CA, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA.
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Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in south-Asian countries: a review of risk factors and etiology to prioritize control measures. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:621-640. [PMID: 35701569 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a major production disease, causing significant economic losses for dairy farmers in South-Asian countries, as well as other parts of the world. Udder health control programs (UHCP) have been established in developed countries as an effective strategy for mastitis control but have not yet been introduced in South-Asian low-income countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. To launch UHCP successfully in dairy herds in South-Asia, it is important to know the current prevalence and risk factors for subclinical mastitis (SCM). Therefore, a narrative literature review was conducted with the aim to describe the dairy sector, the prevalence of SCM and its causal agents, risk factors for mastitis occurrence and the control measures suggested by different studies conducted in the selected countries. The literature revealed that India had the highest cattle population. Milking was mainly done by hand in all of the studied countries. Stall feeding was done in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and limited access to grazing was also reported in some farms in India and Pakistan. There was substantial variation in the prevalence of SCM between studies in all 4 countries, ranging from about 20% to about 80%, but the average prevalence across all studies was high (50%). The most common causal agents for SCM were non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia (E.) coli. The management related risk factors reported for SCM were stall feeding of cows, a higher stock density, cracked floors, open drains, the presence of flies, poor drainage, peri-parturient diseases, infrequent dung removal and earth floors. The control measures suggested in these studies were to improve the hygiene and sanitation of cows, to improve the cleanliness of farms and milker's hands, to apply dry cow therapy, supplementing micronutrients and routine screening for SCM combined with taking intervention measures like isolation of cows or milking infected cows last, and proper treatment. Also, full hand milking, complete milking, machine milking, and providing feed and water immediately after milking have been recommended. Finally, we show that current literature often studies the same set of (non-manageable) risk factors, so more research is needed to obtain a comprehensive picture of the determinants of SCM. Randomized controlled trials are needed to truly quantify the effect of intervention under field conditions. Altogether, our work gives an overview of the udder health situation in South-Asia and provides the basis for the design of UHCP in this region.
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Niemi RE, Hovinen M, Rajala-Schultz PJ. Selective dry cow therapy effect on milk yield and somatic cell count: A retrospective cohort study. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1387-1401. [PMID: 34955269 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic dry cow therapy (aDCT) at the end of lactation is an effective mastitis control measure. Selective dry cow therapy means that only infected or presumed-infected cows are treated, instead of aDCT being used as a treatment for all cows. Because antibiotic resistance poses a global threat, livestock production is under increasing pressure to reduce antibiotic use. Changes in management should not, however, impair animal welfare or cause significant economic losses. Our objective was to compare milk yield and somatic cell count (SCC) between aDCT-treated and untreated cows in herds that used selective aDCT, taking into account risk factors for reduced yield and high SCC. The information source was 2015 to 2017 Dairy Herd Improvement data, with 4,720 multiparous cows from 172 Finnish dairy farms. The response variables were test-day milk yield (kg/d) and naturally log-transformed composite SCC (×1,000 cells/mL) during the first 154 d in milk (DIM). The statistical tool was a linear mixed-effects model with 2-level random intercepts, cows nested within herds, and a first-order autoregressive [AR(1)] correlation structure. The overall proportion of aDCT-treated cows was 25% (1,176/4,720). Due to the interaction effect, SCC on the last test day prior to dry-off affected postcalving milk yield differently in aDCT-treated cows than in untreated cows. A higher SCC prior to dry-off correlated with a greater daily yield difference after calving between cows treated and untreated. The majority of cows had SCC < 200,000 cells/mL before dry-off, and as SCC before dry-off decreased, difference in yield between aDCT-treated and untreated cows decreased. Postcalving SCC was lower for aDCT-treated cows compared with untreated cows. To illustrate, for cows with an SCC of 200,000 cells/mL before dry-off, compared with untreated cows, aDCT-treated cows produced 0.97 kg/d more milk and, at 45 DIM, had an SCC that was 20,000 cells/mL lower. Higher late-lactation SCC and lactational mastitis treatments were associated with higher postcalving SCC. A dry period lasting more than 30 d was associated with higher yields but not with SCC. Our findings indicate that a missed aDCT treatment for a high-SCC cow has a negative effect on subsequent lactation milk yield and SCC, which emphasizes the importance of accurate selection of cows to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Niemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland.
| | - M Hovinen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
| | - P J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
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Cattaneo L, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Lopreiato V, Lovotti G, Arrigoni N, Minuti A, Trevisi E. Drying-off cows with low somatic cell count with or without antibiotic therapy: A pilot study addressing the effects on immunometabolism and performance in the subsequent lactation. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Milk microbiome in dairy cattle and the challenges of low microbial biomass and exogenous contamination. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:80. [PMID: 34794515 PMCID: PMC8600933 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blanket usage of antimicrobials at the end of lactation (or “drying off”) in dairy cattle is under increasing scrutiny due to concerns about antimicrobial resistance. To lower antimicrobial usage in dairy farming, farmers are now encouraged to use “selective dry cow therapy” whereby only cows viewed as at high risk of mastitis are administered antimicrobial agents. It is important to gain a better understanding of how this practice affects the udder-associated microbiota and the potential knock-on effects on antimicrobial-resistant bacterial populations circulating on the farm. However, there are challenges associated with studying low biomass environments such as milk, due to known contamination effects on microbiome datasets. Here, we obtained milk samples from cattle at drying off and at calving to measure potential shifts in bacterial load and microbiota composition, with a critical assessment of contamination effects. Results Several samples had no detectable 16S rRNA gene copies and crucially, exogenous contamination was detected in the initial microbiome dataset. The affected samples were removed from the final microbiome analysis, which compromised the experimental design and statistical analysis. There was no significant difference in bacterial load between treatments (P > 0.05), but load was lower at calving than at drying off (P = 0.039). Escherichia coli counts by both sequence and culture data increased significantly in the presence of reduced bacterial load and a decreasing trend of microbiome richness and diversity. The milk samples revealed diverse microbiomes not reflecting a typical infection profile and were largely comprised of gut- and skin-associated taxa, with the former decreasing somewhat after prolonged sealing of the teats. Conclusions The drying off period had a key influence on microbiota composition and bacterial load, which appeared to be independent of antimicrobial usage. The interactions between drying off treatment protocol and milk microbiome dynamics are clearly complex, and our evaluations of these interactions were restricted by low biomass samples and contamination effects. Therefore, our analysis will inform the design of future studies to establish whether different selection protocols could be implemented to further minimise antimicrobial usage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00144-x.
