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Mujahid, Khan F, Hayat SU, Khan RA, Khan AH, Khan S. Aflatoxin B 1 in compound feed and feed ingredients from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39360429 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2024.2408728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
A large-scale study was conducted to explore AFB1 contamination in feed samples using Thin Layer Chromatography, following an AOAC protocol. Samples were identified which were not compliant with the maximum limits for AFB1 as regulated in the United States and Pakistan. Of a total of 923 samples, 51 samples (5.5%) were not compliant according to Pakistan and 267 (28.9%) were not compliant with US-FDA standards. The overall prevalence of non-compliant samples of compound feed was 26.2% (n = 117) according to US-FDA standards, while none of the samples were non-compliant according to Pakistan standards. Among feed ingredients, the overall prevalence of non-compliant samples was 10.7% (n = 51) and 31.4% (n = 150) according to Pakistan and USFDA standards, respectively. Non-compliant feed with respect to AFB1 contamination was highly prevalent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, posing a serious threat to production performance and animals health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid
- Center of Animal Nutrition, Livestock and Dairy Development (Research) Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Fahadullah Khan
- Center of Animal Nutrition, Livestock and Dairy Development (Research) Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shams Ul Hayat
- Center of Biological Production, Livestock and Dairy Development (Research) Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ahmad Khan
- Center of Animal Nutrition, Livestock and Dairy Development (Research) Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Azmat Hayat Khan
- Center of Poultry and Parasitology, Livestock and Dairy Development (Research) Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Khan
- Center of Animal Nutrition, Livestock and Dairy Development (Research) Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Dennis E, Gertner D, Erickson G. Economic Research on Ethanol Feed-Use Coproducts: A Review, Synthesis, and Path Forward. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1551. [PMID: 38891596 PMCID: PMC11171241 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
During the mid-2000s to the early 2010s, the domestic ethanol industry witnessed substantial growth, with ethanol coproducts emerging as vital elements for plant profitability and livestock feeding. Initially serving as supplementary revenue streams, coproducts from ethanol production have evolved into diverse value-added offerings, bolstering revenue streams, and sustaining profit margins. This study reviews existing economic research on ethanol coproducts, detailing methodologies, product focus, and research locations. Initially gathering 972 articles from 9 databases, 110 articles were synthesized. We find that most studies primarily examined the growth and future of the ethanol industry with a limited focus on specific coproducts. Feed-use distillers' grains, especially dried distillers' grains, were the most widely published while newer coproducts like pelletized, de-oiled, and high-protein distillers' grains were relatively understudied. Non-feed-use products were notably overlooked, highlighting the need for exploration beyond conventional applications. The evolving market landscape for ethanol co-products has surpassed published academic understanding of the economic tradeoffs necessitating further research into product dynamics, pricing, marketing, market structures, and regulatory frameworks. This highlights and underscores the importance of investigating value-added grains across diverse commodities and geographic contexts to inform strategic decision-making and policy formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Dennis
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | | | - Galen Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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3
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Castro MMD, DeVries TJ, Machado AF, Ferreira MM, Rennó LN, Marcondes MI. Metabolic responses and performance of Holstein × Gyr heifers grazing Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with varied crude protein levels. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289747. [PMID: 37616277 PMCID: PMC10449210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of supplemental CP on the nutritional characteristics and performance of Holstein × Gyr crossbreed heifers grazing intensively-managed Brachiaria decumbens throughout the year. Thirty-eight heifers with average initial body weight of 172.5 ± 11.15 kg (mean ± SE) and 8.2 ± 0.54 mo of age were randomly assigned to four treatments: three protein supplements (SUP) composed of soybean meal and ground corn fed at 5g/kg of BW, plus a control group (CON). The supplements had 12, 24 and 36% of CP for treatments S12 (n = 9), S24 (n = 10), and S36 (n = 9), respectively. The experiment latest one year, subdivided into four seasons: rainy, dry, rainy-dry transition (RDT), and dry-rainy transition (DRT). Feces and pasture samples were collected for 4 days in each season, using chromium oxide, titanium dioxide, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) to estimate fecal excretion, supplement, and pasture intake, respectively. The data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIXED of the SAS with repeated measures. No effects of supplementation were detected on pasture and NDF intake. However, SUP animals had a greater intake of DM, metabolizable energy, and metabolizable protein. A positive linear response on metabolizable protein intake was observed among SUP animals. We observed an interaction between treatment and season for all digestibility variables, with a positive linear response in CP digestibility among SUP animals during