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Fouladi B, Hashemzadeh F, Ghorbani GR, Rafiee H, Drackley JK. Effects of milk replacer powder added to pasteurized whole milk over different durations on dairy calves fed ground starter diet with alfalfa hay. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00645-3. [PMID: 38580149 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Adding milk replacer powder (MRP) to whole milk during the entire preweaning period can increase growth but raises concern because of low starter feed intake and slumps in average daily gain (ADG) at weaning and postweaning. In the current study, effects of adding MRP to pasteurized whole milk (PWM) during d 10-41 or d 10-59 of age were investigated in comparison with PWM. Calves [24 females and 21 males; 39.8 ± 1.85 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) conventional protocol, 5 L/d PWM from d 3-56, and 2.5 L/d from d 57-59 of age (CONV; TS intake = 31.9 kg), 2) short duration of adding MRP to PWM protocol, 5 L/d PWM from d 3-9, 5 L/d PWM + MRP (18% TS) from d 10-41, 5 L/d PWM from d 42-56, and 2.5 L/d PWM from d 57-59 (SD; TS intake = 42.3 kg), 3) long duration of adding MRP to PWM protocol, 5 L/d PWM from d 3-9, 5 L/d PWM + MRP from d 10-56, 2.5 L/d PWM + MRP form d 57-59 (LD; TS intake = 47.7 kg). The osmolality of PWM and PWM + MRP was 278 and 519 mOsm/L, respectively. Calves were weaned on d 60, and the study terminated on d 75. There was a treatment × time interaction for starter intake, where intake was greater for CONV than other treatments from d 14-41 and was greater in CONV than LD during d 42-48 and d 56-62 of age. Final BW was lower in CONV calves than LD calves. Weaning BW and overall hip height were lower in CONV calves than other treatments. The CONV calves had lower ADG at d 14-27 and 35-41 and SD calves had lower ADG at d 42-48 than other treatments. Calves fed CONV treatment had lower ruminal acetate and greater propionate than SD calves during preweaning. Calves fed LD treatment had lower total volatile fatty acids and tended to have greater ruminal pH than other treatments. Calves fed CONV had greater neutrophils and neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio and lower lymphocytes than other treatments. Glucose concentration was greater for LD versus other treatments at d 56, and lower for SD versus other treatments at d 70 of study. Insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index were greater in LD compared with other treatments during preweaning but were not different postweaning. Serum BHB was greater in CONV than other treatments. Albumin was greater for CONV versus other treatments at d 56, however, it was greater in LD-fed calves at d 70 of study. Results indicate that feeding a PWM + MRP to the calves during the entire preweaning period resulted in lower starter feed intake around weaning, but overall starter intake was similar with a greater final BW and fewer health related issues throughout the study. Shifting a PWM + MRP to the conventional whole milk at d 40 of age decreased the ADG of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fouladi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - F Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - G R Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - H Rafiee
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center; Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 8174835117, Isfahan, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
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Azevedo RA, Lage CFA, Silper BF, Diniz Neto HC, Quigley JD, Coelho SG. Invited review: Total solids concentration in milk or milk replacer for dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7341-7351. [PMID: 37641291 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Restricting milk or milk replacer (MR) fed to dairy calves to 10% of body weight at 12.5% total solids (TS) concentration is a common feeding strategy that promotes early weaning and lowers total feed costs for raising young calves. However, this strategy has been associated with inferior performance and compromised welfare. Because a restricted liquid nutrition plan limits calf growth due to limited supply of nutrients, research on increased supply of nutrients from liquid has shown improved growth, health, and welfare of calves. Nutrient supply may be increased by feeding larger amounts of milk or MR averaging 12.5% TS, or by increasing TS above the usual 12.5% TS by increasing MR TS concentration alone (TS+), or by increasing TS concentration and volume simultaneously (TSV+). The objective of this review is to discuss liquid nutrition plans with greater TS concentration in MR or in milk diets, considering the effects of such strategies on performance and digestive tract development before weaning and the future performance of dairy calves. This review will focus on liquid nutrition plans that are based on increased TS concentration (i.e., TS+ or TSV+); therefore, enhanced liquid nutrition plans based only on increased volumes will not be the discussed. Improved growth rates have been observed in calves fed TSV+ programs. However, reduced starter intake preweaning can also have negative effects on dry matter intake, average daily gain, and digestibility postweaning. Feeding a TS+ program may reduce impairment of starter intake and therefore have positive effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, and health. When considering an accelerated nutrition plan with TS+ or TSV+, it is important to consider osmolality of the liquid diet. Further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis and the cost-benefit of alternative liquid nutrition plans, as well as the optimal TS concentration of milk or MR fed to dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C F A Lage
