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The Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Microalgae Schizochytrium spp. on Ewes’ Milk Quality and Oxidative Status. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192950. [PMID: 36230027 PMCID: PMC9563034 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented challenge for nutritionists arises during the 21st century in order to produce highly nutritious and functional food which promotes human health. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that are highly contained in microalgae have broadly been confirmed for preventing cardiovascular diseases and regulating immune-oxidative status. However, their optimum dietary inclusion level needs to be defined since PUFA are prone to oxidation. For this purpose, 24 cross-bred dairy ewes, were separated into four groups (n = 6) and were fed with different levels of microalgae Schizochytrium spp. [0 (CON, no microalgae), 20 (SC20), 30 (SC30) and 40 (SC40) g/ewe/day] for 60 days. The results showed that although the production parameters were not impaired, milk fat content was decreased in medium and high-level supplemented groups while protein content was suppressed only for the medium one. Concerning the fatty acids (FA) profile, the proportions of C14:0, trans C18:1, trans-11 C18:1, cis-9, trans-11 C18:2, trans-10, cis-12 C18:2, C20:5 (EPA), C22:5n-6 (DPA), C22:6n-3 (DHA), the total ω3 FA and PUFA were significantly increased, while those of C18:0, cis-9 C18:1 and C18:2n-6c were decreased in the milk of treated ewes. Additionally, in the S40 group an oxidative response was induced, observed by the increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in milk and blood plasma. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of 20 g Schizochytrium spp./ewe/day, improves milks’ fatty acid profile and seems to be a promising way for producing ω3 fatty acid-enriched dairy products.
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Renna M, Lussiana C, Colonna L, Malfatto VM, Mimosi A, Cornale P. Inclusion of Cocoa Bean Shell in the Diet of Dairy Goats: Effects on Milk Production Performance and Milk Fatty Acid Profile. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:848452. [PMID: 35252429 PMCID: PMC8894810 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.848452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of agro-industrial by-products in animal nutrition is a promising strategy to reduce the food-feed competition, the diet cost at farm level and the environmental impact of animal-derived food production. In this study, the suitability of cocoa bean shell (CBS), a by-product of the cocoa industry, as a feed ingredient in the diet of dairy goats was evaluated, with a focus on the related implications on feed intake, milk yield, milk main constituents, and fatty acid (FA) profile of milk fat. Twenty-two Camosciata delle Alpi goats were divided into two balanced groups. All the goats were fed mixed hay ad libitum. The control group (CTRL; n = 11) also received 1.20 kg/head × day of a commercial concentrate, while in the experimental group (CBS; n = 11) 200 g of the CTRL concentrate were replaced by the same amount of pelleted CBS. The total dry matter intake of the goats was reduced by the dietary inclusion of CBS (P ≤ 0.01). The milk yield, as well as the milk fat, protein, and casein contents and yields were unaffected by the treatment. Milk from the CBS-fed goats showed decreased urea content when compared to the CTRL group (P ≤ 0.001). Milk from the CBS group of goats also showed increased concentrations of total branched-chain FA (both iso and anteiso forms; P ≤ 0.001) and total monounsaturated FA (P ≤ 0.05), as well as a decreased ∑ n6/∑ n3 FA ratio (P ≤ 0.05). De novo saturated FA, total polyunsaturated FA, total conjugated linoleic acids, and the majority of ruminal biohydrogenation intermediates remained unaffected by the dietary treatment. These results suggest that CBS can be strategically used as an alternative non-conventional raw material in diets intended for lactating goats, with no detrimental effects on their milk production performance. The use of CBS in goat nutrition may be hindered by the presence of theobromine, a toxic alkaloid. Special attention is needed by nutritionists to avoid exceeding the theobromine limits imposed by the current legislation. Detheobromination treatments are also suggested in literature to prevent toxic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Renna
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
- *Correspondence: Manuela Renna
| | - Carola Lussiana
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Letizia Colonna
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Vanda Maria Malfatto
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Antonio Mimosi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Paolo Cornale
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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Mavrommatis A, Sotirakoglou K, Kamilaris C, Tsiplakou E. Effects of Inclusion of Schizochytrium spp. and Forage-to-Concentrate Ratios on Goats' Milk Quality and Oxidative Status. Foods 2021; 10:1322. [PMID: 34201334 PMCID: PMC8228103 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the dietary inclusion level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the forage: concentrate (F:C) ratio affect milk quality, their interaction has not been broadly studied. To address such gaps and limitations a two-phase trial using twenty-two dairy goats was carried out. During the first phase, both groups (20 HF n = 11; high forage and 20 HG n = 11; high grain) were supplemented with 20 g Schizochytrium spp./goat/day. The 20 HF group consumed a diet with F:C ratio 60:40 and the 20 HG-diet consisted of F:C = 40:60. In the second phase, the supplementation level of Schizochytrium spp. was increased to 40 g/day/goat while the F:C ratio between the two groups were remained identical (40 HF n = 11; high forage and 40 HG n = 11; high grain). Neither the Schizochytrium spp. supplementation levels (20 vs. 40) nor the F:C ratio (60:40 vs. 40:60) affected milk performance. The high microalgae level (40 g) in combination with high grain diet (40 HG) modified the proportions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the ω3/ω6 ratio in milk, to a beneficial manner according to human health recommendation guidelines. However, the highest inclusion level of Schizochytrium spp. (40 g) and foremost in combination with the high grain diets (40 HG) induced an oxidative response as observed by the increased protein carbonyls (CP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in milk and blood plasma indicating severe limitations for a long-term, on-farm application. In conclusion, the supplementation with 20 g Schizochytrium spp. and high forage diet (60:40) appears to be an ideal formula to enrich dairy products with essential biomolecules for human health without adversely affect milk oxidative stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Mavrommatis
