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Natrella G, Vacca M, Minervini F, Faccia M, De Angelis M. A Comprehensive Review on the Biogenic Amines in Cheeses: Their Origin, Chemical Characteristics, Hazard and Reduction Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:2583. [PMID: 39200510 PMCID: PMC11353796 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the biogenic amines are naturally found in fermented foods as a consequence of amino acid decarboxylation. Their formation is ascribable to microorganisms (starters, contaminants and autochthonous) present in the food matrix. The concentration of these molecules is important for food security reasons, as they are involved in food poisoning illnesses. The most frequent amines found in foods are histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, tryptamine, phenylethylamine, spermine and spermidine. One of the most risk-prone foods are cheeses, mostly ripened ones, which could easily accumulate amines due to their peculiar manufacturing process and ripening. Cheeses represent a pivotal food in our diet, providing for nutrients such as amino acids, calcium, vitamins and others; thus, since they are widely consumed, it is important to evaluate the presence of toxic molecules to avoid consumers' poisoning. This review aimed to gather general information on the role of biogenic amines, their formation, the health issues and the microorganisms and processes that produce/reduce them, with a focus on their content in different types of cheese (from soft to hard cheeses) and the biotic and abiotic factors that influence their formation or reduction and concentration. Finally, a multivariate analysis was performed on the biogenic amine content, derived from data available in the literature, to obtain more information about the factors influencing their presence in cheeses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Natrella
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (F.M.); (M.F.); (M.D.A.)
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Johansson M, Lundh Å, Johansson AM. Relation between α S1-casein, genotype, and quality traits of milk from Swedish dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00363-6. [PMID: 37414602 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Locally produced food is becoming popular among Swedish consumers. One product that has increased in popularity is artisan-manufactured goat cheese, and although the dairy goat industry in Sweden is small-scale, production is gradually increasing. In goats, the CSN1S1 gene regulates expression of the protein αS1-casein (αS1-CN), which has been found to be important for cheese yield. Over the years, breeding animals have been imported to Sweden from Norway. Historically, a high frequency of the Norwegian goat population carried a polymorphism at the CSN1S1 gene. This polymorphism, called the Norwegian null allele (D), leads to zero or significantly reduced expression of αS1-CN. Using milk samples from 75 goats, this study investigated associations between expression of αS1-CN and genotype at the CSN1S1 gene on milk quality traits from Swedish Landrace goats. Milk samples were grouped according to relative level of αS1-CN (low: 0-6.9% of total protein; medium-high: 7-25% of total protein) and genotype (DD, DG, DA/AG/AA). While the D allele leads to extremely low expression of αS1-CN, the G allele is low expressing and the A allele is highly expressing for this protein. Principal component analysis was used to explore the total variation in milk quality traits. To evaluate the effect of different allele groups on milk quality attributes, 1-way ANOVA and Tukey pairwise comparison tests were used. The majority (72%) of all goat milk samples investigated showed relative αS1-CN content of 0% to 6.82% of total protein. The frequency of individuals homozygous for the Norwegian null allele (DD) was 59% in the population of sampled goats, and only 15% carried at least one A allele. A low relative concentration of αS1-CN was associated with lower total protein, higher pH, and higher relative concentration of β-casein and levels of free fatty acids. Milk from goats homozygous for the null allele (DD) showed a similar pattern as milk with low relative concentration of αS1-CN, but total protein was only numerically lower, and somatic cell count and αS2-CN were higher than for the other genotypes. The associations between levels of αS1-CN and the investigated genotype at the CSN1S1 gene indicate a need for a national breeding program for Swedish dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Johansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden.
