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Silva FG, Silva SR, Pereira AMF, Cerqueira JL, Conceição C. A Comprehensive Review of Bovine Colostrum Components and Selected Aspects Regarding Their Impact on Neonatal Calf Physiology. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1130. [PMID: 38612369 PMCID: PMC11010951 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Colostrum contains macro- and micronutrients necessary to meet the nutritional and energy requirements of the neonatal calf, bioactive components that intervene in several physiological aspects, and cells and microorganisms that modulate the calf's immune system and gut microbiome. Colostrum is sometimes mistaken as transition milk, which, although more nutritive than whole milk, has a distinct biochemical composition. Furthermore, most research about colostrum quality and colostrum management focuses on the transfer of maternal IgG to the newborn calf. The remaining components of colostrum and transition milk have not received the same attention, despite their importance to the newborn animal. In this narrative review, a large body of literature on the components of bovine colostrum was reviewed. The variability of these components was summarized, emphasizing specific components that warrant deeper exploration. In addition, the effects of each component present in colostrum and transition milk on several key physiological aspects of the newborn calf are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio G. Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Agrarian School of Ponte de Lima, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Severiano R. Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Joaquim Lima Cerqueira
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Agrarian School of Ponte de Lima, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Cristina Conceição
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
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Sockett D, Breuer RM, Smith LW, Keuler NS, Earleywine T. Investigation of brix refractometry for estimating bovine colostrum immunoglobulin G concentration. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1240227. [PMID: 37818390 PMCID: PMC10560986 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1240227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many dairy operations uses a Brix refractometer to assess the quality of first-milking colostrum. This study investigated whether a digital Brix refractometer could be used in a model to predict colostrum IgG concentration and whether more than one %Brix threshold could be used for different colostrum IgG concentrations. Colostrum from 182 animals was tested using a digital Brix refractometer and by single radial immunodiffusion. Statistical analysis, using simple linear regression to relate %Brix results with corresponding colostral IgG concentration, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were used to identify %Brix cutoffs that had no false positive results. Colostral IgG concentrations from digital Brix refractometry had a R2 value of 0.818 and a S-value of 21.7 g/L. The large S-value shows that a digital Brix refractometer should not be used in a model to predict colostrum IgG concentration. However, %Brix scores of 19.0, 22.0, 25.0 and 30.0 percent can be used to estimate minimum colostral IgG concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/L. These four cutoffs can be used to strategically feed smaller volumes of colostrum to newborn calves. Smaller volumes may reduce unwanted side effects and shorten the time interval in which calves refuse to nurse, while still delivering an adequate mass of IgG to have successful transfer of passive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Sockett
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ryan M. Breuer
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lindsey W. Smith
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Keuler
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Ithurbide M, Huau C, Palhière I, Fassier T, Friggens N, Rupp R. Selection on functional longevity in a commercial population of dairy goats translates into significant differences in longevity in a common farm environment. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4289-4300. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lopez AJ, Heinrichs AJ. Invited review: The importance of colostrum in the newborn dairy calf. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2733-2749. [PMID: 35094859 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is critical that bovine maternal colostrum is fed to newborn calves during their first hours of life. Colostrum is the secretion a cow produces after mammary involution that is rich in various nutrients. In addition to the nutritive value for newborn calves, immunoglobulins are of interest due to their role in developing the naïve immune system of calves at birth. The process by which a calf acquires immunity via absorption of immunoglobulins is defined as passive immunity. When calves consume an adequate amount of immunoglobulins, they are classified as having successful passive immunity (SPI). In contrast, if they are deprived of adequate colostrum, they are considered to have had a failure of transfer of passive immunity (FPI). Transfer of passive immunity is assessed by measuring serum IgG concentrations at 24 to 48 h of age. The major factors that influence whether a calf has SPI or FPI are colostrum IgG concentration, quantity fed, and age of calf at colostrum feeding. Monitoring apparent efficiency of immunoglobulin absorption in calves is often recommended to evaluate overall colostrum management practices. Serum IgG analyses can be determined with direct (radial immunodiffusion) or indirect (refractometry) methods and used to assess SPI or FPI prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A J Heinrichs
