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Lin WC, Hoe BC, Li X, Lian D, Zeng X. Glucose Metabolism-Modifying Natural Materials for Potential Feed Additive Development. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1208. [PMID: 39339244 PMCID: PMC11435105 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose, a primary energy source derived from animals' feed ration, is crucial for their growth, production performance, and health. However, challenges such as metabolic stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut microbiota disruption during animal production practices can potentially impair animal glucose metabolism pathways. Phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, and trace minerals are known to change the molecular pathway of insulin-dependent glucose metabolism and improve glucose uptake in rodent and cell models. These compounds, commonly used as animal feed additives, have been well studied for their ability to promote various aspects of growth and health. However, their specific effects on glucose uptake modulation have not been thoroughly explored. This article focuses on glucose metabolism is on discovering alternative non-pharmacological treatments for diabetes in humans, which could have significant implications for developing feed additives that enhance animal performance by promoting insulin-dependent glucose metabolism. This article also aims to provide information about natural materials that impact glucose uptake and to explore their potential use as non-antibiotic feed additives to promote animal health and production. Further exploration of this topic and the materials involved could provide a basis for new product development and innovation in animal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Boon-Chin Hoe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Xianming Li
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Daizheng Lian
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Corset A, Remot A, Graulet B, Poton P, Philau S, Ricouleau JF, Dhumez O, Germon P, Boudon A, Boutinaud M. Effects of parity and week after calving on the metabolic, redox and immune status of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00858-0. [PMID: 38825096 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
At the onset of lactation in dairy cows, inflammation and oxidative stress may occur and result in a risk of pathologies and lower milk yield. To propose an innovative management strategy for cows during this period, it is essential to better understand these physiological variations. Our objective was to evaluate the metabolic, redox and immune status of 7 primiparous and 8 multiparous Holstein cows during late gestation and the first months of lactation. Blood samples were collected between 3 weeks before calving until 12 weeks postpartum. Milk samples were also collected, but only at the time points after calving. The metabolic (nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHB, glucose, urea, calcium) and redox (reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), oxidative stress index (OSI), glutathione peroxidase activity, vitamin E) statuses were analyzed in plasma or erythrocytes. The expression of genes related to antioxidant functions was determined in leukocytes collected from milk. For immune status, plasma cytokine levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in classical and regulatory neutrophils were measured in 2 whole blood ex vivo challenges. The data were analyzed using a mixed model that included the fixed effects of parity and week and their interaction. Milk yield, plasma NEFA and BHB in wk 2 and 4 after calving were higher in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows, whereas glucose and calcium tended to be lower. Plasma ROM and OSI levels in wk 8 were higher in multiparous than in primiparous cows. Multiparous cows also displayed higher glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes, and antioxidant transcription factor and superoxide dismutase-1 expression levels in milk leukocytes. Moreover, multiparous cows had higher plasma concentrations of vitamin E but lower plasma levels of cytokines CXCL10, CCL2, IL1Rα and IFNγ. Following ex vivo whole blood stimulation with Escherichia coli, lower IL1α and TNFα levels were measured in multiparous than in primiparous cows. Intracellular ROS production by neutrophils was lower in multiparous than in primiparous cows. These results thus indicated marked physiological changes in wk 8 compared with wk 2 and 4 of lactation. These differences in the physiological status of primiparous and multiparous cows offer interesting perspectives for potential dietary strategies to prevent pathologies which take account of parity and week relative to calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Corset
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France; Biodevas Laboratoires, ZA de L'Épine, 72460 Savigné-l'Évêque, France
| | - A Remot
- INRAE-Université de Tours, UMR 1282 ISP, Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - B Graulet
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - P Poton
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France
| | - S Philau
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France
| | - J F Ricouleau
- Biodevas Laboratoires, ZA de L'Épine, 72460 Savigné-l'Évêque, France
| | - O Dhumez
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France
| | - P Germon
- INRAE-Université de Tours, UMR 1282 ISP, Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - A Boudon
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France.
| | - M Boutinaud
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France.