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Comparison of Bovine Mammary Involution and Intramammary Infections Following Intramammary Treatment with Casein Hydrolysate and Other Conventional Treatments at Dry-Off. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082360. [PMID: 34438817 PMCID: PMC8388654 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alternatives to antibiotic therapy for mastitis in dairy cattle are of interest to the dairy industry and society. Reduced use of antibiotics while maintaining or improving animal welfare is desirable. We studied the intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate, alone or combined with standard dry cow treatment, at the beginning of the dry period before cows have their next calf. The effects on mammary involution and milk quality suggested that infusion of casein hydrolysate alone or combined with internal teat sealant may be an alternative to antibiotic dry cow therapy. Abstract Alternatives to routine antibiotic treatment of dairy cattle during the dry period before their next calving are of interest. This was a preliminary study of whether intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate, administered alone or combined with standard dry treatment, accelerated the rate of mammary involution early in the dry period. Four treatments were studied in a split udder design. One udder half was assigned a treatment, and the contralateral half was administered dry cow treatment + internal teat sealant as a control. Treatments were casein hydrolysate, casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment, casein hydrolysate + teat sealant and casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment + teat sealant. Cows (n = 16) were blocked by a number of intramammary infections per udder half (0 or 1+) and randomized to treatments. Milk production was not different between control or treated udder halves post-calving. A generalized linear mixed model tested for differences between the treatment groups in the concentration of mammary involution indicators in milk: somatic cell count, bovine lactoferrin and bovine serum albumin. At 7 days, dry udder halves treated with casein hydrolysate had higher milk concentrations of lactoferrin than those treated with casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment, casein hydrolysate + teat sealant and control. At 10 days dry, bovine serum albumin was higher in udder halves treated with casein hydrolysate than in those treated with casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment, casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment + teat sealant and control. Post-calving, casein hydrolysate-treated udder halves produced 51% of total milk, unchanged from before dry-off. There were seven total intramammary infections entering the dry period, all caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Cure rates (3/7, 43%) were not different among all treatments and control, partly because of the small sample size. Intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate at the end of lactation may be an alternative or possible adjunct to antibiotic dry cow therapy.
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Hogeveen H, Klaas IC, Dalen G, Honig H, Zecconi A, Kelton DF, Mainar MS. Novel ways to use sensor data to improve mastitis management. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11317-11332. [PMID: 34304877 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current sensor systems are used to detect cows with clinical mastitis. Although, the systems perform well enough to not negatively affect the adoption of automatic milking systems, the performance is far from perfect. An important advantage of sensor systems is the availability of multiple measurements per day. By clearly defining the need for detection of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) from the farmers' management perspective, detection and management of SCM and CM may be improved. Sensor systems may also be used for other aspects of mastitis management. In this paper we have defined 4 mastitis situations that could be managed with the support of sensor systems. Because of differences in the associated management and the epidemiology of these specific mastitis situations, the required demands for performance of the sensor systems do differ. The 4 defined mastitis situations with the requirements of performance are the following: (1) Cows with severe CM needing immediate attention. Sensor systems should have a very high sensitivity (>95% and preferably close to 100%) and specificity (>99%) within a narrow time window (maximum 12 h) to ensure that close to all cows with true cases of severe CM are detected quickly. Although never studied, it is expected that because of the effects of severe CM, such a high detection performance is feasible. (2) Cows with mastitis that do not need immediate attention. Although these cows have a risk of progressing into severe CM or chronic mastitis, they should get the chance to cure spontaneously under close monitoring. Sensor alerts should have a reasonable sensitivity (>80%) and a high specificity (>99.5%). The time window may be around 7 d. (3) Cows needing attention at drying off. For selective dry cow treatment, the absence or presence of an intramammary infection at dry-off needs to be known. To avoid both false-positive and false-negative alerts, sensitivity and specificity can be equally high (>95%). (4) Herd-level udder health. By combining sensor readings from all cows in the herd, novel herd-level key performance indicators can be developed to monitor udder health status and development over time and raise alerts at significant deviances from predefined thresholds; sensitivity should be reasonably high, >80%, and because of the costs for further analysis of false-positive alerts, the specificity should be >99%. The development and validation of sensor-based algorithms specifically for these 4 mastitis situations will encourage situation-specific farmer interventions and operational udder health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Hogeveen
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Economics group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ilka C Klaas
- DeLaval International AB, Gustaf De Lavals väg 15, 147 21 Tumba, Sweden
| | | | - Hen Honig
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon Leziyyon, Israel
| | - Alfonso Zecconi
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - David F Kelton
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Maria Sánchez Mainar
- International Dairy Federation, 70/B Boulevard Auguste Reyers, 1030 Brussels, Belgium
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Ekong PS, Abdelfattah EM, Okello E, Williams DR, Lehenbauer TW, Karle BM, Rowe JD, Marshall ES, Aly SS. 2018 Survey of antimicrobial drug use and stewardship practices in adult cows on California dairies: post-Senate Bill 27. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11515. [PMID: 34306824 PMCID: PMC8284310 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A survey of California (CA) dairies was performed in spring 2018 to characterize antimicrobial stewardship practices, antimicrobial drug (AMD) use, and health management of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of the Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) and the CA Senate Bill 27 (SB 27). Effective January 1, 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) implemented regulatory changes requiring veterinary oversight for therapeutic uses of medically-important antimicrobial drugs (MIADs) administered in feed (VFD) and water (veterinary prescription). Similarly, effective January 1, 2018, the CA legislature enacted California Food and Agricultural Code (FAC) 14400-14408, formerly known as Senate Bill 27 (SB 27) requiring veterinary prescriptions for all other dosage forms of MIADs. METHODS The questionnaire consisted of 43 questions partitioned into three sections to assess herd information, management practices, and AMD use and perspectives. The questionnaire was mailed to 1,282 grade A licensed dairies in CA and 149 responses (11.6%) were collected from 19 counties across the three defined regions of CA: Northern CA (NCA), Northern San Joaquin Valley (NSJV), and Greater Southern CA (GSCA). RESULTS Most dairies reported treating all dry cows with intramammary AMD and/or teat sealant at the end of a lactation (87.2%). In 92.3% of dairies, producers relied on the veterinarian for information about AMD used to treat cows. Treatment duration for cows treated with AMD was based on the drug manufacturer's label and veterinarian's instructions in most dairies (98.6%). Most respondents to the survey confirmed having a valid veterinarian-client-patient-relationship (VCPR) for their dairies (91.7%), participated in animal welfare audit programs (81.8%) and dairy quality assurance programs (52.9%). Approximately 98.6% respondents were aware that all uses of MIADs in livestock required a veterinary feed directive (VFD) or prescription and are no longer sold over-the-counter (OTC) in CA since January 1, 2018. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) was performed and identified seven components composed of 21 variables (questions) that explained 99.7% of the total variance in the data. Hierarchical cluster analysis on the principal coordinates of the MFA based on conventional dairy survey responses identified two clusters characterized as large conventional dairies (median herd size: 1,265 cows) and mid-sized conventional dairies (median herd size: 715 cows) mostly in GSCA and NSJV. The organic dairies grouped into a single cluster of median herd size of 325 cows mostly in NCA. CONCLUSIONS The survey results contribute to the knowledge of AMD use and antimicrobial stewardship practices on CA dairies since the implementation of the SB 27 and VFD laws and provide useful information for future evaluation of resistance-related risk in adult cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S. Ekong
