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Johansson M, Lindberg M, Lundh Å. Does Keeping Cows for More Lactations Affect the Composition and Technological Properties of the Milk? Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:157. [PMID: 38200888 PMCID: PMC10778020 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated differences in the raw milk composition and technological properties between cows with different numbers of lactations. In total, 12 commercial herds were visited within a period of 12 weeks. On each farm, milk samples from five young cows (lactations 1-2) and five older cows (lactation ≥ 3) were collected. For each farm, milk samples from the young cows and the older cows, respectively, were pooled. The pooled milk samples were analyzed for gross composition and technological properties. Using principal component analysis (PCA) to assess the overall variation in milk quality attributes and the potential clustering of milk from young cows and older cows, respectively, an effect of breed, but no clear effect of lactation number, was observed. In contrast, one-way ANOVA showed higher plasmin activity (p = 0.002) in pooled milk from the older cows, whereas plasminogen-derived activity (p = 0.001) and total proteolysis (p = 0.029) were higher in milk from the young cows. Likewise, orthogonal projections to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed higher plasmin activity in milk from older cows, whereas younger cows had higher plasminogen-related activity and higher total proteolysis. To conclude, except for plasmin and plasminogen-related activities, there were no major differences in the composition and technological properties between milk from older cows and young cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Johansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mikaela Lindberg
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Åse Lundh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Johansson M, Lundh Å, Johansson AM. Relation between α S1-casein, genotype, and quality traits of milk from Swedish dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00363-6. [PMID: 37414602 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Locally produced food is becoming popular among Swedish consumers. One product that has increased in popularity is artisan-manufactured goat cheese, and although the dairy goat industry in Sweden is small-scale, production is gradually increasing. In goats, the CSN1S1 gene regulates expression of the protein αS1-casein (αS1-CN), which has been found to be important for cheese yield. Over the years, breeding animals have been imported to Sweden from Norway. Historically, a high frequency of the Norwegian goat population carried a polymorphism at the CSN1S1 gene. This polymorphism, called the Norwegian null allele (D), leads to zero or significantly reduced expression of αS1-CN. Using milk samples from 75 goats, this study investigated associations between expression of αS1-CN and genotype at the CSN1S1 gene on milk quality traits from Swedish Landrace goats. Milk samples were grouped according to relative level of αS1-CN (low: 0-6.9% of total protein; medium-high: 7-25% of total protein) and genotype (DD, DG, DA/AG/AA). While the D allele leads to extremely low expression of αS1-CN, the G allele is low expressing and the A allele is highly expressing for this protein. Principal component analysis was used to explore the total variation in milk quality traits. To evaluate the effect of different allele groups on milk quality attributes, 1-way ANOVA and Tukey pairwise comparison tests were used. The majority (72%) of all goat milk samples investigated showed relative αS1-CN content of 0% to 6.82% of total protein. The frequency of individuals homozygous for the Norwegian null allele (DD) was 59% in the population of sampled goats, and only 15% carried at least one A allele. A low relative concentration of αS1-CN was associated with lower total protein, higher pH, and higher relative concentration of β-casein and levels of free fatty acids. Milk from goats homozygous for the null allele (DD) showed a similar pattern as milk with low relative concentration of αS1-CN, but total protein was only numerically lower, and somatic cell count and αS2-CN were higher than for the other genotypes. The associations between levels of αS1-CN and the investigated genotype at the CSN1S1 gene indicate a need for a national breeding program for Swedish dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Johansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden.