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Ding H, Li Y, Zhao C, Yang Y, Xiong C, Zhang D, Feng S, Wu J, Wang X. Rutin Supplementation Reduces Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis of Mammary Gland in Sheep During the Transition Period. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:907299. [PMID: 35711805 PMCID: PMC9196631 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.907299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutin, a common dietary flavonoid, exhibits remarkable pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. Metabolic stress in mammals during the transition period affects mammary gland health. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the protective effect of rutin supplementing against metabolic stress in the mammary glands of sheep during the transition period, particularly after parturition. Transition Hu sheep (2-3 years old with 62.90 ± 2.80 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, the control group was fed a diet without rutin, while rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered to the two treatment groups (-28 day to +28 day relative to parturition). Serum and blood samples were collected from jugular vein on days -14, -7, +1, +2, +7, +14, +21, +28 relative to parturition. Mammary tissue biopsy samples of four sheep from the treatment group were harvested on day +28 postpartum. Compared to that in the control group, rutin supplementation resulted in lower β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) while increasing the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and globulin after lactation. Furthermore, rutin treatment led to lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, resulting in increased catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant potential (T-AOC). Compared to that in the control group, rutin inhibits the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In addition, rutin markedly downregulated the ratio of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-p65) to total NF-κB p65 (p65). Meanwhile, rutin supplementation resulted in high mRNA abundance of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2, formerly NRF2) and its target gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which plays critical roles in maintaining the redox balance of the mammary gland. Furthermore, rutin treatment lowered the levels of various downstream apoptotic markers, including Bax, caspase3 and caspase9, while upregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. These data indicate the positive effect of rutin against inflammation, oxidative stress status, and anti-apoptotic activity in the mammary gland. The mechanism underlying these responses merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Morales-Piñeyrúa JT, Damián JP, Banchero G, Blache D, Sant'Anna AC. Metabolic profile and productivity of dairy Holstein cows milked by a pasture-based automatic milking system during early lactation: Effects of cow temperament and parity. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:50-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The impact of the oxidative status on the reproduction of cows and the calves’ health – a review. ACTA VET BRNO 2021. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202190010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The profitability of cattle farming is largely determined by ensuring high-quality breeding animals for replacement and longevity in production. The provision of breeding animals requires adequate fertility of the cowherd and then intensive weight gain in the calf rearing period. For ensuring these demands, many management aspects must be considered. Continuous monitoring of the herd’s health status, including redox status, is essential. This review aims to provide a summary of relevant scientific data published in the last few decades regarding the role of oxidative stress (OS) in infertility of dairy cows and developmental diseases in calves, the major predisposing factors, and possible prevention.
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Identification of Factors Influencing Milking Frequency of Cows in Automatic Milking Systems Combined with Grazing. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050913. [PMID: 32466281 PMCID: PMC7278483 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More dairy farms (up to more than one in four in some countries) are equipped with automatic milking systems (AMS) worldwide. Because of the positive impacts of grazing, e.g., on animal welfare or on production costs, numerous researchers have published papers on the combination of AMS with grazing. However, pasture-based AMS usually causes a reduction in milking frequency (MF) compared to indoors systems. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to review publications on the impacts of pasture-based AMS on MF and mitigation strategies. First, data from 43 selected studies were gathered in a dataset including 14 parameters, and on which a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed, leading to the description of four clusters summarizing different management practices. Multiple pairwise comparisons were performed to determine the relationship between the highlighted parameters of MF on milk yield (MY). From these different analyses, the relationship between MF and MY was confirmed, the systems, i.e., Clusters 1 and 2, that experienced the lowest MF also demonstrated the lowest MY/cow per day. In these clusters, grazed grass was an essential component of the cow's diet and low feeding costs compensated MY reduction. The management options described in Clusters 3 and 4 allowed maintenance of MF and MY by complementing the cows' diets with concentrates or partial mixed ration supplied at the AMS feeding bin or provided at barn. The chosen management options were closely linked to the geographical origin of the papers indicating that other factors (e.g., climatic conditions or available grasslands) could be decisional key points for AMS management strategies.