all seasons. For neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility, we observed a positive linear response in RDT and rainy seasons and a quadratic response during the dry season. Furthermore, SUP animals had greater average daily gain (ADG) than non-supplemented animals, and among SUP animals, there was a quadratic response to ADG, with the greatest gain observed in S24. We observed greater nitrogen retention coefficient in SUP animals than in non-supplemented animals and a positive linear effect among SUP animals. Supplemental CP did not affect microbial protein production and efficiency. We observed an interaction between treatment and season for blood glucose, with SUP animals having greater glucose concentration in all seasons than non-supplemented animals. Additionally, we observed a quadratic response among SUP animals only during RDT and dry season, with the greatest glucose concentration in S24. SUP animals had greater blood concentrations of urea and IGF-1. In conclusion, SUP animals had greater intake, digestibility, and performance than non-supplemented animals, with the 24% CP supplement demonstrating the best metabolic responses and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luciana Navajas Rennó
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Inacio Marcondes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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4
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Hadfield JA, Waldron BL, Isom SC, Feuz R, Larsen R, Creech JE, Rose MF, Long J, Peel MD, Miller RL, Rood KA, Young A, Stott R, Sweat A, Thornton KJ. The effects of organic grass and grass-birdsfoot trefoil pastures on Jersey heifer development: Heifer growth, performance, and economic impact. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10863-10878. [PMID: 34389144 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy heifers developed in certified organic programs, especially those utilizing pasture-based management schemes, have lower rates of gain than heifers raised in nonorganic confinement production systems in temperate climates, such as in the Intermountain West region of the United States. This study investigates the effects that different forages in a rotational grazing system have on development of organically raised Jersey heifers. Over 3 years, 210 yearling Jersey heifers were randomly assigned to one of 9 treatments, including a conventional confinement control where animals were fed a total mixed ration or one of 8 pasture treatments: Cache Meadow bromegrass (Brumus riparius Rehmann), QuickDraw orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), Amazon perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), or Fawn tall fescue (Schendonorus arundinaceus [Schreb.] Dumort) and each individual grass interseeded with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L., BFT). Each treatment had 3 blocks/yr over the 3-yr period, with each block having a 0.4 ha pasture of each treatment. Every 35 d, over a 105-d period, heifers were weighed and measured for hip height, and blood samples were collected to determine serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Fecal egg counts were also assessed. Heifer body weight (BW), blood urea nitrogen, and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations were affected by treatment when analyzed over time. Heifers on grass-BFT pastures had increased BW compared with heifers on monoculture grass pastures. Heifers receiving a total mixed ration or perennial ryegrass+BFT had increased BW gain over the 105-d period compared with heifers grazing tall fescue+BFT, orchard grass, perennial ryegrass, meadow bromegrass, or tall fescue. Individually for all grass species, heifers grazing +BFT pastures had greater ending BW and weight gain than heifers grazing the respective grass monocultures. Furthermore, weight gain for heifers on perennial ryegrass+BFT, meadow bromegrass+BFT, and orchard grass+BFT were not different from those on a total mixed ration. Heifers grazing grass-BFT pastures had increased blood urea nitrogen compared with heifers grazing monoculture grass pastures. Heifer hip height and fecal egg counts were not affected by treatment. These results show that the addition of BFT to organic pasture improves growth of grazing replacement heifers. Economic analyses also demonstrate that interseeding grass pastures with BFT results in an increased economic return compared with grazing monoculture grass pastures. Grass pastures interseeded with BFT may be a sustainable option to achieve adequate growth of Jersey heifers raised in an organic pasture scenario in a temperate climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Hadfield
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4815
| | - Blair L Waldron
- Forage and Range Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Logan 84322-6300
| | - S Clay Isom
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4815
| | - Ryan Feuz
- Agricultural Economics Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4820
| | - Ryan Larsen
- Agricultural Economics Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4820
| | - J Earl Creech
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4820
| | - Marcus F Rose
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4820
| | - Jenny Long
- Applied Sciences, Technology, and Education Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-2300
| | - Michael D Peel
- Forage and Range Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Logan 84322-6300
| | - Rhonda L Miller
- Applied Sciences, Technology, and Education Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-2300
| | - Kerry A Rood
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4815
| | - Allen Young
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4815
| | - Rusty Stott
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4815
| | - Alexis Sweat
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4815
| | - Kara J Thornton
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4815.
