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Van Driessche L, Santschi DE, Paquet É, Renaud DL, Charbonneau É, Gauthier ML, Steele MA, Chancy A, Barbeau-Grégoire N, Buczinski S. Association between adenosine triphosphate luminometry of feeding equipment and environmental and health parameters of preweaning calves on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:7276-7285. [PMID: 38825142 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the influence of different environmental factors on ATP luminometry measurements of feeding equipment and to investigate associations with health of preweaning calves and the levels of ATP identified through luminometry. On 50 commercial dairy farms in Quebec, Canada, ATP luminometry measurements (in relative light units, RLU) were obtained using the direct swabbing technique with Hygiena UltraSnap swabs and a liquid rinsing technique with the same swab for automatic milk feeders (AMF), bottles, buckets, esophageal tube feeders (ET), milk replacer, nipples, and water. During this visit, environmental factors (including temperature, air draft, humidity, ammonia, and bacterial count) were collected, and a clinical examination (including respiratory score and fecal score) was performed for all preweaning calves present at the farm. This process was repeated 4 times in a year, leading to collection of luminometer results, environmental parameters, and overall health of calves for each season per farm. Overall, a difference in luminometer results was seen between the different periods sampled for all feeding equipment (except the ET), milk replacer, and water, showing higher RLU values in spring and summer and lower values in autumn and winter. When comparing RLU measurements with environmental factors, only a low to negligible correlation could be found. When feeding equipment was classified as not contaminated or contaminated based on previously described cutoff values, a good agreement within a farm for the different seasons was noticed only for nipples (Gwet's agreement AC1 = 0.64), with a poor to moderate agreement for other feeding equipment. Regarding the different models of nipples, Peach Teat nipples showed higher RLU values compared with Merrick's nipples. An association was seen between the proportion of preweaning calves suffering from diarrhea on the farm and the contamination of AMF based on ATP luminometry (logistic regression estimate = 0.52). For other feeding equipment, milk replacer, and water, no significant associations were found. This study showed that ATP luminometry measurements of feeding equipment from preweaning calves are susceptible to seasonality and type of nipple. Thus, these factors should be taken into consideration when interpreting results. Additionally, an association could be made between diarrhea in preweaning calves and the contamination of AMF based on ATP luminometry, showing the potential clinical importance of this on-farm hygiene assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Van Driessche
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2.
| | | | - Éric Paquet
- Department of Animal Science, University of Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V0A6
| | - David L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1
| | - Édith Charbonneau
- Department of Animal Science, University of Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V0A6
| | - Marie-Lou Gauthier
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S2M2
| | - Michael A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1
| | - Anaïs Chancy
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Nicolas Barbeau-Grégoire
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2.
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2
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Denis-Robichaud J, Barbeau-Grégoire N, Gauthier ML, Dufour S, Roy JP, Buczinski S, Dubuc J. Validity of luminometry and bacteriological tests for diagnosing intramammary infection at dry-off in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:7221-7229. [PMID: 38788849 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the validity of laboratory culture, Petrifilm and Tri-Plate on-farm culture systems, as well as luminometry to correctly identify IMI at dry-off in dairy cows, considering all tests to be imperfect. From September 2020 until December 2021, we collected composite milk samples from cows before dry-off and divided them into 4 aliquots for luminometry, Petrifilm (aerobic count), Tri-Plate, and laboratory culture tests. We assessed multiple thresholds of relative light units (RLU) for luminometry, and we used thresholds of ≥100 cfu/mL for the laboratory culture, ≥50 cfu/mL for Petrifilm, and ≥1 cfu for Tri-Plate tests. We fitted Bayesian latent class analysis models to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for each test to identify IMI, with 95% credibility interval (BCI). Using different prevalence measures (0.30, 0.50, and 0.70), we calculated the predictive values (PV) and misclassification cost terms (MCT) at different false negative-to-false-positive ratios (FN:FP). A total of 333 cows were enrolled in the study from one commercial Holstein herd. The validity of the luminometry was poor for all thresholds, with an Se of 0.51 (95% BCI = 0.43-0.59) and Sp of 0.38 (95% BCI = 0.26-0.50) when using a threshold of ≥150 RLU. The laboratory culture had an Se of 0.93 (95% BCI = 0.85-0.98) and Sp of 0.69 (95% BCI = 0.49-0.89); the Petrifilm had an Se of 0.91 (95% BCI = 0.80-0.98) and Sp of 0.71 (95% BCI = 0.51-0.90); and the Tri-Plate had an Se of 0.65 (95% BCI = 0.53-0.82) and Sp of 0.85 (95% BCI = 0.66-0.97). Bacteriological tests had good PV, with comparable positive PV for all 3 tests, but lower negative PV for the Tri-Plate compared with the laboratory culture and the Petrifilm. For a prevalence of IMI of 0.30, all 3 tests had similar MCT, but for prevalence of 0.50 and 0.70, the Tri-Plate had higher MCT in scenarios where leaving a cow with IMI untreated is considered to have greater detrimental effects than treating a healthy cow (i.e., FN:FP of 3:1). Our results showed that the bacteriological tests have adequate validity to diagnose IMI at dry-off, but luminometry does not. We concluded that although luminometry is not useful to identify IMI at dry-off, the Petrifilm and Tri-Plate tests performed similarly to laboratory culture, depending on the prevalence and importance of the FP and FN results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Barbeau-Grégoire
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - M-L Gauthier
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - S Dufour
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2; Op+lait research group, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - J-P Roy
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2; Op+lait research group, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - S Buczinski
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2; Op+lait research group, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - J Dubuc
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2; Op+lait research group, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2.