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kyriaki Sotirakoglou
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, School of Environment and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Charalampos Kamilaris
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK;
| | - Eleni Tsiplakou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece;
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Lolli V, Toral PG, Caligiani A, Gómez-Cortés P. Determination of Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids in Ewe Milk Fat by GC-MS after Intravenous Administration of Sterculic Acid. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070901. [PMID: 32650618 PMCID: PMC7404631 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPEFA), found in oilseeds from Malvaceae and Sterculiaceae, have been shown to interfere with the endogenous synthesis of several bioactive lipids of dairy fat, such as cis-9, trans-11 18:2 and cis-9 18:1, by inhibiting Δ9-desaturase. No previous study has reported the presence of sterculic acid in animal fat and its incorporation in tissues after its administration, due to the lack of a proper methodology. In the present research, a GC-MS method based on cold base derivatization to fatty acids methylesters was developed to determine CPEFA in ewe milk triglycerides, after infusing sterculic acid (0.5 g/day) to six lactating ewes. An alternative derivatization based on silanyzation followed by GC-MS analysis was also tested, showing its possible applicability when CPEFA are present in the form of free fatty acids. Sterculic acid was detected in ewe milk triglycerides, demonstrating its incorporation from the bloodstream into milk by the mammary gland. The mean transfer rate represented 8.0 ± 1.0% of the daily dose. This study provides, for the first time, the presence of sterculic acid in milk fat, supporting the importance of understanding its occurrence in vivo and encouraging further research to determine whether it can be present in foods, such as dairy products, obtained under practical farming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lolli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-905407
| | - Pablo G. Toral
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-University of León, 24346 Grulleros, Spain;
| | - Augusta Caligiani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Pilar Gómez-Cortés
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Hervás G, Frutos P, Toral P. Endogenous synthesis of milk cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy ewes: Quantification using 13C-labeled vaccenic acid and comparison with estimates based on cobalt administration. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:368-378. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Prado LA, Schmidely P, Nozière P, Ferlay A. Milk saturated fatty acids, odd- and branched-chain fatty acids, and isomers of C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3n-3 according to their duodenal flows in dairy cows: A meta-analysis approach. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3053-3070. [PMID: 30738686 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We sought to establish predictive response models of milk fatty acid (FA) yields or concentrations from their respective duodenal flow, rumen digestive parameters, or diet characteristics in dairy cows, with a special focus on cis and trans isomers of C18:1, C18:2, odd- and branched FA, and mammary de novo synthesized FA. This meta-analysis was carried out using data from trials with nature of forage, percentage of concentrate, supplementation of diets with vegetable oils or seeds, and marine products' animal fats as experimental factors. The data set included 34 published papers representing 50 experiments with 142 treatments. Increasing duodenal C18 FA flow induced a quadratic increase in milk total C18 yield and a linear decrease in milk C4:0 to C14:0 concentration. Intra-experimental predictive response models of individual milk cis C18:1 isomers (Δ 11 to 15 position) from their respective duodenal flows had coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.74 to 0.99, with root mean square error varying from 0.19 to 0.96 g/d, 0.02 to 0.10% of total FA, and 0.03 to 0.29% of C18 FA. Models predicting milk trans C18:1 isomer yields or concentrations had R2 greater than 0.90 (except for trans-4 and trans-10 C18:1) with root mean square error varying from less than 0.1 to 5.2 g/d. Linear regressions for C18:2n-6, trans-10,cis-12 CLA, and trans-11,trans-13 CLA were calculated according to their respective duodenal flows. Quadratic models of milk C18:3n-3 yield or concentration from its duodenal flow had R2 values above 0.97. Models of amounts desaturated from C18:0 into cis-9 C18:1 and trans-11 C18:1 into cis-9,trans-11 CLA indicated that the contribution of C18:0 and trans-11 C18:1 desaturation to respective cis-9 C18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 CLA yields in milk fat was 83.8% (±0.75) and 86.8% (±2.8). Furthermore, when cows were fed marine products, our results could indicate a lower mammary uptake of C18:0 and trans-11 C18:1 in proportion to their respective duodenal flow, with no associated change in mammary Δ9-desaturase activity. Yields or concentrations of C15:0, C17:0, iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0, anteiso-C15:0, and anteiso-C17:0 were dependent on their respective duodenal flow or concentration at duodenum, but synthesis of these FA from C3 units for linear-chain odd FA, and from C2 units for branched-chain FA was suggested, respectively. Several milk C18 FA concentrations were closely related to their duodenal concentrations with slopes of the linear models close to the bisector; this could reflect a priority for the use of these duodenal C18 FA by the mammary gland to favor their high concentration in plasma triglycerides and nonesterified FA, which are preferentially taken up by the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Prado
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Ph Schmidely
- INRA, UMR0791 Mosar, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - P Nozière
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A Ferlay
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Toral PG, Hervás G, Frutos P. Use of high doses of 18:0 to try to mitigate the syndrome of milk fat depression in dairy ewes fed marine lipids. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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