| | - Åse Lundh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Johansson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
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Activities of indigenous proteases in cow, buffalo and goat milk of Indian subcontinent and their correlation with somatic cell count. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Santillo A, Ciliberti MG, d’Angelo F, Albenzio M. The Effect of Alpha s1 Genotype on Some Physiological and Chemical Milk Characteristics in Garganica Goat. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.897172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study individual milk samples were collected from 80 Garganica goats and the population was genotyped for CSN1S1. Seven different alleles were observed with the A allele found as predominant, followed by the F and B allele, and 14 different genotypes were observed. A proteomic approach was used to classify the individual milk on the basis of protein abundance: four levels of αs1-casein (CN) expression were identified as high (HAS-1), intermediate (IAS-1), low (LAS-1), and null (NAS-1). The present paper aimed to investigate the influence of the level of expression of αs1-casein fraction in milk on proteolytic activities, chemical composition, and renneting properties of individual Garganica goat milk. Results from the present study evidenced that the level of expression of αs1-casein fraction in Garganica goat milk affected chemical composition, curd firmness, and indigenous proteolytic enzymes. In particular, fat, protein, and casein content were higher in HAS-1 and IAS-1 compared to LAS-1 and NAS-1. The SCC decreased passing from the HAS-1 to the NAS-1 and the curd firmness displayed the highest value in HAS-1. The activity of plasmin (PL) was higher in HAS-1 and IAS-1 groups compared to the LAS-1 and NAS-1; whereas, PL plasminogen-derived (PG) activity was the highest in NAS-1 group. On the contrary, the activity of elastase was the highest in LAS-1, intermediate in the IAS-1 group, and the lowest in HAS-1 and NAS-1 groups. Present data demonstrated that the level of synthesis of αs1-CN reflects the efficiency of the mammary gland in the activation of the cellular mechanisms and influences the proteolytic activity in milk, especially the PL-PG system.
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Nagahata H, Fuse M, Umehara K, Gondaira S, Higuchi H, Hisaeda K, Kumano Y. Evaluation of the health status of mammary glands and compositional changes in udder-half milk obtained from dairy goats for milk quality management. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13714. [PMID: 35417054 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the health status of the mammary glands and milk composition of dairy goats. The California mastitis test (CMT) score, somatic cell counts (SCCs), somatic cell type, electrical conductivity (EC), N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity, mastitis-causing pathogens, and milk composition in 121 udder-half milk samples from 62 crossbreed goats (1-3 years old) at 23-45 days postpartum were compared in four categories with SCCs of <200 × 103 , <300 × 103 , 301-1000 × 103 , and >1010 × 103 cells/ml. The SCC, CMT score, EC, and NAGase activity were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in udder-half milk with SCCs of <200 × 103 and <300 × 103 cells/ml than those in milk with SCCs of 301-1000 × 103 and >1010 × 103 cells/ml. The protein, lactose/ash, and solids-not-fat (SNF) in milk with an SCC of <300 × 103 cells/ml were similar to the previously reported values. The proportion of polymorphonuclear neutrophils was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in milk with SCCs of 301-1000 and >1010 × 103 cells/ml than in milk with an SCC of <300 × 103 cells/ml. Assessing mammary gland health and milk composition based on categorization of udder-half milk by SCC may be useful for milk quality control on goat farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Nagahata
- Department of Veterinary Associated Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | | | | | - Satoshi Gondaira
- Laboratory of Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Higuchi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hisaeda
- Department of Veterinary Associated Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kumano
- Hokkaido Dairy Milk Recording & Testing Association, Sapporo, Japan
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Podhorecká K, Borková M, Šulc M, Seydlová R, Dragounová H, Švejcarová M, Peroutková J, Elich O. Somatic Cell Count in Goat Milk: An Indirect Quality Indicator. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051046. [PMID: 34064642 PMCID: PMC8150430 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A high somatic cell count (SCC) impacts dairy quality to a large extent. The goal of this work was to investigate differences in goat milk composition and technological parameters according to SCC cut-off (600, 700, 800, and 1000.103/mL). Thirty-four individual milk samples of White Shorthair goats in a similar stage of lactation were investigated. The first differences in milk quality appeared already at SCC cut-off of 600.103/mL (5.58 LSCS-linear somatic cell score), yet the most striking differences were found for SCC over 1000.103/mL (6.32 LSCS), which was expressed by lowering heat stability (126 vs. 217 s, p = 0.034), increasing protein (3.41 vs. 3.04%, p = 0.009), casein (2.80 vs. 2.44%, p = 0.034) and chloride (164 vs. 147 mg/100 mL, p = 0.004) levels, as well as non-fat dry matter (8.79 vs. 8.45%, p = 0.045). It has been shown that low levels of Staphylococcus spp. bacteria (120-1600 CFU/mL) in the mammary gland correlated with decreased lactose content (4.60 vs. 4.47 g/100 g, p = 0.022). Since our results indicate that even low SCC values may significantly affect the technological properties of goat milk, SCC should therefore be routinely screened and reported to dairy manufacturers to assure the consumer of high end-product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Podhorecká
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Markéta Borková
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Miloslav Šulc