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau, Nigeria
| | - Essam M. Abdelfattah
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Animal Hygiene, and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalubiya Governorate, Egypt
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Betsy M. Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA, United States
| | - Joan D. Rowe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Edith S. Marshall
- Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship, Animal Health and Food Safety Services Division, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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21
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Kabera F, Roy JP, Afifi M, Godden S, Stryhn H, Sanchez J, Dufour S. Comparing Blanket vs. Selective Dry Cow Treatment Approaches for Elimination and Prevention of Intramammary Infections During the Dry Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:688450. [PMID: 34212023 PMCID: PMC8240810 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.688450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and a series of meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the efficacy of selective dry cow antimicrobial treatment (SDCT) (in which only infected quarters/cows were treated with an antimicrobial) compared with blanket dry cow treatment (BDCT) (all quarters/all cows received an antimicrobial, regardless of their infection status). A full detailed protocol was published before initiating this review. Studies reporting on the (1) proportion of untreated quarters or cows when using SDCT, (2) intramammary infection (IMI) incidence risk over the dry period, (3) IMI elimination risk, (4) post-calving IMI prevalence, (5) early lactation clinical mastitis incidence, or (6) subsequent lactation milk yield and somatic cell counts were considered eligible. Thirteen articles representing 12 controlled trials, whether randomized or not, were available for analyses. SDCT reduced the use of antimicrobials at dry off by 66% (95% CI: 49-80). There was no difference in the elimination of existing IMI at dry off, between SDCT and BDCT. Meta-regression showed that the risk of IMI incidence during the dry period, IMI risk at calving, early lactation clinical mastitis risk, and early lactation milk yield and somatic cell counts did not differ between SDCT and BDCT as long as an internal teat sealant (65% bismuth subnitrate) was administered to untreated healthy quarters/cows at dry off. For trials not using internal teat sealants, SDCT resulted in higher risk than BDCT of acquiring a new IMI during the dry period and of harboring an IMI at calving. Lines of evidence strongly support that SDCT would reduce the use of antimicrobials at dry off, without any detrimental effect on udder health or milk production during the 1st months of the subsequent lactation, if, and only if, internal teat sealants are used for healthy, untreated quarters/cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidèle Kabera
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Afifi
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.,Department of Animal Wealth Development, Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sandra Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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22
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Sharun K, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Gugjoo MB, Iqbal Yatoo M, Patel SK, Pathak M, Karthik K, Khurana SK, Singh R, Puvvala B, Amarpal, Singh R, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 41:107-136. [PMID: 33509059 PMCID: PMC7906113 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1882713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavani Puvvala
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Amarpal
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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23
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McMullen CK, Sargeant JM, Kelton DF, Churchill KJ, Cousins KS, Winder CB. Modifiable management practices to improve udder health in dairy cattle during the dry period and early lactation: A scoping review. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10143-10157. [PMID: 34099288 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this scoping review was to characterize all available literature on modifiable management practices used during the dry period that have been evaluated for their effects on udder health in dairy cattle during the dry period and the subsequent lactation. Five databases and two conference proceedings were searched for relevant literature. Articles published in or after 1990 were eligible for inclusion. Eligible interventions or exposures were restricted to modifiable management practices; however, antimicrobial and teat sealant products were enumerated but not further characterized, as systematic reviews have been published on this topic. Other modifiable management practices were reported in 229 articles. Nutrition (n = 79), which included ration formulation and delivery (n = 44) and vitamin and mineral additives (n = 35), was the most commonly reported practice, followed by vaccines (n = 40) and modification of dry period length (n = 27). Risk of clinical mastitis (CM) was the most commonly reported outcome (n = 151); however, reporting of outcome risk periods varied widely between articles. Cure of existing intramammary infections (IMI) over the dry period (n = 40) and prevention of new IMI over the dry period (n = 54) were most commonly reported with a risk period between calving and 30 d in milk. Future systematic reviews with meta-analyses could target management practices such as nutrition, vaccines, and dry period length to quantify their effects on improving udder health during the dry period and early lactation. However, the variation in reporting of time at risk for CM and other outcomes challenges the ability of future synthesis work to inform management decisions on the basis of efficacy to cure or prevent IMI and CM. Consensus on which core outcomes should be evaluated in mastitis research and the selection of consistent risk periods for specific outcomes in animal trials is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie K McMullen
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Katheryn J Churchill
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Kineta S Cousins
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Charlotte B Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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24
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Hommels NMC, Ferreira FC, van den Borne BHP, Hogeveen H. Antibiotic use and potential economic impact of implementing selective dry cow therapy in large US dairies. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8931-8946. [PMID: 33934855 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, our objectives were to evaluate the economic feasibility of implementing selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) in large US herds and to estimate the potential reduction in antibiotic use around the dry period if SDCT management is adopted. Cow-level data were obtained from the Dairy Herd Improvement Association (AgriTech, Visalia, CA) and individual dairy herds in California. Logistic regression models were used to predict the incidence risk of subclinical and clinical mastitis in the subsequent lactation for 96 last test-day somatic cell score categories. Linear programming was used to optimize the costs of dry cow therapy in 3 simulated large US dairy herds with different bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC). The objective function was aimed at minimization of the total cost of mastitis around the dry period (TCMD), under a varying constraint of the maximum percentage of cows dried off with antibiotics. A sensitivity analysis was performed on milk price, dry-off antibiotic price, and risk ratio of mastitis in the subsequent lactation when no antibiotics and only teat sealant was used at dry-off. For all situations, blanket dry cow therapy was more expensive than SDCT. In a herd with medium BTSCC, the TCMD was $54.7 per primiparous dry cow and $58.5 per multiparous dry cow annually. In the optimal economic situation where SDCT was used, only 30% of primiparous cows received antibiotics, leading to a TCMD of $52.4 per primiparous dry cow, whereas 88% of multiparous cows received antibiotics, at a cost of $58.2 per multiparous dry cow. This corresponded with an overall reduction of 29% in the use of antibiotics around the dry period in a conservative scenario. This study showed that it is economically feasible to reduce antibiotic use associated with dry cow therapy in large US dairy herds. This contributes to the efforts of reducing antibiotic use worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M C Hommels
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 EW the Netherlands
| | - Fernanda C Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274.
