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Analysis of milk with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAs a widely consumed foodstuff, milk and dairy products are increasingly studied over the years. At the present time, milk profiling is used as a benchmark to assess the properties of milk. Modern biomolecular mass spectrometers have become invaluable to fully characterize the milk composition. This review reports the analysis of milk and its components using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS). LC–MS analysis as a whole will be discussed subdivided into the major constituents of milk, namely, lipids, proteins, sugars and the mineral fraction.
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Kyselová L, Vítová M, Řezanka T. Very long chain fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 87:101180. [PMID: 35810824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are important components of various lipid classes in most organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and mammals, including humans. VLCFAs, or very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs), can be defined as fatty acids with 23 or more carbon atoms in the molecule. The main emphasis in this review is on the analysis of these acids, including obtaining standards from natural sources or their synthesis. Furthermore, the occurrence and analysis of these compounds in both lower (bacteria, invertebrates) and higher organisms (flowering plants or mammals) are discussed in detail. Attention is paid to their biosynthesis, especially the elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein (ELOVL4). This review deals with papers describing these very interesting compounds, whose chemical, biochemical and biological properties have not been fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kyselová
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Lípová 511, 120 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Milada Vítová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre for Phycology, Dukelská 135, 379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Bukowski MR, Picklo MJ. Simple, Rapid Lipidomic Analysis of Triacylglycerols in Bovine Milk by Infusion-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2020; 56:243-255. [PMID: 33169389 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine milk is a complex mixture of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and other factors of which lipids comprise 3-5% of the total mass. Rapid analysis and characterization of the triacylglycerols (TAG) that comprise about 95% of the total lipid is daunting given the numerous TAG species. In the attached methods paper, we demonstrate an improved method for identifying and quantifying TAG species by infusion-based "shotgun" lipidomics. Because of the broad range of TAG species in milk, a single internal standard was insufficient for the analysis and required sectioning the spectrum into three portions based upon mass range to provide accurate quantitation of TAG species. Isobaric phospholipid interferences were removed using a simple dispersive solid-phase extraction step. Using this method, > 100 TAG species were quantitated by acyl carbon number and desaturation level in a sample of commercially purchased bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bukowski
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Matthew J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
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Liu Z, Li C, Pryce J, Rochfort S. Comprehensive Characterization of Bovine Milk Lipids: Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, Glycolipids, and Ceramides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6726-6738. [PMID: 32369354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey on phospholipids (PLs), sphingolipids, glycolipids, and ceramides (Cer) of bovine milk was conducted by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. A total of 514 species belonging to 15 classes were identified by an automated search tool (LipidSearch) and a manual analysis of MS2 spectra. Over 60 species were detected for the classes of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin (SM), between 20 and 45 species for phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA), and lactosylceramide (LacCer), and between 7 and 20 species for phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lyso-phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, glucosylceramide (GluCer), PC-plasmalogen (PC-P), PE-plasmalogen, ganglioside, and Cer. The structural assignment for PL classes is straightforward based on class-specific product ion/neutral losses and fatty acid-related product ions. By contrast, structural determination of lipid classes containing a backbone of sphingoid bases (SM, GluCer, LacCer, ganglioside, and Cer) is much more challenging, and combining MS2/MS3 information acquired in both positive and negative modes is sometimes needed. The quantification of all 15 classes of lipids was performed at the species level. A large variation in abundance was observed across the lipid classes; PC, PE, and SM are the most abundant polar lipid classes, with concentrations reaching 120, 150, and 90 μmol/L, respectively, whereas PA, PG, and PC-P are present at very low levels (<1.5 μmol/L) and the remaining classes at an intermediate level (2-45 μmol/L). This is the first comprehensive characterization of minor lipid classes from bovine milk and the information provided can be used as a reference for studying milk lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jennie Pryce
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Szabóová Ž, Blaško J, Galbavá P, Nižnanský L, Górová R, Filipiak W, Musil K, Čabala R, Gabrišová L, Peciar M, Kubinec R. Analysis of triglycerides in butter, plant oils, and adulterated butter with LPGC-MS. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu Z, Rochfort S, Cocks B. Milk lipidomics: What we know and what we don't. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:70-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hernández-Santos B, Sánchez-Ortega E, Herman-Lara E, Rodríguez-Miranda J, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Peryronel F, Marangoni AG, Martínez-Sánchez CE. Physicochemical and thermal characterization of seed oil from Mexican mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota). J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-017-3038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu Z, Wang J, Cocks BG, Rochfort S. Seasonal Variation of Triacylglycerol Profile of Bovine Milk. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7020024. [PMID: 28574443 PMCID: PMC5487995 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk contains 3–6% of fat, of which the dominant component is triacylglycerol (TAG). Over 100 TAG groups can be readily detected in any non-enriched milk sample by LC-MS; most TAG groups contain several isomers (TAG molecules with different fatty acid composition), which cannot be fully resolved chromatographically by any single stationary phase. TAG profile of mature milk from 19 cows was surveyed in this study for eight consecutive months using RP-LC-Orbitrap MS. It was found that TAG profile of milk was not constant throughout the milking season and the seasonal pattern varied with TAG groups. The overall unsaturation level of TAG was stable from October 2013 to January 2014, decreased in February/March 2014 and then increased from April and peaked in May 2014. In addition to the seasonal fluctuation in TAG profile, the proportion of different isomeric species within a TAG group also changed substantially across seasons. However, the proportion of different positional isomers within a given TAG group does not seem to vary during the milking season. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the seasonal change of milk lipid at the TAG group and isomer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Jianghui Wang
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Benjamin G Cocks
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Liu Z, Cocks BG, Rochfort S. Comparison of Molecular Species Distribution of DHA-Containing Triacylglycerols in Milk and Different Infant Formulas by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2134-2144. [PMID: 26902881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are an important nutritional lipid and have potential in being able to promote human health. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6ω3) is often added in infant formulas to meet the nutritional requirement of formula-fed infants. A comprehensive survey on DHA-containing triacylglycerol (DHA-TAG) molecular species has been conducted for seven infant formulas (IFs) sourced from Australia, Europe, and the USA as well as bovine milk and human milk. Using LC-triple quadrupole MS and LC-LTQ-orbitrap MS we were able to identify and quantify 56 DHA-TAG species in these samples; the fatty acid structure of these species was assigned using their MS(2) spectra. The species composition of DHA-TAG was found to be different between bovine milk, human milk, and IFs and also between different brands of IFs. Bovine milk and human milk contain DHA-TAG of smaller molecular size (728-952 Da), whereas five out of the seven IF samples contain species of broader mass range (from 728 to 1035 Da). Our study indicates that two types of DHA were used in the seven IF products surveyed and that there is very large difference in molecular species distribution in different IF products that may influence the fine nutritional profile and biological functions of IF products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Biosciences Research, AgriBio , 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Benjamin G Cocks
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Biosciences Research, AgriBio , 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Biosciences Research, AgriBio , 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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