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Gomes RD, Anaya K, Galdino AB, Oliveira JP, Gama MA, Medeiros CA, Gavioli EC, Porto ALF, Rangel AH. Bovine colostrum: A source of bioactive compounds for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. NFS JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mehra R, Singh R, Nayan V, Buttar HS, Kumar N, Kumar S, Bhardwaj A, Kaushik R, Kumar H. Nutritional attributes of bovine colostrum components in human health and disease: A comprehensive review. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Thermoregulatory Responses and Performance of Dairy Calves Fed Different Amounts of Colostrum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030703. [PMID: 33807815 PMCID: PMC8001325 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colostrum is an important source of antibodies, nutrients, and energy for thermogenesis by the newborn calf. However, the amount of colostrum required for thermoregulatory responses and improved performance is not well established. This study evaluated newborn thermoregulatory responses during a cold challenge (10 °C) at 24 h of life and performance in the preweaning period for calves fed different volumes of colostrum. Newborn calves fed higher volumes of colostrum exhibited increased thermoregulatory responses, improved growth performance, and immunity. Abstract This study investigates the newborn thermoregulatory responses to cold and the performance of calves fed different colostrum volumes. Thirty newborn Holstein calves were blocked by birth body weight (BW; 39.4 ± 6.5 kg) and fed different high-quality colostrum volumes: 10%, 15%, or 20% of BW, which was split and fed at 2 and 8 h after birth. At 24 h of life, calves were placed in a chamber at 10 °C for 150 min. Skin and rectal temperature (RT), heart and respiratory rate, and shivering were measured every 15 min. Blood samples were taken every 30 min. After the cold challenge, calves were housed in ambient temperature (26.8 ± 5.9 °C), with free access to water and concentrate and received 6 L/d of milk replacer. Feed intake, fecal score, and RT were recorded daily, until 56 d of age. Blood samples, BW, and body measures were taken weekly. During the cold challenge, prescapular temperature and total serum protein were greater for calves fed 15% or 20%. Leukocytes increased preweaning, presenting higher values for calves fed 20%. Even though there was a benefit for the calf submitted to cold stress on the first day of life, feeding higher volumes of colostrum resulted in no differences in performance during the preweaning phase. Nevertheless, calves fed a higher volume of colostrum (20% BW) presented increased immune responses during the preweaning phase.
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Zhu HL, Zhao XW, Chen S, Tan W, Han RW, Qi YX, Huang DW, Yang YX. Evaluation of colostrum bioactive protein transfer and blood metabolic traits in neonatal lambs in the first 24 hours of life. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1164-1174. [PMID: 33131822 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum is a unique resource that contributes to the passive transfer of immunity and plays a central role in the health status of neonatal ruminants. However, digestion and absorption of colostral proteins in the gut remain incompletely understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of bovine colostrum feeding on blood metabolic traits and to quantify colostral bioactive proteins in the gastrointestinal digesta and blood to evaluate intestinal transfer in neonatal lambs in the first 24 h of life. Fifty-four newborn lambs were used in this study, including 27 lambs fed pooled bovine colostrum and slaughtered at 6 (C6h), 12 (C12h), or 24 h (C24h) after birth; 18 lambs not fed any colostrum or milk and slaughtered at birth (N0h) or 24 h (N24h) after birth; and 9 milk-fed lambs slaughtered at 24 h (M24h) after birth. Lambs receiving colostrum or milk were bottle-fed within the first 2 h to obtain intakes of 8% of body weight at birth. Samples of blood and digesta from the abomasum, jejunum, and ileum were collected after slaughter. Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, total protein, and aspartate aminotransferase were higher in colostrum-fed lambs than in N0h lambs. Serum concentrations of insulin, total protein, insulin-like growth factor 1, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were higher in C24h lambs than in N24h or M24h lambs. Apparent efficiencies of IgG absorption in C6h, C12h, and C24h lambs were 14.4, 26.8, and 17.2%, respectively, whereas apparent efficiencies of lactoferrin (LF), α-lactalbumin (α-LA), and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) absorption were very low in colostrum-fed lambs, with mean values of 0.06, 0.002, and 0.003%, respectively. Concentrations of IgG, LF, α-LA, and β-LG in the digesta of the abomasum, jejunum, and ileum rapidly decreased from C6h to C24h lambs, and the disappearance rates of IgG, LF, α-LA, and β-LG were higher in lambs from C6h to C12h (62.1, 75.7, 91.3, and 95.0% for IgG, LF, α-LA, and β-LG, respectively) than from C12h to C24h (34.6, 22.5, 7.5, and 2.2% for IgG, LF, α-LA, and β-LG, respectively). These results indicated that bovine colostrum feeding improved the metabolic and immunological status of lambs, and that ingested colostral IgG was prone to intact uptake into the blood, whereas almost all ingested LF, α-LA, and β-LG disappeared in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract in a time-dependent manner. The findings provide novel information for exploring selective absorption of colostral compounds in the small intestine of lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - X W Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - S Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - W Tan