| | - Bart H P van den Borne
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 EW the Netherlands
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 EW the Netherlands
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25
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Rowe SM, Nydam DV, Godden SM, Gorden PJ, Lago A, Vasquez AK, Royster E, Timmerman J, Thomas MJ, Lynch RA. Partial budget analysis of culture- and algorithm-guided selective dry cow therapy. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5652-5664. [PMID: 33685701 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (1) use partial budget analysis to estimate the cash impact for herds that switch from blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT) to culture- or algorithm-guided selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) and (2) conduct a sensitivity analysis to investigate effects in situations where SDCT increased clinical and subclinical mastitis risk during the subsequent lactation. A partial budget model was created using Monte Carlo simulation with @Risk software. Expenditures associated with dry-off procedures and health outcomes (clinical and subclinical mastitis) during the first 30 d in milk were used to model herd-level effects, expressed in units of US dollars per cow dry-off. Values for each economic component were derived from findings from a recent multisite clinical trial, peer-reviewed journal articles, USDA databases, and our experiences in facilitating the implementation of SDCT on farms. Fixed values were used for variables expected to have minimal variation within the US dairy herd population (e.g., cost of rapid culture plates) and sampling distributions were used for variables that were hypothesized to vary enough to effect the herd net cash impact of one or more DCT approach(es). For Objective 1, herd-level udder health was assumed to be unaffected by the implementation of SDCT. For culture-guided SDCT, producers could expect to save an average of +$2.14 (-$2.31 to $7.23 for 5th and 95th percentiles) per cow dry-off as compared with BDCT, with 75.5% of iterations being ≥$0.00. For algorithm-guided SDCT, the mean net cash impact was +$7.85 ($3.39-12.90) per cow dry-off, with 100% of iterations being ≥$0.00. The major contributors to variance in cash impact for both SDCT approaches were percent of quarters treated at dry-off and the cost of dry cow antibiotics. For Objective 2, we repeated the partial budget model with the 30-d clinical and subclinical mastitis incidence increasing by 1, 2, and 5% (i.e., risk difference = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05) in both SDCT groups compared with BDCT. For algorithm-guided SDCT, average net cash impacts were ≥$0.00 per cow dry-off (i.e., cost effective) when mastitis incidence increased slightly. However, as clinical mastitis incidence increased, economic returns for SDCT diminished. These findings indicate that when SDCT is implemented appropriately (i.e., no to little negative effect on health), it might be a cost-effective practice for US herds under a range of economic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rowe
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - A Lago
- DairyExperts, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - A K Vasquez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - J Timmerman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - M J Thomas
- Dairy Health & Management Services, Lowville, NY 13367
| | - R A Lynch
- Pro-Dairy, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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26
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Niemi RE, Hovinen M, Vilar MJ, Simojoki H, Rajala-Schultz PJ. Dry cow therapy and early lactation udder health problems-Associations and risk factors. Prev Vet Med 2021; 188:105268. [PMID: 33530013 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis remains the most expensive disease of dairy cows, and antibiotic dry cow therapy (DCT) at dry-off is an important part of mastitis control. Regardless of the infection status, blanket DCT is administered to all quarters of all cows, which is controversial due to the worldwide problem of antimicrobial resistance. Even though selective DCT of only infected cows is a more sustainable approach, choosing animals for treatment is not always straightforward. Our aim was to evaluate whether the herd-level DCT approach is associated with early lactation udder health problems, taking into account the cow characteristics. The information source was 2015-2017 Dairy Herd Improvement data with 7461 multiparous cows from 241 Finnish dairy herds. Information on the herd-level DCT approach was obtained from farmers' questionnaire responses in 2017, and the three different approaches were selective DCT, blanket DCT, and no DCT. The statistical tool for the data analysis was a generalized linear mixed model with a random herd effect for binary outcomes and a linear mixed model with a random herd effect for a continuous outcome. The two binary outcomes were the odds of having high milk somatic cell count (SCC ≥ 200 000 cells/mL) on the first test-day within 5-45 days in milk (DIM) and the odds of mastitis treatment in early lactation up to 45 DIM. The third outcome was the mean milk lnSCC (× 1000 cells/mL) within 120 DIM. Selective DCT was the prevailing treatment practice in our data. Blanket DCT was associated with lower SCC after calving. Cows more likely to have high SCC after calving were older cows, cows with high average SCC during the previous lactation, and cows with high milk yield near dry-off. A mastitis treatment in the early lactation was more likely if, during the previous lactation, the cow had high average SCC, high peak milk production, or high milk yield near dry-off. Our findings indicate that DCT is still effective in mastitis control. Cows with high milk yield, especially near dry-off, and cows with persistently high SCC require attention when considering next lactation udder health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Niemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland.
| | - M Hovinen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland.
| | - M J Vilar
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland.
| | - H Simojoki
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PL 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - P J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland.