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3
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Sharrocks K, Prossomariti D, Snell LB, Dibbens M, Alcolea-Medina A, Gargee L, Marashi J, Edgeworth JD, Otter JA, Goldenberg SD. Use of a peracetic acid (PAA) disinfectant to reduce total viable bacteria count in hospital wastewater drains. J Hosp Infect 2024; 151:79-83. [PMID: 38950865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The periphery of the hospital water system interfaces at multiple points with patients and staff in clinical areas. This comprises mostly sinks and showers and presents a significant infection control risk. Wastewater drains in particular act as a reservoir of pathogens that can be transmitted to patients. Numerous strategies have been investigated as potential methods to reduce biofilm and bacterial load including regular application of biocidal chemicals. Traditional methods of assessing the efficacy of such products relies on culture-based microbiological techniques, usually targeting a limited range of key pathogens. We assessed the efficacy of a peracetic acid containing drain disinfectant product on seven clinical handwash basin drains, taking daily samples over six weeks (before, during and after use of the drain disinfectant product). We used a rapid, culture-independent estimation of total bacterial viable count (TVC) to assess efficacy. We applied long-read metagenomic sequencing to study the entire drain microbiome, which allowed taxonomic changes to be documented following use of the drain disinfectant product. All samples were found to be heavily contaminated, however the drain disinfectant product reduced the TVC from an estimated mean of 4228 cfu/mL to 2874 cfu/mL. This reduction was sustained in the two weeks following cessation of the product. Long-read metagenomic sequencing showed a microbiome dominated with Gram-negative organisms, with some taxonomic shifts in samples before and after application of the drain disinfectant. The impact on hospital-acquired infections from reducing bioburden in hospital drains by approximately a third, along with any associated changes in bacterial composition, needs evaluation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sharrocks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Prossomariti
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - L B Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - M Dibbens
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - L Gargee
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Marashi
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - J A Otter
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S D Goldenberg
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College, London, UK.
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Anderson T, Haggerty A, Silva E, Mason C, Bell D, Denholm KS. Validation of the diagnostic accuracy of the 3M™ Petrifilm™ coliform and aerobic count plates to measure colostrum bacterial contamination on Scottish dairy farms. Vet J 2024; 308:106230. [PMID: 39216550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A calf should receive 10-12 % of its bodyweight in high quality colostrum ( >50 g/L immunoglobulin) shortly after birth in order to confer passive immunity, with calves ideally receiving their first feed of colostrum in the first 1-2 hours of life (Godden et al., 2019). It is recommended (not validated) that total counts for bacteria and coliforms in colostrum should not exceed 100,000 colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL) and 10,000 CFU/mL, respectively. This study was conducted between March and September 2023. Eighty-five colostrum samples from 5 commerical dairy farms in Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland were purposively selected. Samples were collected from various stages during the colostrum harvest, storage and feeding process to provide multiple samples with variable (low, medium and high) bacterial contamination. The objective of this study was to validate the diagnostic accuracy of the 3 M Petrifilm™ Coliform Count Plate (CCP) and Aerobic Count Plate (ACP) for colostrum bacteriology. The Petrifilm™ Aerobic Count Plates were compared to 5 % sheep blood agar (SBA) (total bacteria counts, TBC), and the Petrifilm™ Coliform Count Plates were compared to MacConkey plates (MAC) (total coliform counts, TCC) and test sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Colostrum bacterial contamination was highly variable between farms (TBC median and interquartile range= 50,000CFU/mL and 546000CFU/mL; TCC median and interquartile range=100,750CFU/mL and 188,500CFU/mL). Overall correlation between the Petrifilms™ and reference plate measures was moderate (Spearman rho=0.38-0.47). The statistical accuracy of the Petrifilm™ systems and the test sensitivity were improved by lowering the bacterial cutpoint from 100,000CFU/mL to 91,000 CFU/mL for the aerobic counts plates and from 10,000CFU/mL to 1500 CFU/mL for the coliform count plates. The Petrifilm™ system could be used as a monitoring tool to provide quick and statistically accurate results for TBC and TCC but should not be seen as a comprehensive solution for poor colostrum hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Anderson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alexandra Haggerty
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK
| | - Emily Silva
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK
| | - Colin Mason
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JG, UK