| | - Åse Lundh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Johansson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
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Cai H, Bijl E, Scholten E, Sala G. Effect of plasmin on casein hydrolysis and textural properties of rennet-induced model cheeses. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112421. [PMID: 36869466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmin plays an important role in casein hydrolysis during cheese ripening, which may influence the properties of the casein network and the texture of the final product. In view of this, the relation between plasmin-induced casein hydrolysis and textural changes of cheese during ripening was investigated in this study. Four batches of model cheese with different concentrations of added plasmin (0, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 μL/g milk) were prepared, and were stored for 12 weeks at 16 °C. During this period, plasmin activity, casein hydrolysis, textural properties and other compositional characteristics (pH, dry matter) were determined. Our results show that the addition of plasmin had significant effect on both the degree and the pattern of proteolysis. As a result, cheeses with different plasmin content showed different textural properties. With increased plasmin concentration, Young's modulus, hardness, resilience and cohesion decreased, while brittleness increased. All textural properties showed linear relations with the degree of casein hydrolysis, and logarithmic relations with the percentage of intact casein fractions. At the beginning of ripening, only slight changes in textural properties were found, although a substantial part (40-60 %) of the casein fractions was already been broken down. When ripening progressed, ongoing proteolysis significantly weakened the protein network and consequently led to noticeable textural changes. Model cheeses became softer, more brittle and less elastic. The knowledge gained from this study provide new insights in the changes of different textural parameters of model cheese. This will help to optimize the existing products and create new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Cai
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands; Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Etske Bijl
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
| | - Elke Scholten
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Sala
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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Activities of indigenous proteases in cow, buffalo and goat milk of Indian subcontinent and their correlation with somatic cell count. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cai J, Miao C, Chen Y, Xie Y, Liu J, Wang D. Nano-sized zinc addition enhanced mammary zinc translocation without altering health status of dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1024-1030. [PMID: 34738032 PMCID: PMC8536503 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate role of nano-sized zinc (Zn) on lactation performance, health status, and mammary permeability of lactating dairy cows. Thirty multiparous dairy cows with similar days in milk (158 ± 43.2) and body weight (694 ± 60.5 kg) were chosen based on parity and milk production and were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: basal diet (control, 69.6 mg/kg of Zn adequate in Zn requirement), basal diet additional Zn-methionine (Zn-Met, providing 40 mg/kg of Zn), and basal diet additional nano-sized Zn oxide (nZnO, providing 40 mg/kg of Zn). The study lasted for 10 wk, with the first 2 wk as adaptation. Feed intake, milk yield and the related variables, and plasma variables were determined every other week. Blood hematological profiles were determined in the 8th week of the study. We found that feed intake, milk yield, and milk composition were similar across the 3 groups. The nZnO- and Zn-Met-fed cows had greater milk Zn concentrations in the milk (3.89 mg/L (Zn-Met) and 3.93 mg/L (nZnO)) and plasma (1.25 mg/L (Zn-Met) and 1.29 mg/L (nZnO)) than the control cows (3.79 mg/L in milk and 1.21 mg/L in plasma). The nZnO-fed cows had higher Zn concentrations in plasma but not in milk compared to Zn-Met-fed cows. The Zn appearance in milk was greater in nZnO-fed (area under curve during the first 4 h post-feeding for milk Zn: 16.1 mg/L) and Zn-Met-fed cows (15.7 mg/L) than in control cows (15.0 mg/L). During the first 4 h post-feeding, milk to blood Zn ratio was greater in nZnO-fed animals but lower in Zn-Met-fed cows compared with control cows. Oxidative stress-related variables in plasma, blood hematological profiles, and mammary permeability related variables were not different across treatments. In summary, lactation performance, Zn concentrations in milk and plasma, hematological profiles, mammary permeability were similar in cows fed nZnO and Zn-Met. We therefore suggested that nZnO feeding can improve Zn bioavailability without impairing lactation performance, health status, and mammary gland permeability in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Miao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunyi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Diming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Variation in Dairy Milk Composition and Properties Has Little Impact on Cheese Ripening: Insights from a Traditional Swedish Long-Ripening Cheese. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The monthly variation in raw dairy silo milk was investigated and related to the ripening time of the resulting cheese during an industrial cheese-making trial. Milk composition varied with month, fat and protein content being lowest in August (4.19 and 3.44 g/100 g, respectively). Casein micelle size was largest (192–200 nm) in December–February and smallest (80 nm) in August. In addition, SCC, total bacteria count, proteolytic activities, gel strength, and milk fatty acid composition were significantly varied with month. Overall sensory and texture scores of resulting cheese were mainly influenced by plasmin and plasminogen activity, indicating the importance of native proteolytic systems. Recently, concepts based on the differentiated use of milk in dairy products have been suggested. For the investigated cheese type, there might be little to gain from such an approach. The variation in the investigated quality characteristics of the dairy milk used for cheese making had little effect on cheese ripening in our study. In contrast to our hypothesis, we conclude that as long as the quality of the milk meets certain minimum criteria, there are only weak associations between cheese milk characteristics and the time required for the development of aroma and texture in the cheese. To find answers behind the observed variation in cheese ripening time, studies on the effects of process parameters are needed.