- Food Research Institute Prague, Radiova 1285, 10200 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Růžena Seydlová
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Hedvika Dragounová
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Martina Švejcarová
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Jitka Peroutková
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Ondřej Elich
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
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Moradi M, Omer AK, Razavi R, Valipour S, Guimarães JT. The relationship between milk somatic cell count and cheese production, quality and safety: A review. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sánchez-Macías D, Hernández-Castellano L, Morales-delaNuez A, Herrera-Chávez B, Argüello A, Castro N. Somatic cells: A potential tool to accelerate low-fat goat cheese ripening. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Relationship Between mRNA of Immune Factors Expressed by Milk Somatic Cells and Bacteria Present in Healthy Lactating Holstein Cows. J Vet Res 2019; 63:369-373. [PMID: 31572817 PMCID: PMC6749727 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The characteristics of immune factors in somatic cells from lactating dairy cows and their association with commensal bacteria in normal milk have not been clarified. This study investigated the relationship between the pathogenic bacteria in milk and somatic cell immune factors in healthy lactating cows. Material and Methods In total 44 healthy Holstein cows were studied on one farm. Milk samples were collected aseptically using a cannula and these samples were cultured for detection of bacteria and analysis of mRNA of immune factors expressed by somatic cells. Cows were divided into two groups based on the microbial status of their milk samples: 12 cows showed bacteria in cultures (positive group), and the other 32 cows did not (negative group). Results The mRNA levels of IL-6, lactotransferrin, and cathelicidin expressed by somatic cells after milking decreased significantly compared to those before milking in both groups (P < 0.05). There were significantly lower mRNA levels of IL-6 and cathelicidin in the positive group compared to those in the negative group before milking. Conclusion These results suggest that mRNA levels of IL-6 and cathelicidin expressed by the somatic cells may be affected by the presence of bacteria in healthy lactating dairy cows.
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Albenzio M, Figliola L, Caroprese M, Marino R, Sevi A, Santillo A. Somatic cell count in sheep milk. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Clark S, Mora García MB. A 100-Year Review: Advances in goat milk research. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10026-10044. [PMID: 29153153 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the century of research chronicled between 1917 and 2017, dairy goats have gone from simply serving as surrogates to cows to serving as transgenic carriers of human enzymes. Goat milk has been an important part of human nutrition for millennia, in part because of the greater similarity of goat milk to human milk, softer curd formation, higher proportion of small milk fat globules, and different allergenic properties compared with cow milk; however, key nutritional deficiencies limit its suitability for infants. Great attention has been given not only to protein differences between goat and cow milk, but also to fat and enzyme differences, and their effect on the physical and sensory properties of goat milk and milk products. Physiological differences between the species necessitate different techniques for analysis of somatic cell counts, which are naturally higher in goat milk. The high value of goat milk throughout the world has generated a need for a variety of techniques to detect adulteration of goat milk products with cow milk. Advances in all of these areas have been largely documented in the Journal of Dairy Science (JDS), and this review summarizes such advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Clark
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-0152.
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Alhussien MN, Dang AK. Milk somatic cells, factors influencing their release, future prospects, and practical utility in dairy animals: An overview. Vet World 2018; 11:562-577. [PMID: 29915493 PMCID: PMC5993762 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.562-577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk somatic cells (SCs) are a mixture of milk-producing cells and immune cells. These cells are secreted in milk during the normal course of milking and are used as an index for estimating mammary health and milk quality of dairy animals worldwide. Milk SC is influenced by cow productivity, health, parity, lactation stage, and breed of an animal. Any change in environmental conditions, poor management practices, and also stressful conditions significantly increases the amount of SC coming in milk. Better hygiene and proper nutrition help in reducing milk SC. Milk with low SC means better milk products with a longer shelf life. The present review describes the role of SCs (both secretory and immune) in milk, their role in maintaining the integrity of the mammary gland, and factors affecting their release in milk. This information may help to reduce milk somatic cell counts (SCCs) and to establish differential SCC standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Naif Alhussien
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory; ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana - 132 001, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Dang
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory; ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana - 132 001, India
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Albenzio M, Santillo A, Caroprese M, Ciliberti M, Marino R, Sevi A. Effect of stage of lactation on the immune competence of goat mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3889-3895. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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