- Cornell Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - B F Silper
- Brejo Alegre Farm, Itaúna 35684000, MG, Brazil
| | - H C Diniz Neto
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270901, MG, Brazil
| | - J D Quigley
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Elk River, MN 55330
| | - S G Coelho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270901, MG, Brazil
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Menezes GL, Bresolin T, Halfman W, Sterry R, Cauffman A, Stuttgen S, Schlesser H, Nelson MA, Bjurstrom A, Rosa GJM, Dorea JRR. Exploring associations among morphometric measurements, genetic group of sire, and performance of beef on dairy calves. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad064. [PMID: 37601954 PMCID: PMC10433787 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sire selection for beef on dairy crosses plays an important role in livestock systems as it may affect future performance and carcass traits of growing and finishing crossbred cattle. The phenotypic variation found in beef on dairy crosses has raised concerns from meat packers due to animals with dairy-type carcass characteristics. The use of morphometric measurements may help to understand the phenotypic structures of sire progeny for selecting animals with greater performance. In addition, due to the relationship with growth, these measurements could be used to early predict the performance until the transition from dairy farms to sales. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the effect of different beef sires and breeds on the morphometric measurements of crossbred calves including cannon bone (CB), forearm (FA), hip height (HH), face length (FL), face width (FW) and growth performance; and (2) to predict the weight gain from birth to transition from dairy farms to sale (WG) and the body weight at sale (BW) using such morphometric measurements obtained at first days of animals' life. CB, FA, HH, FL, FW, and weight at 7 ± 5 d (BW7) (Table 1) were measured on 206 calves, from four different sire breeds [Angus (AN), SimAngus (SA), Simmental (SI), and Limousin (LI)], from five farms. To evaluate the morphometric measurements at the transition from dairy farms to sale and animal performance 91 out of 206 calves sourced from four farms, and offspring of two different sires (AN and SA) were used. To predict the WG and BW, 97 calves, and offspring of three different sires (AN, SA, and LI) were used. The data were analyzed using a mixed model, considering farm and sire as random effects. To predict WG and BW, two linear models (including or not the morphometric measurements) were used, and a leave-one-out cross-validation strategy was used to evaluate their predictive quality. The HH and BW7 were 7.67% and 10.7% higher (P < 0.05) in SA crossbred calves compared to AN, respectively. However, the ADG and adjusted body weight to 120 d were 14.3% and 9.46% greater (P < 0.05) in AN compared to SA. The morphometric measurements improved the model's predictive performance for WG and BW. In conclusion, morphometric measurements at the first days of calves' life can be used to predict animals' performance in beef on dairy. Such a strategy could lead to optimized management decisions and greater profitability in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme L Menezes
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Tiago Bresolin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - William Halfman
- Division of Extension, University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ryan Sterry
- Division of Extension, University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amanda Cauffman
- Division of Extension, University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sandy Stuttgen
- Division of Extension, University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Heather Schlesser
- Division of Extension, University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Megan A Nelson
- Division of Extension, University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Aerica Bjurstrom
- Division of Extension, University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Guilherme J M Rosa
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joao R R Dorea