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Priyashantha H, Lundh Å, Höjer A, Bernes G, Nilsson D, Hetta M, Saedén KH, Gustafsson AH, Johansson M. Composition and properties of bovine milk: A study from dairy farms in northern Sweden; Part I. Effect of dairy farming system. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8582-8594. [PMID: 33896631 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was part of a larger project that aimed to understand the causes for increasing variation in cheese ripening in a cheese-producing region in northern Sweden. The influence of different on-farm factors on raw milk composition and properties was investigated and is described in this paper, whereas the monthly variation in the milk quality traits during 1 yr is described in our companion paper. The dairy farming systems on a total of 42 dairy farms were characterized through a questionnaire and farm visits. Milk from farm tanks was sampled monthly over 1 yr and analyzed for quality attributes important for cheese making. On applying principal component analyses to evaluate the variation in on-farm factors, different types of farms were distinguished. Farms with loose housing and automatic milking system (AMS) or milking parlor had a higher number of lactating cows, and predominantly Swedish Holstein (SH) breed. Farms associated with tiestalls had a lower number of lactating cows and breeds other than SH. Applying principal component analyses to study the variation in composition and properties of tank milk samples from farms revealed a tendency for the formation of 2 clusters: milk from farms with AMS or a milking parlor, and milk from farms with tiestall milking. The interaction between the milking system, housing system, and breed probably contributed to this grouping. Other factors that were used in the characterization of the farming systems only showed a minor influence on raw milk quality. Despite the interaction, milk from tiestall farms with various cow breeds had higher concentrations (g/100 g of milk) of fat (4.74) and protein (3.63), and lower lactose concentrations (4.67) than milk from farms with predominantly SH cows and AMS (4.32, 3.47, and 4.74 g/100 g of milk, respectively) or a milking parlor (4.47, 3.54, and 4.79 g/100 g of milk, respectively). Higher somatic cell count (195 × 103/mL) and lower free fatty acid concentration (0.75 mmol/100 g of fat) were observed in milk from farms with AMS than in milk from tiestall systems (150 × 103/mL and 0.83 mmol/100 g of fat, respectively). Type of farm influenced milk gel strength, with milk from farms with predominantly SH cows showing the lowest gel strength (65.0 Pa), but not a longer rennet coagulation time. Effects of dairy farming system (e.g., dominant breed, milking system, housing, and herd size) on milk quality attributes indicate a need for further studies to evaluate the in-depth effects of farm-related factors on milk quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasitha Priyashantha
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Åse Lundh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Höjer
- Norrmejerier Ek. Förening, Mejerivägen 2, SE-906 22 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gun Bernes
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Nilsson
- Computational Life Science Cluster, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mårten Hetta
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Monika Johansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Priyashantha H, Lundh Å, Höjer A, Bernes G, Nilsson D, Hetta M, Saedén KH, Gustafsson AH, Johansson M. Composition and properties of bovine milk: A study from dairy farms in northern Sweden; Part II. Effect of monthly variation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8595-8609. [PMID: 33896641 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of monthly variation on the composition and properties of raw farm milk collected as part of a full-scale cheese-making trial in a region in northern Sweden. In our companion paper, the contribution of on-farm factors to the variation in milk quality attributes is described. In total, 42 dairy farms were recruited for the study, and farm milk samples were collected monthly over 1 yr and characterized for quality attributes of importance for cheese making. Principal component analysis suggested that milk samples collected during the outdoor period (June-September) were different from milk samples collected during the indoor period. Despite the interaction with the milking system, the results showed that fat and protein concentrations were lower in milk collected during May through August, and lactose concentration was higher in milk collected during April through July than for the other months. Concentrations of free fatty acids were generally low, with the