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Hawkins A, Burdine KH, Amaral-Phillips DM, Costa JHC. Effects of Housing System on Dairy Heifer Replacement Cost From Birth to Calving: Evaluating Costs of Confinement, Dry-Lot, and Pasture-Based Systems and Their Impact on Total Rearing Investment. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:625. [PMID: 33178724 PMCID: PMC7596243 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement heifer rearing is critical for the future of dairy operations, to improve genetic merit and maintain herd size. A myriad of options exist on how to manage, feed, and ultimately raise replacement heifers. Pasture is perceived to offer optimal welfare and an economical housing system for replacement animals, but confinement systems are gaining popularity. This study investigates the costs associated with replacement heifer management decisions from birth to calving, considering the factors of housing systems, labor, feed, and health. The objective of this study was to develop an economic model to determine the cost of raising a replacement heifer managed in confinement, dry-lot, and pasture-based scenarios post-weaning. We accounted for variation in feed, labor, and health inputs and quantified the impact of these individual management decisions. An economic simulation with 10,000 iterations were completed for each situation using @Risk and PrecisionTree add-ons (Palisade Corporation, Ithaca, NY) where health incidence, commodity prices, and management variables were made stochastic. Published literature or sample farm data created parameters used in Pert distributions. Costs and biological responses were reflective of published surveys, literature, and market conditions. Management decision inputs had 3 main factors: housing type, ration composition, and labor utilization. Housing systems were calculated separately for confinement, dry-lot, and pasture scenarios. The mean total cost (min, max) to raise a replacement heifer from birth to calving, assuming the same pre-weaning strategy of group housing with an automatic calf feeder, was found to be $1,919.02 ($1,777.25, $2,100.57), $1,593.57 ($1,490.30, $1,737.26), and $1,335.84 ($1,266.69, $1,423.94) for confinement, dry-lot, and pasture, respectively. Total housing cost per replacement heifer was $423.05, $117.96, and $207.96 for confinement, dry-lot, and pasture management systems, respectively. When compared to total cost, housing contributed 21% for confinement, 7% for dry-lot, and 15% for pasture. Upon analysis of all scenarios, utilizing pasture to raise heifers resulted in a lower overall cost when compared to confinement housing options. Percentage breakdowns of feed, labor, housing, and fixed and variable costs provided more information on efficiency rather than total cost, which makes each situation different in relation to on-farm cost. This cost analysis is critical to assisting farms in making decisions in the utilization of their resources for replacement dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hawkins
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - K H Burdine
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - D M Amaral-Phillips
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Joao H C Costa
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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6
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Machado AF, Guimarães SEF, Guimarães JD, Santos GM, Silva AL, Silva YFRS, Lollobrigida Netto DS, Correa PVF, Marcondes MI. Effect of protein supplement level on the productive and reproductive parameters of replacement heifers managed in intensive grazing systems. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239786. [PMID: 33027259 PMCID: PMC7540841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluations of replacement heifers in intensively managed grazing systems in tropical conditions are warranted. Thus, we aimed to evaluate performance, muscle and mammary gland development, oocyte quality, and in vitro production of embryos of crossbred heifers grazing an intensively managed pasture and supplemented with high or low protein concentrates. Eighteen pubertal crossbred heifers (Holstein x Gyr) with an initial weight of 350 ± 8.0 kg were used in a 60-day trial. Two supplement types, 12% crude protein (CP) (S12CP) or 24% CP (S24CP), and a control treatment (mineral mixture, CON) were randomly distributed to the heifers. Throughout the experiment, four digestibility trials were performed over four consecutive days. Four ovarium pick-ups were