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Mikulková K, Illek J, Kadek R. Glutathione redox state, glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium concentration in periparturient dairy cows, and their relation with negative energy balance. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/117867/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Urh C, Denißen J, Harder I, Koch C, Gerster E, Ettle T, Kraus N, Schmitz R, Kuhla B, Stamer E, Spiekers H, Sauerwein H. Circulating adiponectin concentrations during the transition from pregnancy to lactation in high-yielding dairy cows: testing the effects of farm, parity, and dietary energy level in large animal numbers. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 69:1-12. [PMID: 31103886 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows experience a negative energy balance due to increasing energy demands and insufficient voluntary feed intake in the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. For supplying sufficient energy toward the conceptus and the mammary gland, insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues is reduced leading to adipose tissue mobilization. Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, is presumably related to energy metabolism and could play an important role in these metabolic adaptations. We hypothesize (1) that primiparous cows would differ from pluriparous cows in their circulating adiponectin concentrations during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation and (2) that feeding different energy levels would affect the adiponectin concentrations during early lactation in dairy cows. For the first hypothesis, we examined 201 primiparous and 456 pluriparous Holstein dairy cows on three experimental farms. Ante partum, primiparous cows had lower adiponectin and greater NEFA concentrations than pluriparous cows, but vice versa post partum. Hence, adiponectin might be involved in the energy partitioning in primiparous cows (conceptus and lactation vs other still growing body tissues) with changing priorities from pregnancy to lactation. For the second hypothesis, 110 primiparous and 558 pluriparous Holstein and Simmental dairy cows in six experimental farms received either roughage with 6.1 or 6.5 MJ NEl/kg dry matter (adjusted with different amounts of wheat straw) ad libitum, combined with either 150 or 250 g concentrates/kg energy corrected milk. Greater amounts of concentrate lead to greater milk yield, but did not affect the blood variables. The higher energy level in the roughage led to greater glucose and IGF-1 but lower adiponectin in pluriparous cows. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the roughage effect and its metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Urh
- University of Bonn, Institute for Animal Science, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Denißen
- Chamber of Agriculture North Rhine-Westphalia, Center of Agriculture Haus Riswick, Elsenpaß 5, 47533, Kleve, Germany
| | - I Harder
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Olshausenstr 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - C Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - E Gerster
- Landwirtschaftliches Zentrum Baden-Württemberg (LAZBW), Atzenberger Weg 99, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - T Ettle
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Prof-Dürrwaechter-Platz 3, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - N Kraus
- Center for Agricultural Learning, Markgrafenstraße 1, 91746 Weidenbach, Germany
| | - R Schmitz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - B Kuhla
- Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Stamer
- TiDa Tier und Daten GmbH, Bosseer Street 4c, 24259 Westensee, Brux, Germany
| | - H Spiekers
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Prof-Dürrwaechter-Platz 3, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- University of Bonn, Institute for Animal Science, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Urh C, Denißen J, Gerster E, Kraus N, Stamer E, Heitkönig B, Spiekers H, Sauerwein H. Short communication: Pro- and antioxidative indicators in serum of dairy cows during late pregnancy and early lactation: Testing the effects of parity, different dietary energy levels, and farm. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6672-6678. [PMID: 31056335 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows face metabolic challenges in the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. The energy demands for the growing fetus and the onset of milk production are increasing but voluntary feed intake often decreases around parturition and cannot meet these demands. This energy balance, among others, can change the oxidative status. Oxidative stress occurs when antioxidant defense mechanisms are not sufficient to cope with the increasing generation of reactive oxygen species. Our objectives were to investigate (1) the effect of parity on the oxidative status of dairy cows (n = 247) in late pregnancy and early lactation; and (2) the effect of different inclusion rates of concentrate feeding (150 vs. 250 g/kg of energy-corrected milk) during early lactation on 2 farms including 87 cows in total. In addition, we aimed to compare the oxidative status across the 2 farms using equal portions of concentrate feeding. For these purposes, we measured concentrations of the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROM) and the ferric reducing ability (FRAP) in serum on d -50, -14, +8, +28, and +100 relative to calving. Furthermore, we calculated the oxidative status index (OSi) as dROM/FRAP × 100. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Cows in the first and second lactations had greater dROM, FRAP, and OSi than cows in their third and greater lactations. Hence, supporting the antioxidative side of the balance might be of particular importance in the first and second lactations. Feeding different amounts of concentrates did not affect dROM, FRAP, or OSi under our experimental conditions, suggesting that the relatively small differences in energy intake were not affecting the oxidative status. Comparing farms, cows from one farm were notable for having greater dROM and lower FRAP, resulting in a greater OSi compared with cows on the other farm. Milk yield showed a time by farm interaction with 7% less milk on d 100 on the farm with the greater OSi. Moreover, cows on that farm had 1.4-fold greater β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Our results emphasize the value of assessing oxidative status with regard to both the pro- and antioxidative sides, and support the association between oxidative and metabolic status. Further investigations are needed to determine the applicability of OSi as a prognostic tool during early lactation and to determine which factors have the greatest influence on oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Urh
- University of Bonn, Institute for Animal Science, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Denißen
- Chamber of Agriculture North Rhine-Westphalia, Center of Agriculture Haus Riswick, Elsenpaß 5, 47533, Kleve, Germany
| | - E Gerster
- Landwirtschaftliches Zentrum Baden-Württemberg (LAZBW), Atzenberger Weg 99, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - N Kraus
- Center for Agricultural Learning, Markgrafenstraße 1, 91746 Weidenbach, Germany
| | - E Stamer
- TiDa Tier und Daten GmbH, Bosseer Str. 4c, 24259 Westensee/Brux, Germany
| | - B Heitkönig
- University of Bonn, Institute for Animal Science, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H Spiekers
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Prof.-Dürrwaechter-Platz 3, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- University of Bonn, Institute for Animal Science, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Abuelo A, Hernández J, Benedito JL, Castillo C. Redox Biology in Transition Periods of Dairy Cattle: Role in the Health of Periparturient and Neonatal Animals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8010020. [PMID: 30642108 PMCID: PMC6356809 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows undergo various transition periods throughout their productive life, which are associated with periods of increased metabolic and infectious disease susceptibility. Redox balance plays a key role in ensuring a satisfactory transition. Nevertheless, oxidative stress (OS), a consequence of redox imbalance, has been associated with an increased risk of disease in these animals. In the productive cycle of dairy cows, the periparturient and neonatal periods are times of increased OS and disease susceptibility. This article reviews the relationship of redox status and OS with diseases of cows and calves, and how supplementation with antioxidants can be used to prevent OS in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Abuelo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Joaquín Hernández
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - José L Benedito
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Cristina Castillo
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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Significance of insulin resistance and oxidative stress in dairy cattle with subclinical ketosis during the transition period. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 49:239-244. [PMID: 27975191 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Health problems occurring during the transition period in dairy cattle are of utmost importance as they can decrease the animal's reproductive performance and favor the development of various metabolic diseases with resultant significant reproductive disorders. Among the commonly reported metabolic diseases occurring during that time, hyperketonemia is the most prevalent and could provoke a significant economic impact. The failing of a dairy cow to transit optimally between pregnancy and lactation is economically very relevant and should be considered. Until now, the role of insulin resistance (IR) in the etiology of subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cattle is not clearly understood. This review aims to shed some light on the role of IR and oxidative stress in dairy cows with SCK during the transition period. The data presented in this review demonstrates that dairy cows could be vulnerable to the development of negative energy balance during transition. Moreover, the transitional cows could succumb to both IR and oxidative stress; however, the exact role of IR in cows with SCK needs further investigations. It is imperative to elaborate a suitable nutritional strategy to facilitate an easy transit of cows through this critical period and to minimize health problems and improve productivity during lactation.
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