highest value (0.86 mmol/100 g of fat) observed in February and the lowest (0.70 mmol/100 g of fat) observed in June. Plasmin and plasminogen-derived activities varied with sampling month without a clear seasonal pattern. The pH of farm tank milk ranged from 6.60 to 6.82, with the lowest and highest values in September and February, respectively. The highest somatic cell count was observed in August (201 × 103 cells/mL) and the lowest in April (143 × 103 cells/mL). The highest value of gel strength, was recorded in December (88 Pa) and the lowest in July (64 Pa). Rennet coagulation time and gel strength were inversely correlated, with the lowest rennet coagulation time value observed in December. Orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) and discriminant analysis adaptation of OPLS identified casein micelle size and total proteolysis as the milk quality attributes with major responses to sampling month, with smaller casein micelle size and higher total proteolysis associated with the outdoor months. Using discriminant analysis adaptation of OPLS to further investigate causes behind the variation in milk traits revealed that there were factors in addition to feeding on pasture that differed between outdoor and indoor months. Because fresh grass was seldom the primary feed in the region during the outdoor period, grazing was not considered the sole reason for the observed difference between outdoor and indoor periods in raw milk quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasitha Priyashantha
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Åse Lundh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Höjer
- Norrmejerier Ek. Förening, Mejerivägen 2, SE-906 22 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gun Bernes
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Nilsson
- Computational Life Science Cluster, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mårten Hetta
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Monika Johansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Andrée O'Hara E, Båge R, Emanuelson U, Holtenius K. Effects of dry period length on metabolic status, fertility, udder health, and colostrum production in 2 cow breeds. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:595-606. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Effects of dry period length on milk production and energy balance in two cow breeds. Animal 2018; 12:508-514. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117001987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Composition and enzymatic activity in bulk milk from dairy farms with conventional or robotic milking systems. J DAIRY RES 2017; 84:154-158. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029917000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the studies reported in this research communication was to investigate differences in composition and enzymatic activities in bulk milk samples provided from Swedish dairy farms with different management systems, i.e. automated (AMS) and conventional milking systems (CMS). A bulk milk sample was collected from each of 104 dairy farms, 51 using AMS and 53 using CMS, located in the same geographical region. Sampling took place within two consecutive days during the indoor period (October). Milk samples were analysed for contents of total fat and protein, free fatty acids (FFA), caseins and whey proteins, somatic cell count (SCC), pH, plasmin and plasminogen derived activities, and total proteolysis. Our results showed a lower protein content and higher SCC in bulk milk from AMS herds compared with milk from CMS herds. Plasmin, plasminogen and total plasmin/ plasminogen derived activities were lower in milk from AMS herds but despite this, total casein and the ß-casein fraction as % of total protein were lower in milk from AMS herds than in milk from herds using CMS. Total proteolysis was higher in milk from AMS herds, suggesting that other proteases than plasmin, e.g. cellular and bacterial proteases, contributed to the degradation of casein. This was supported by a positive correlation between SCC and total proteolysis (P < 0·01), as well as a negative correlation between total proteolysis and ß-casein fraction (P < 0·05). In conclusion, comparing the quality of bulk milk from commercial dairy herds using AMS and CMS, respectively, several differences were observed, suggesting a significant effect from management system.
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Karlsson MA, Langton M, Innings F, Wikström M, Lundh ÅS. Short communication: Variation in the composition and properties of Swedish raw milk for ultra-high-temperature processing. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2582-2590. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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