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27
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Zanon T, De Monte E, Gauly M. Effects of cattle breed and production system on veterinary diagnoses and administrated veterinary medicine in alpine dairy farms. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1953410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zanon
- Facoltá di scienze e tecnologie, Libera Universitá di Bolzano, Bolzano Italy
| | - Erica De Monte
- Facoltá di scienze e tecnologie, Libera Universitá di Bolzano, Bolzano Italy
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Facoltá di scienze e tecnologie, Libera Universitá di Bolzano, Bolzano Italy
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28
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Zecconi A, Gusmara C, Di Giusto T, Cipolla M, Marconi P, Zanini L. Observational study on application of a selective dry-cow therapy protocol based on individual somatic cell count thresholds. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1842812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Zecconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, chirurgiche e odontoiatriche - Sezione One Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Gusmara
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Giusto
- Scuola di specialità in Igiene e tecnologia del latte e derivati. University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Marconi
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori Lombardia, Crema, Italy
| | - Lucio Zanini
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori Lombardia, Crema, Italy
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29
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Biscarini F, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Stella A, Bronzo V, Locatelli C, Moroni P. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Teat-Sealant and Antibiotic Dry-Cow Treatments for Mastitis Prevention Shows Similar Effect on the Healthy Milk Microbiome. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:581. [PMID: 32984415 PMCID: PMC7492605 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactating cows are routinely treated at dry-off with antibiotic infusions in each quarter for the cure and prevention of pathogenic intramammary infection, which remains the most common disease in dairy herds. This approach is known as blanket dry-cow therapy, usually effective for the prevention and cure of infections, but has been shown to potentially contribute to the emergence and spreading of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exploring the use of non-antibiotic treatments coupled with selective dry-cow therapy is necessary to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance and potential interference with milk microbiome balance. The impact of selective dry-cow therapy on the physiological milk microbiome needs to be carefully evaluated. In this small-scale trial, five healthy (no mastits, SCC <200,000 cells mL-1) second-parity cows from dry-off to 5 days after calving were sampled. For every cow, each quarter received a different treatment: (i) bismuth salnitrate (internal teat sealant, OrbSeal®, Zoetis, Italy), front right quarter; (ii) cephalonium dihydrate (Cepravin®, MSD, Italy), rear right quarter; (iii) benzathine cloxacillin (Cloxalene dry, Ati, Italy), rear left quarter. No treatment was applied to the remaining quarter (front left) which served as experimental control. For 16S rRNA gene sequencing, bacterial DNA was extracted from 5 ml of milk samples, amplified using the primers for the V3-V4 hypervariable regions and sequenced in one MiSeq (Illumina) run with 2 × 250-base paired-end reads. Bacteriological results confirmed that the quarters were all healthy. The phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant for all treatments and controls at all three timepoints, accounting for over 80% of the entire milk microbiota composition. No significant differences were found between treatments and controls in terms of the major alpha and beta diversity indexes, revealing that antibiotic, and non-antibiotic treatments for selective dry-cow therapy did not alter significantly the milk microbiome of dairy cows. The milk microbiota composition showed a clear evolution over the lactation cycle, and the overall changes in the milk microbiota diversity over the lactation cycle were mainly independent of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Biscarini
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology in Agriculture, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology in Agriculture, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology in Agriculture, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stella
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology in Agriculture, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, Italy
| | - Clara Locatelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, Italy
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Yun MJ, Yoon S, Lee YJ. Monitoring and Characteristics of Major Mastitis Pathogens from Bulk Tank Milk in Korea. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091562. [PMID: 32887504 PMCID: PMC7552175 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The monitoring of milk quality and the presence of major mastitis pathogens is an important part of milk quality assurance program. Bulk tank milk has been used in many countries to identify multiple milk quality problems and mastitis pathogens that might exist in a dairy herd. This study aimed to compare the presence of mastitis pathogens and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates from bulk tank milk by dairy companies. The results showed that the prevalence of mastitis pathogens and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates were significantly different among factories, and support the development of strong monitoring and prevention programs in dairy operations. Abstract In many countries, bulk tank milk (BTM) has been used for examining milk and analyzed as an important part of milk quality assurance programs. The objectives of this study were to investigate milk quality and the presence of major mastitis pathogens in BTM, and to compare the characteristics of BTM by dairy factory or company. A total of 1588 batches of BTM samples were collected from 396 dairy farms of seven dairy factories owned by four companies in Korea. The means of individual bacterial counts (IBC) and somatic cell count (SCC) were 3.7 × 104 cells/mL and 1.1 × 105 cells/mL, respectively, and no significant differences among dairy factories were observed. The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus spp. (60.1%), followed by E. faecalis (53.8%), E. coli (37.6%) and Streptococcus spp. (22.5%). Enterococcus spp. showed the highest resistance to tetracyclines (51.1% to 73.9%) and macrolides (46.5%). S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) showed the highest resistance to penicillin (28.4% and 40.2%, respectively), and three (3.2%) S. aureus and seven (3.3%) CNS were also methicillin-resistant. These data show the diverse prevalence and characteristics of major mastitis pathogens among factories, and support the development of strong monitoring and prevention programs of mastitis pathogens by commercial dairy operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Jo Yun
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.-J.Y.); (S.Y.)
- Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial Government Office, Andong 36759, Korea
| | - Sunghyun Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.-J.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.-J.Y.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-7793
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Kabera F, Dufour S, Keefe G, Cameron M, Roy JP. Evaluation of quarter-based selective dry cow therapy using Petrifilm on-farm milk culture: A randomized controlled trial. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7276-7287. [PMID: 32505410 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the efficacy of an on-farm culture system using Petrifilm (3M, London, ON, Canada) for targeted treatment decisions at the quarter level at dry-off and its effects on dry period intramammary infections (IMI) and udder health and milk production in the subsequent lactation. A total of 568 cows (2,247 quarters) from 9 dairy herds with bulk tank somatic cell count <250,000 cells/mL in Québec, Canada, were systematically enrolled and randomly allocated to 4 groups: 2 quarter-based selective (QSDCT) groups, using results of quarter-milk culture on Petrifilm, and 2 blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT) groups. The 2 QSDCT groups consisted of (1) antimicrobial to infected quarters and internal teat sealant (ITS) to healthy quarters (QSDCT/ITS); and (2) antimicrobial and ITS to infected quarters and ITS to healthy quarters (QSDCT+ITS/ITS). The 2 BDCT groups were (1) antimicrobial alone to all quarters (BDCT); and (2) antimicrobial and ITS to all quarters (BDCT+ITS). Quarter milk samples were collected at dry-off and after calving for routine bacteriological culture at the laboratory to monitor IMI; data on milk production, somatic cell count, and clinical mastitis recorded up to 120 d in milk were retrieved from health and DHI records. The probability of avoiding antimicrobial treatment in QSDCT groups was estimated at 48.3% (95% confidence interval: 35.7, 60.9). There was no significant difference between the 4 treatment groups regarding acquisition of new IMI (15.9, 13.2, 15.8, and 15.1% probability for BDCT, BDCT+ITS, QSDCT/ITS, and QSDCT+ITS/ITS, respectively) or persistence of existing IMI (3.2, 2.1, 3.4, and 2.7% probability, respectively) over the dry period. In the subsequent lactation, there was no difference between groups regarding incidence of clinical mastitis (2.4, 3.7, 2.9, and 1.7% respectively for BDCT, BDCT+ITS, QSDCT/ITS, and QSDCT+ITS/ITS), mean milk somatic cell score (1.7, 2.0, 2.0, and 2.0 respectively), or mean daily milk production (43.8, 44.2, 43.2, and 42.6 kg/d, respectively) during the first 120 d in milk. In conclusion, QSDCT using the Petrifilm on-farm culture system to detect infected quarters at dry-off is an interesting option to decrease antibiotic use without any negative effects on udder health or milk production in the first 120 d of the subsequent lactation compared with BDCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidèle Kabera
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Greg Keefe
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2; Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Marguerite Cameron
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2; Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2; Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
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Antibiotic dry cow therapy, somatic cell count, and milk production: Retrospective analysis of the associations in dairy herd recording data using multilevel growth models. Prev Vet Med 2020; 180:105028. [PMID: 32474334 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic dry cow therapy (DCT) is an important part of most mastitis control programs. Updating DCT recommendations is an ongoing topic due to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Finland, along with other Nordic countries, has implemented selective DCT for decades. Our study analyzed Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) information from 241 Finnish farmers who participated in a survey about their drying-off practices. The aim was to evaluate herd-level associations between milk somatic cell count (SCC), milk production, and various antimicrobial DCT approaches both cross-sectionally in 2016 and longitudinally in 2012-2016. The three DCT approaches in the study were selective, blanket, and no DCT use. An additional aim was to evaluate whether dynamic changes occurred in herd-average SCC and annual milk production over five years, and whether these potential changes differed between different DCT approaches. The method for the longitudinal analyses was growth modeling with random coefficient models. Differences in SCC and milk production between farms with different DCT approaches were minor. Regardless of the farm's DCT approach, annual milk production increased over the years, while average SCC was reasonably constant. The variability in SCC and milk production across all DCT groups was low between years, and most of the variability was between farms. Compared to other milking systems, farms with automatic milking system (AMS) had higher SCC, and in 2016 higher milk production. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to maintain low herd-average SCC and good milk production when using selective DCT and following the guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use. Average SCC and milk production varied across the herds, suggesting that advice on DCT practices should be herd-specific. The methodology of growth modeling using random coefficient models was applicable in analyzing longitudinal data, in which the time frame was relatively short and the number of herds was limited.