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Shiasi Sardoabi R, Alikhani M, Hashemzadeh F, Khorvash M, Mirzaei M, Drackley JK. Effects of different planes of milk feeding and milk total solids concentration on growth, ruminal fermentation, health, and behavior of late weaned dairy calves during summer. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:96. [PMID: 34470664 PMCID: PMC8411520 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using high quantities of milk or milk replacer (MR) in heat-stressed calves to alleviate the negative effects of high environmental temperatures on their performance. However, observations have indicated a decline in growth performance in the weaning and post-weaning period, which might be optimized with increasing total solids (TS) in milk and weaning age. This study aims to optimize the effects of higher quantities of milk on late weaned calves' performance by increasing TS concentration or delivery route in summer conditions. Method Forty-eight newborn Holstein calves were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the factors of pre-weaning total plane of milk (PM) intake (low vs. high) and milk TS content (12% vs. 17%). The treatments were (1) low PM (LPM) intake with 12% TS (TS intake = 45.9 kg), (2) LPM intake with 17% TS (TS intake = 65.1 kg), (3) high PM (HPM) intake with 12% TS (TS intake = 63.7 kg); and (4) HPM intake with 17% TS (TS intake = 90.3 kg). Calves were weaned at d 83, and the study was terminated at d 103 of age. Performance data (every 10 day), skeletal growth (d 80 and 100), ruminal fermentation parameters (d 48 and 91), and behavioral measurements (d 69, 70, 93 and 94) were analyzed as repeated measurements with PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Results Calves receiving HPM consumed less PMR from d 44 to 83 of age, but they had higher ADG from d 24 to 53 of age compared to those fed LPM (PM × age, P < 0.001). In addition, calves receiving milk with 17% TS had lower PMR intake from d 14 to 83 of age, but greater ADG from d 34 to 53 compared to those receiving milk with 12% TS (TS × age, P < 0.001). Calves that received HPM had greater skeletal growth parameters compared to LPM-fed calves, with a similar effect evident for calves fed milk with 17% TS compared with those fed milk with 12% TS. Calves receiving milk with 17% TS had greater fecal scores and diarrhea occurrence than those fed milk with 12% TS in HPM, but not LPM. Conclusions Increasing PM and milk TS concentration improved growth in summer-exposed calves as demonstrated by increased pre-weaning ADG, pre- and post-weaning BW, and structural growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shiasi Sardoabi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Alikhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - F Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - M Khorvash
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-88349, Arak, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA.
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Font-i-Furnols M, Terré M, Brun A, Vidal M, Bach A. Prediction of tissue composition of live dairy calves and carcasses by computed tomography. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Trotta RJ, Ward AK, Swanson KC. Influence of dietary fructose supplementation on visceral organ mass, carbohydrase activity, and mRNA expression of genes involved in small intestinal carbohydrate assimilation in neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10060-10073. [PMID: 32921447 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis of this experiment was that dietary fructose would influence visceral organ mass, carbohydrase activity, and mRNA expression of carbohydrases and nutrient transporters in the small intestine in neonatal calves. Therefore, our objective was to use the neonatal calf as a model to evaluate the effects of postruminal fructose supply on small intestinal carbohydrate assimilation. Ten calves (<7 d of age; 41.2 ± 1.46 kg of body weight) were fed milk replacer at 2.0% of body weight daily (816 ± 90.5 g/d; 272 ± 30.1 g/L; dry-matter basis) in 2 equal portions and assigned to the following dietary treatment groups: (1) milk replacer (control; n = 6) or (2) milk replacer + 2.2 g of fructose/kg of body weight (fructose; n = 4). Calves were fed dietary treatments for 28 d, with jugular blood sampled every 7 d before and after the morning feeding. Calves were slaughtered, and visceral weights were recorded. Postruminal carbohydrase activities were assayed. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted for small intestinal mRNA expression of nutrient transporters [solute carrier family 2 member 5 (GLUT5), solute carrier family 2 member 2 (GLUT2), and solute carrier family 5 member 1 (SGLT1)], carbohydrases (lactase, maltase-glucoamylase, and sucrase-isomaltase), and ketohexokinase (KHK). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures in SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). Dietary fructose supplementation decreased serum glucose concentration. Small intestinal mass was greater in calves supplemented with fructose. Dietary fructose supplementation did not influence pancreatic α-amylase, small intestinal isomaltase, or maltase activities. Sucrase activity was undetected in the small intestine. Dietary fructose supplementation increased small intestinal glucoamylase activity per gram of tissue by 30% and increased maltase-glucoamylase mRNA expression by 6.8-fold. Dietary fructose supplementation did not influence mRNA expression of GLUT5, SGLT1, GLUT2, or KHK. Dietary fructose supplementation increased small intestinal lactase mRNA expression by 3.1-fold. Sucrase-isomaltase mRNA expression in the small intestine decreased 5.1-fold with dietary fructose supplementation. Dietary fructose supplementation does not induce sucrase activity in neonatal calves; however, sucrase-isomaltase may be transcriptionally regulated by dietary fructose in neonatal calves. More research is needed to compare glucose and fructose at isocaloric intakes to examine effects of dietary fructose at equal metabolizable energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108.