performed to evaluate oocyte quality and in vitro embryo production. Lastly, ultrasounds of carcasses and mammary glands were performed. The intakes of dry matter (DM), digestible energy (DE), and CP were greater for supplemented (SUP) compared with CON heifers. The SUP heifers had a greater average daily gain (ADG) (645 versus 390 g/d) and rib eye area (58.78 versus 53.32 cm2) than the CON heifers. Oocyte recovery, quality, and follicle features were not affected by supplementation strategy. However, the cleavage rate (47.17% versus 30.31%) and blastocyst rate (27.91% versus 10.12%) were negatively affected by supplementation. The S12CP presented a blastocyst rate much lower than the S24CP (3.02% versus 17.23%). Carcass ultrasonography indicated a trend for greater rib eye area for S24CP and mammary ultrasonography indicated no effects of supplementation on mammary gland development. In summary, supplementation seems to be an appropriate strategy for satisfactory performance, with greater muscle deposition and no negative impacts on mammary gland development. However, in vitro embryo production was impaired when the animals received the supplementation with 12% CP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Domingos Guimarães
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Lopes Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Inácio Marcondes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Keyser PD, Buehler DA, Hedges K, Hodges J, Lituma CM, Loncarich F, Martin JA. Eastern grasslands: Conservation challenges and opportunities on private lands. WILDLIFE SOC B 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Keyser
- University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - David A. Buehler
- University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Kyle Hedges
- Missouri Department of Conservation 412 Killingsworth Avenue Bolivar MO 65613 USA
| | - Jef Hodges
- National Bobwhite Conservation Initiative University of Tennessee 274 Ellington Plant Sciences Building Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Christopher M. Lituma
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources West Virginia University Morgantown WV 26506 USA
| | - Frank Loncarich
- Missouri Department of Conservation 1510 S Business 49 Neosho MO 64850 USA
| | - James A. Martin
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources Savannah River Ecology Lab, University of Georgia 180 E Green Street Athens GA 30602 USA
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Zhang J, Qiu Q, Shang Z, Liu S, Degen A, Li S, Yan Q, Wang W, Jing X, Bai Y, Ding L. Effect of supplemental dietary slow-release urea on growth performance and physiological status of dairy heifers. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:966-971. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Zhanhuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Shujie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cultivating Base of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Ecology of Qinghai Province; Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Xining China
| | - Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry; Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture; Blaustein Institues for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Qi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoping Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Yanfu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Luming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
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Moorman CE, Klimstra RL, Harper CA, Marcus JF, Sorenson CE. Breeding songbird use of native warm-season and non-native cool-season grass forage fields. WILDLIFE SOC B 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Moorman
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program; Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Ryan L. Klimstra
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Craig A. Harper
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | | | - Clyde E. Sorenson
- Department of Entomology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27695 USA
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Wittayakun S, Chainetr W, Innaree W, Pranamornkith P. Influence of Amylopectin and Nitrogen Supplementation on Digestibility and Ruminal Fermentation of Dairy Heifers Based on Diets with High Ratio of Pineapple Waste Silage to Pangola Grass Hay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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