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Rowe SM, Godden SM, Nydam DV, Gorden PJ, Lago A, Vasquez AK, Royster E, Timmerman J, Thomas MJ. Randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of 2 selective dry-cow therapy protocols on udder health and performance in the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6493-6503. [PMID: 32331877 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare culture- and algorithm-guided selective dry-cow therapy (SDCT) programs with blanket dry-cow therapy (BDCT) in a multi-site, randomized, natural exposure clinical trial for the following cow-level outcomes: clinical mastitis, removal from the herd, and Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) test-day milk yield and SCC measures during the first 120 d in milk (DIM). Two days before planned dry-off, cows in each of 7 herds were randomly allocated to BDCT, culture-guided SDCT (cult-SDCT), or algorithm-guided SDCT (alg-SDCT). At dry-off, BDCT cows received an intramammary antibiotic (500 mg of ceftiofur hydrochloride) in all 4 quarters. Antibiotic treatments were selectively allocated to quarters of cult-SDCT cows by only treating quarters from which aseptically collected milk samples tested positive on a rapid culture system after 30 to 40 h of incubation. For alg-SDCT cows, antibiotic treatments were selectively allocated at the cow level, with all quarters receiving antibiotic treatment if the cow met at least one of the following criteria: (1) any DHIA test with a somatic cell count >200,000 cells/mL during the current lactation, and (2) ≥2 clinical mastitis cases during the current lactation. All quarters of all cows were treated with an internal teat sealant. Clinical mastitis and removal from the herd events (i.e., culling or death) and DHIA test-day data from dry-off to 120 DIM were extracted from herd records. Hazard ratios (HR) for the effect of treatment group on clinical mastitis and removal from the herd during 1 to 120 DIM were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression. The effects of treatment group on test-day loge-transformed SCC and milk yield were determined using linear mixed models. Final models indicated that either SDCT program was unlikely to increase clinical mastitis risk (HRcult-SDCT/BDCT = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.15; HRalg-SDCT/BDCT = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.09) or test-day logeSCC (cult-SDCT minus BDCT = 0.05, 95% CI: -0.09, 0.18; alg-SDCT minus BDCT = 0.07, 95% CI: -0.07, 0.21). Risk of removal from the herd and test-day milk yield were similar between treatment groups. Findings from this study indicate that culture- or algorithm-guided SDCT can be used at dry-off without negatively affecting cow health and performance in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rowe
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.
| | - S M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - A Lago
- DairyExperts, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - A K Vasquez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - J Timmerman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - M J Thomas
- Dairy Health & Management Services, Lowville, NY 13367
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Antimicrobial-based dry cow therapy approaches for cure and prevention of intramammary infections: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anim Health Res Rev 2019; 19:74-78. [PMID: 30070621 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In dairy herds, application of antimicrobials at drying-off is a common mastitis control measure. This article describes a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis to address three crucial points regarding antimicrobial usage at drying-off: (1) comparative efficacy of antimicrobials used for preventing new and eliminating existing intramammary infections (IMI); (2) comparison of selective and blanket dry cow therapy approaches in preventing new and eliminating existing IMI; and (3) assessment of the extra prevention against new IMI that can be gained from using antimicrobial-teat sealant combinations versus antimicrobials alone. Five PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) questions were formulated to cover the three objectives of the review. Medline, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, and conference proceedings will be searched along with iterative screening of references. Articles will be eligible if: (1) published after 1966; (2) written in English or French; and (3) reporting field clinical trials and observational studies, conducted on dairy cows at drying-off, with at least one antimicrobial-treated group and one IMI-related outcome. Authors will independently assess the relevance of titles and abstracts, extract data, and assess bias and the overall quality of evidence. Results will be synthesized and analyzed using pairwise and network meta-analysis. The proposed study will significantly update previously conducted reviews.
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Understanding the effect of producers' attitudes, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control on intentions to use antimicrobials prudently on New York dairy farms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222442. [PMID: 31509595 PMCID: PMC6738616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding farmers' behavior, motivations, and perceptions toward antimicrobial use can influence how veterinarians translate research into practice and guide effective ways of implementing protocols. A multidisciplinary team investigated behavioral tendencies of New York dairy farmers toward antimicrobial use by administering a survey modeled with the reasoned action approach. This approach is a framework from social psychology containing the constructs attitude, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control, and is used in combination with structural equation modeling to determine what drives intentions. Multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) models were then used to determine the effects of beliefs on their underlying constructs. The objective of the study was to provide direct and indirect measures of the constructs using survey data to determine importance of and associations with intention to use antimicrobials prudently. The structural equation model indicated that perceived behavioral control explained intention. Thus, farmers who feel capable of prudent use expressed positive intentions. Attitude and perception of others also had influence to a lesser extent. MIMIC models showed that the most important attributes of instrumental attitude were increasing profitability, decreasing risk of residues, and increasing herd health. Contributing attributes of affective attitude were job satisfaction, decreasing resistance, and increasing milk production. For perceived norms, the attributes were opinions/approval of family and peers, veterinarians, and milk processors. Finally, for perceived behavioral control, attributes focused on saving money on labor and treatment, ability to fit into the daily routine, and effectiveness with veterinary guidance. In conclusion, the best approach for adoption of practices might be presentation of examples of successful strategies by other producers, particularly in peer groups. In addition, veterinarians should provide the tools and guidance needed to produce economic gain, reduction of risks associated with residues and resistance, and positive experiences when using the tactics.