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Leão AE, Coelho SG, Azevedo RA, Campos MM, Machado FS, Laguna JG, Ferreira AL, Pereira LGR, Tomich TR, de Fátima Costa S, Machado MA, de Lima Reis DR. Effect of pelleted vs. ground starter with or without hay on preweaned dairy calves. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234610. [PMID: 32645008 PMCID: PMC7347148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the physical form of starter and inclusion of hay in the diet of preweaning dairy calves on performance, digestibility, ruminal development, and mRNA expression of genes involved in ruminal metabolism. Holstein × Gyr crossbred male calves (n = 38 1day old) were assigned to 3 treatments for 9 weeks: Control (n = 13; pellet starter with 4 mm diameter and 18 mm length and 4% steam-flaked corn), Ground (n = 12; same starter of the control but ground pass through a 4.0 mm sieve), or Ground plus 5% chopped Tifton hay GH (n = 13). All calves were fed 4 L/d of whole milk up to 63 d of age and were abruptly weaned at 64 d of age. Water and diets were offered ad libitum. Samples of ruminal contents were obtained from all animals at 30, 45, and 60 d of age to evaluate pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). At 55 d of age, an apparent digestibility assay was performed using 18 animals (n = 6/ treatment). At 65 d of age, the 18 animals were euthanized to evaluate the development of the digestive tract. The physical form of starter and the dietary inclusion of hay did not influence starter intake (Control 326 g/d, Ground 314 g/d and GH 365 g/d), daily weight gain (Control 541g/d, Ground 531g/d and GH 606g/d), feed efficiency, apparent nutrient digestibility, energy partitioning, nitrogen balance, ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, VFA, the development of the digestive tract and the mRNA expression of genes involved in AGV metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloma Eiterer Leão
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandra Gesteira Coelho
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Rafael Alves Azevedo
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Guimarães Laguna
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Suely de Fátima Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Wilms J, Berends H, Martín-Tereso J. Hypertonic milk replacers increase gastrointestinal permeability in healthy dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1237-1246. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Costa S, Melo L, Resende Neto M, Carvalho J, Ladeira M, Zangeronimo M. Aspectos morfológicos do rúmen, omaso e fígado de tourinhos alimentados com diferentes níveis de glicerina bruta. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - L.Q. Melo
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brazil
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Yohe T, Schramm H, Parsons C, White R, Daniels K. Technical note: Infusion, sampling, and vacuum-assisted collection devices for use in ruminally cannulated calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9065-9071. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Furini P, Azevedo R, Rufino S, Machado F, Campos M, Pereira L, Tomich T, Carvalho B, Santos G, Coelho S. The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on mammary gland measurements using ultrasound in dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:767-773. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lage C, Azevedo R, Machado F, Campos M, Pereira L, Tomich T, Carvalho B, Alves B, Santos G, Brandão F, Coelho S. Effect of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on postweaning performance, reproduction, glucose metabolism, and mammary fat pad in dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8967-8976. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ghali I, Sofyan A, Ohmori H, Shinkai T, Mitsumori M. Diauxic growth of Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 on cellobiose and lactose. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3966718. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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