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230051, China
| | - R W Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Y X Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - D W Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y X Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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Hare KS, Pletts S, Pyo J, Haines D, Guan LL, Steele M. Feeding colostrum or a 1:1 colostrum:whole milk mixture for 3 days after birth increases serum immunoglobulin G and apparent immunoglobulin G persistency in Holstein bulls. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11833-11843. [PMID: 33069413 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting reports exist on whether prolonged IgG consumption can further increase serum IgG in neonatal calves. Given that higher serum IgG in neonates has lifelong benefits, our objective was to determine whether serum IgG can be increased by providing multiple meals containing IgG to neonatal calves. Twenty-seven Holstein bulls were all fed 1 colostrum meal (7.5% body weight; 62 g of IgG/L) at 2 h after birth and randomly assigned to be fed (5% body weight) colostrum (COL; n = 9), whole milk (WM; n = 9), or a 1:1 colostrum:whole milk mixture (MX; n = 9) every 12 h from 12 to 72 h. Serum IgG was measured at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, and 12 h after birth. After the 12-h meal, IgG was determined at 0.5-h intervals until 16 h and then at 1-h intervals from 16 to 24 h. Serum IgG was then measured at 27 h, then every 6 h from 30 to 60 h. From 60 to 64 h, IgG was measured every 0.5 h, then at 65 and 66 h, and then every 2 h until 72 h. Serum IgG increased rapidly between 2 and 12 h for all calves. A treatment × time interaction occurred as serum IgG began to diverge between treatments after they were fed at 12 h; the interaction was greatest over the entire period for COL compared with both MX and WM and was greater for MX than for WM. Maximum IgG concentrations (Cmax) were 30.4 ± 0.8, 27.2 ± 0.8, and 23.9 ± 0.8 g/L for COL, MX, and WM, respectively. Although MX Cmax was equivalent to both COL and WM Cmax, COL Cmax was greater than WM Cmax. Feeding COL and MX also prolonged the time to reach Cmax. Respectively, these calves achieved Cmax at 29.5 and 27.0 ± 3.4 h, whereas WM IgG peaked at 13.4 ± 3.4 h. No differences were observed for apparent efficiency of absorption between treatments from 0 to 12 h and 0 to 24 h. Immunoglobulin G area under the curve (AUC) was the same for COL and MX calves over the entire experimental period and from when treatments were fed. The IgG AUC for 0 to 72 h for WM calves was 27.4% lesser than that for COL calves but not different from MX calves. However, the IgG AUC for 12 to 72 h for WM calves differed relative to that for both COL (30.8% less) and MX (19.6% less) calves. Serum IgG concentrations were more persistent when COL (88.2 ± 2.4%) and MX (91.2 ± 2.4%) were fed rather than WM (75.3 ± 2.4%). Prolonged IgG consumption increased serum IgG concentrations, corresponding to the mass of IgG fed, and improved apparent IgG persistency in Holstein bulls. Neonatal calves should be fed at least 62 g of IgG at 12 h after birth to further increase serum IgG concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - S Pletts
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - J Pyo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - D Haines
- Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7K 6A2
| | - L L Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - M Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2.
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MIYAZAKI T, OKADA K, YAMASHITA T, MIYAZAKI M. Temporal changes of abomasal contents and volumes in calves fed milk diluted with oral rehydration salt solution. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:256-262. [PMID: 30606893 PMCID: PMC6395202 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several manufacturers recommend to feed mixture comprising equal amounts of oral rehydration salt (ORS) solution and milk for diarrheic calves after milk withdrawal. Such a feeding method is expected to supply more nutrients and energy compared to feeding only the ORS solution. However, little is known about the effects of feeding milk diluted with ORS solution on calves' digestive process. This study examined the abomasal contents, volumes, and emptying rates in calves fed whole milk, milk diluted by 50% with ORS solution (50% ORS-milk), and ORS solution. Ultrasonography identified curds in the milk-fed calves, but not in the 50% ORS-milk-fed or the ORS-fed calves. The abomasal fluid of the 50% ORS-milk-fed calves contained not only β-lactoglobulin but also α-casein (CN), β-CN, and κ-CN, which were used for curd formation and undetectable in the milk-fed calves. Abomasal pH was relatively higher in the 50% ORS-milk-fed than that in the milk-fed calves. Abomasal emptying rates were significantly faster in the ORS-fed than in the 50% ORS-milk-fed and the milk-fed calves. These data indicate that the formation of abomasal curd is inhibited in the 50% ORS-milk-fed calves due to the resultant high abomasal pH and low κ-CN concentration. The 50% ORS-milk may not provide rehydration as quickly as the ORS solution. In conclusion, we do not recommend feeding 50% ORS-milk to calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamako MIYAZAKI
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture,
Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550,
Japan
| | - Keiji OKADA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture,
Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuro YAMASHITA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550,
Japan
| | - Masao MIYAZAKI
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550,
Japan
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