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Lipkens Z, Piepers S, De Visscher A, De Vliegher S. Evaluation of test-day milk somatic cell count information to predict intramammary infection with major pathogens in dairy cattle at drying off. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4309-4321. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zecconi A, Sesana G, Vairani D, Cipolla M, Rizzi N, Zanini L. Somatic cell count as a decision tool for selective dry cow therapy in Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1532328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Zecconi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Sesana
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Vairani
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori, Crema, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Micaela Cipolla
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lucio Zanini
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori, Crema, Lombardia, Italy
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Santos K, Souza F, Blagitz M, Batista C, Bertagnon H, Gomes R, Molinari P, Diniz S, Silva M, Haddad J, Heinemann M, Libera A. Mastitis in the transition period: identification of potential blood markers. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study identified potential blood markers associated with mastitis in dairy cows under different dry therapies during the transition period, using a logistic regression model. Thirty-four Holstein dairy cows were divided into three groups: untreated controls (13 cows, 42 quarters); animals that received an antimicrobial at drying-off (10 cows, 40 quarters); and animals that were administered an internal teat sealant at drying-off (11 cow, 44 quarters). Blood and quarter milk samples were collected 60 days before the expected day of calving, on the day of calving, and three, seven, 15, 21, and 30 days after calving. Milk samples were submitted for bacteriological analysis and somatic cell count. Blood samples were collected for analyses of the following: the erythrogram and leucogram; plasm fibrinogen concentration; hepatic and renal functions; metabolic profile; serum calcium and phosphorous levels; total serum protein and albumin concentrations. The concentration of total serum proteins was associated with a high somatic cell count. Similarly, the concentrations of total serum proteins and triglycerides were associated to milk bacteriological positive samples during the transition period. Thus, the occurrence of mastitis in dairy cows during the transition period was greater in animals that showed higher concentrations of serum total proteins and triglycerides, in contrast to the use of dry cow therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - H.G. Bertagnon
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Centro Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
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Vanhoudt A, van Hees-Huijps K, van Knegsel A, Sampimon O, Vernooij J, Nielen M, van Werven T. Effects of reduced intramammary antimicrobial use during the dry period on udder health in Dutch dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3248-3260. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vasquez AK, Nydam DV, Foditsch C, Wieland M, Lynch R, Eicker S, Virkler PD. Use of a culture-independent on-farm algorithm to guide the use of selective dry-cow antibiotic therapy. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5345-5361. [PMID: 29605332 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An algorithm using only computer-based records to guide selective dry-cow therapy was evaluated at a New York State dairy farm via a randomized field trial. DairyComp 305 (Valley Ag Software, Tulare, CA) and Dairy Herd Improvement Association test-day data were used to identify cows as low risk (cows that might not benefit from dry-cow antibiotics) or high risk (cows that will likely benefit). Low-risk cows were those that had all of the following: somatic cell count (SCC) ≤200,000 cells/mL at last test, an average SCC ≤200,000 cells/mL over the last 3 tests, no signs of clinical mastitis at dry-off, and no more than 1 clinical mastitis event in the current lactation. Low-risk cows were randomly assigned to receive intramammary antibiotics and external teat sealant (ABXTS) or external teat sealant only (TS) at dry-off. Using pre-dry-off and postcalving quarter-level culture results, low-risk quarters were assessed for microbiological cure risk and new infection risk. Groups were also assessed for differences in first-test milk yield and linear scores, individual milk weights for the first 30 d, and culling and mastitis events before 30 d in milk. A total of 304 cows and 1,040 quarters in the ABXTS group and 307 cows and 1,058 quarters in the TS group were enrolled. Among cows to be dried, the proportion of cows that met low-risk criteria was 64% (n = 611/953). Of cultures eligible for bacteriological cure analysis (n = 171), 93% of ABXTS cured, whereas 88% of TS cured. Of the non-cures, 95% were contributed by the minor pathogens coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 19/20). These organisms also accounted for 57.5% of new infections (n = 77/134). We found no statistical differences between treatment groups for new infection risk (TS = 7.3% quarters experiencing new infections; ABXTS = 5.5%), milk production (ABXTS = 40.5 kg; TS = 41.2 kg), linear scores (ABXTS = 2.5; TS = 2.7), culling events (ABXTS, n = 18; TS, n = 15), or clinical mastitis events (ABXTS, n = 9; TS, n = 5). Results suggest that the algorithm used decreased dry-cow antibiotic use by approximately 60% without adversely affecting production or health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Vasquez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - C Foditsch
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Wieland
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - R Lynch
- Pro-Dairy, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Eicker
- Valley Agricultural Software, King Ferry, NY 13081
| | - P D Virkler
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Bonsaglia ECR, Gomes MS, Canisso IF, Zhou Z, Lima SF, Rall VLM, Oikonomou G, Bicalho RC, Lima FS. Milk microbiome and bacterial load following dry cow therapy without antibiotics in dairy cows with healthy mammary gland. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8067. [PMID: 28808353 PMCID: PMC5556035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive infusion of antibiotics in the mammary gland of cows consumes 11 tons/year of medically relevant antimicrobials, yet, this practice might not be critical to prevent new infections in the healthy mammary gland of cows. Here, we used next-generation sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR to determine the impact of dry cow therapy without antibiotics on milk microbiome and bacterial load, respectively. Cows diagnosed as negative for mastitis at dry off were randomly allocated to receive antibiotic (intramammary ceftiofur hydrochloride) and teat sealant or just teat sealant. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, and Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus, often involved in mastitis cases, were the most abundant genera across treatments and time. However, there were no effects of antimicrobial on milk microbiome and bacterial load. Bacterial load was greater at seven days postpartum than at dry off. Dry cow therapy based on teat sealant without antibiotics can be used with no detrimental impacts on milk microbiome and bacterial load in cows with a healthy mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika C R Bonsaglia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, USA
| | - Marilia S Gomes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Svetlana F Lima
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vera L M Rall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, USA
| | - Georgios Oikonomou
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK
| | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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More SJ, Clegg TA, McCoy F. The use of national-level data to describe trends in intramammary antimicrobial usage on Irish dairy farms from 2003 to 2015. J Dairy Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mendoza J, Martínez-Cortés I, López-Ordaz R, Gutiérrez L, Sumano H. Concentrations of tilmicosin in mammary gland secretions of dairy cows following subcutaneous administration of one or two doses of an experimental preparation of tilmicosin and its efficacy against intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:922-30. [PMID: 27580103 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.9.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the concentration of tilmicosin in mammary gland secretions of dairy cows following administration of an experimental preparation once or twice during the dry period (45-day period immediately prior to calving during which cows are not milked) and to evaluate its efficacy for the treatment of cows with intramammary infections (IMIs) caused by Staphylococcus aureus at dry off (cessation of milking; first day of dry period), compared with that of an intramammary infusion of ceftiofur. ANIMALS 172 cows. PROCEDURES Milk samples were collected for microbiological culture 5 days before dry off and at calving and 15 and 30 days after calving. Cows with Staphylococcus IMIs were randomly assigned to receive an experimental preparation of tilmicosin (20 mg/kg, SC) once at dry off (n = 58) or at dry off and again 20 days later (56) or receive a long-acting intramammary preparation of ceftiofur (500 mg/mammary gland; 56) at dry off. Mammary gland secretions were collected from 5 cows in the tilmicosin-treated groups every 5 days after dry off until calving for determination of tilmicosin concentration. RESULTS Mean maximum concentration of tilmicosin in mammary gland secretions ranged from 14.4 to 20.9 μg/mL after the first dose and was 17.1 μg/mL after the second dose. The bacteriologic cure rate was 100% for all 3 treatments. Tilmicosin was detectable for 0 and 18 days after calving in the milk of cows treated with 1 and 2 doses of tilmicosin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of an experimental preparation of tilmicosin (20 mg/kg, SC) once to dairy cows at dry off might be useful for the treatment of S aureus IMIs.
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Down PM, Bradley AJ, Breen JE, Browne WJ, Kypraios T, Green MJ. A Bayesian micro-simulation to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of interventions for mastitis control during the dry period in UK dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2016; 133:64-72. [PMID: 27720028 PMCID: PMC5073076 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Importance of the dry period with respect to mastitis control is now well established although the precise interventions that reduce the risk of acquiring intramammary infections during this time are not clearly understood. There are very few intervention studies that have measured the clinical efficacy of specific mastitis interventions within a cost-effectiveness framework so there remains a large degree of uncertainty about the impact of a specific intervention and its costeffectiveness. The aim of this study was to use a Bayesian framework to investigate the cost-effectiveness of mastitis controls during the dry period. Data were assimilated from 77 UK dairy farms that participated in a British national mastitis control programme during 2009-2012 in which the majority of intramammary infections were acquired during the dry period. The data consisted of clinical mastitis (CM) and somatic cell count (SCC) records, herd management practices and details of interventions that were implemented by the farmer as part of the control plan. The outcomes used to measure the effectiveness of the interventions were i) changes in the incidence rate of clinical mastitis during the first 30days after calving and ii) the rate at which cows gained new infections during the dry period (measured by SCC changes across the dry period from <200,000cells/ml to >200,000cells/ml). A Bayesian one-step microsimulation model was constructed such that posterior predictions from the model incorporated uncertainty in all parameters. The incremental net benefit was calculated across 10,000 Markov chain Monte Carlo iterations, to estimate the cost-benefit (and associated uncertainty) of each mastitis intervention. Interventions identified as being cost-effective in most circumstances included selecting dry-cow therapy at the cow level, dry-cow rations formulated by a qualified nutritionist, use of individual calving pens, first milking cows within 24h of calving and spreading bedding evenly in dry-cow yards. The results of this study highlighted the efficacy of specific mastitis interventions in UK conditions which, when incorporated into a costeffectiveness framework, can be used to optimize decision making in mastitis control. This intervention study provides an example of how an intuitive and clinically useful Bayesian approach can be used to form the basis of an on-farm decision support tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Down
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| | - A J Bradley
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Quality Milk Management Services Ltd, Cedar Barn, Easton Hill, Easton, Wells BA5 1DU, United Kingdom
| | - J E Breen
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Quality Milk Management Services Ltd, Cedar Barn, Easton Hill, Easton, Wells BA5 1DU, United Kingdom
| | - W J Browne
- Graduate School of Education and Centre for Multilevel modelling, University of Bristol, 35 Berkeley Square, Bristol BS8 1JA, United Kingdom
| | - T Kypraios
- University of Nottingham, School of Mathematical Sciences, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - M J Green
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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45
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Scherpenzeel CGM, Tijs SHW, den Uijl IEM, Santman-Berends IMGA, Velthuis AGJ, Lam TJGM. Farmers' attitude toward the introduction of selective dry cow therapy. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8259-8266. [PMID: 27448856 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The attitude of Dutch dairy farmers toward selective dry cow treatment (SDCT) is unknown, although a favorable mindset toward application of SDCT seems crucial for successful implementation. Given the fact that blanket dry cow treatment has been strongly promoted until recently, the implementation of SDCT was expected to be quite a challenge. This study aimed to provide insight into the level of implementation of SDCT in 2013 in the Netherlands, the methods used by farmers for selection of cows for dry cow treatment (DCT), the relation between SDCT and udder health and antimicrobial usage (AMU) in 2013, and the mindset of farmers toward SDCT. In 2014, a questionnaire was conducted in a group of 177 herds included in a large-scale udder health study in 2013 and for which all clinical mastitis cases during this year were recorded. In addition, data on somatic cell count (SCC) parameters and AMU was available for these herds. The questionnaire included questions with regard to DCT with a special emphasis on farmers' attitude and mindset with regard to applying DCT in 2013. The data that were obtained from the questionnaire were combined with the data on clinical mastitis, SCC, and AMU. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data and to study the association between DCT, udder health, and AMU. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models with a logit link function were applied to evaluate potential associations between DCT and farmers' mindset. Selective DCT was taken up progressively by the farmers in our study, with 75% of them implementing SDCT in 2013. The main criterion used to select cows for DCT was the SCC history during the complete previous lactation. The herds were divided into 3 groups based on the percentage of cows dried off with antibiotics in 2013 as indicated by the farmers during interviews. The first group applied BDCT, and the herds for which SDCT was applied were split in 2 equally sized groups based on the median percentage of cows dried off with antibiotics (67%). The incidence rate of subclinical and clinical mastitis were comparable between the groups. Results of the multivariable model showed that 4 factors related to farmers' mindset were associated with the probability to apply SDCT: "financial consequences of SDCT," "uncertainty whether a cow will recover without antimicrobials," the statement "I do not have a problem with the (potential) negative consequences of SDCT," and the usage of internal teat sealants. Application of SDCT appeared to be associated with farmers' attitude. The mindset of farmers with respect to reduction of AMU and the implementation of SDCT was generally positive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S H W Tijs
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - I E M den Uijl
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | | | - A G J Velthuis
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - T J G M Lam
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department Farm Animal Health, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
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