| | - David Bell
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Katharine S Denholm
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
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5
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Westhoff TA, Borchardt S, Mann S. Invited review: Nutritional and management factors that influence colostrum production and composition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4109-4128. [PMID: 38246551 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Colostrum is a rich source of nutritional and non-nutritional components and is recognized as essential to transfer passive immunity to newborn calves. Because of the individual and seasonal variability in colostrum yield and composition, maintaining an adequate supply of high-quality colostrum year-round remains a challenge for commercial dairy producers. In this narrative review, we described the individual, seasonal, and herd-level variability of colostrum production and summarized the association between individual animal factors such as parity, sex of the calf, calf birth weight, as well as indicators of the cow's metabolic status and the yield and composition of colostrum. Further, we reviewed the current knowledge on the influence of prepartum nutrition and management strategies on colostrum production. Research on the metabolizable energy and protein supplied in the prepartum diet as well as on the inclusion and source of vitamins, minerals, and feed additives suggests prepartum nutrition influences the yield, quality, and composition of colostrum. Furthermore, the prepartum environment and dry period length remain influential factors in the production of colostrum. However, additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which prepartum nutrition and management affect colostrum production. Finally, time from calving to colostrum harvest and oxytocin administration as well as the current knowledge on the effect of heat treatment and colostrum storage strategies on colostral components were discussed. To conclude, we identify critical gaps in knowledge for future focus of investigation in colostrum research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Westhoff
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Iovane V, Fulgione A, Pizzano F, Masullo A, Ipek E, Parente G, Nocera FP, De Martino L. Hygiene Assessment of Buffalo Milking Parlours in Campania Region, Italy: A Preliminary Study by Using ATP Luminometry and Bacteriological Investigation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1805. [PMID: 38929424 PMCID: PMC11200975 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Careful cleaning of a milking parlour and its equipment is fundamental to guarantee good raw milk quality and prevent the dissemination of bacteria and improve animal welfare. This study aimed to investigate, using an ATP-bioluminescence assay and bacteriological analysis, the bacterial contamination of milking parlours on milking parlour surfaces of buffalo farms in the Campania Region, evaluating the seasonal dynamics during the year 2022. Eight farms were selected by the Italian ClassyFarm system, which assesses the level of animal welfare and biosecurity according to risk analysis. Before sampling, all dairy farm owners filled out a questionnaire on milking management, animal hygiene, and health. The questionnaires evidenced similar cleaning procedures but an absence of a standardised cleaning protocol among the different farms. ATP bioluminescence results evidenced similar levels of contamination in all the selected buffalo farms, and the season comparison showed no significant differences. A variation in the percentages of bacterial isolates during the different seasons was observed, with a higher prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae (38%) in summer. A small number of samples exhibited an absence of bacterial growth. Identifying bacteria is crucial for understanding the microorganisms present in the milking parlour, yet employing ATP luminometry could offer broad and accurate applications in buffalo milking parlours. In conclusion, the use of ATP bioluminescence for evaluating the hygiene of a buffalo milking parlour could represent a further important advancement in dairy farming technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Iovane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Fulgione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Francesca Pizzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Masullo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Emine Ipek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Parente
- ASL Salerno, Via Nizza 146, 84122 Salerno, Italy
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale per la Sanità Animale (CRESAN)—Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Corso Garibaldi 5, 84122 Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Van Driessche L, Santschi DE, Paquet É, Renaud D, Charbonneau É, Gauthier ML, Chancy A, Barbeau-Grégoire N, Buczinski S. Hygiene management practices and adenosine triphosphate luminometry of feeding equipment in preweaning calves on dairy farms in Quebec, Canada. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8885-8896. [PMID: 37641362 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the cleaning practices currently used for preweaning calves on dairy farms in Quebec, Canada. In addition, contamination of feeding equipment for preweaning calves was described using ATP (expressed as relative light units, RLU), visual assessment, and bacteriological analysis. A questionnaire was administered on 50 commercial dairy farms in Quebec, Canada, regarding the self-reported cleaning protocol used for feeding equipment of preweaning calves. During the visit, a visual score was given to the feeding equipment available at the farm. Afterward, ATP luminometry measurements were obtained using Hygiene UltraSnap and MicroSnap swabs (Hygiene, Camarillo, CA), and the liquid rinsing technique for buckets, nipples, bottles, esophageal tube feeders (ET), the tube of automatic milk feeders (AMF), water samples, and milk replacer. An additional direct swabbing technique was performed on buckets and nipples. The fluid retrieved from the liquid rinsing technique was also used to determine the total bacterial count (TBC) and total coliform count. Based on the bacteriological analysis, optimal RLU cutoff values to determine contamination were obtained. The median (interquartile range) luminometer measurements using the UltraSnap and direct technique for buckets and nipples were 2,082 (348-7,410) and 3,462 (462-7,518) RLU, respectively; and, using the liquid technique for bottles, ET, AMF, water, and milk replacer were 43 (4-974), 15 (4-121), 301 (137-1,323), 190 (71-358), and 94 (38-218) RLU, respectively. Overall, for all equipment and both techniques used, higher RLU values were seen in UltraSnap samples compared with MicroSnap samples. Additionally, for buckets and nipples, higher RLU values were obtained for the direct swabbing method compared with the liquid sampling method for both swabs used. No differences in the level of contamination were seen between the different feeding equipment used within a farm. Overall, a higher correlation with bacteriological results was noticed for ATP luminometry compared with the visual score, with a high correlation for nipples and bottles using the UltraSnap and liquid technique. Based on the classification of "contaminated" (TBC ≥100,000 cfu/mL) or "not contaminated" (TBC <100,000 cfu/mL), optimal ATP luminometer cutoff values for buckets, nipples, bottles, AMF, water, and milk replacer were 798, 388, 469, 282, 1,432, and 93 RLU, respectively. No clear association was found between ATP measurements and the self-reported cleaning protocol. This study gave new insights into the current cleaning procedures and contamination of feeding equipment for preweaning calves on dairy farms in Quebec. In addition, ATP luminometry cutoff values could help benchmark farms regarding cleaning practices and provide customized advice, improving the overall hygiene management, and thus the health, of preweaning calves on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Van Driessche
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S2M2, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Éric Paquet
- Department of Animal Science, University of Laval, Quebec City, G1V0A6, QC, Canada
| | - David Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Édith Charbonneau
- Department of Animal Science, University of Laval, Quebec City, G1V0A6, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Lou Gauthier
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, St-Hyacinthe, J2S2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Anaïs Chancy
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Barbeau-Grégoire
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S2M2, QC, Canada.
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8
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Chancy A, Santschi DE, Paquet ÉR, Renaud DL, Gauthier ML, Charbonneau É, Barbeau-Grégoire N, Van Driessche L, Buczinski S. Standardization and validation of ATP luminometry as a diagnostic tool to assess the cleanliness of feeding equipment in preweaning calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6263-6274. [PMID: 37500439 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to standardize a reliable and repeatable swabbing technique using ATP luminometry (light emission proportional to the amount of ATP with result provided in relative light units [RLU]) to describe the cleanliness of various feeding equipment used for preweaning calves in dairy farms. A total of 7 Québec commercial dairy herds were selected conveniently. Following visual hygiene scoring, the cleanliness of every available piece of feeding equipment was assessed using direct surface swabbing for buckets and nipples with Hygiena UltraSnap swabs. A liquid rinsing technique was used for esophageal feeders, bottles, and automatic milk feeders (AMF) with UltraSnap, AquaSnap, and MicroSnap swabs. To validate direct swabbing technique of buckets, a stage within and between operators was realized, as well as a conventional bacterial culture. A total of 519 swab samples were obtained from 201 pieces of equipment. The median (interquartile range) contamination in RLU for a bottle, esophageal feeder, AMF, bucket and nipple was 2 (1;6), 2 (0;12), 52 (19;269), 886 (128;7,230) and 899 (142;6,928), respectively. The direct swabbing technique, which consists in swabbing directly the surface of an equipment, showed excellent correlation for intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88-0.96). The interoperator (2 sessions with 3 different operators) reliability also showed high correlation (ICC = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.94 for the first session, and ICC = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.79-0.95 for the second session). Luminometer values were positively associated with the visual score of esophageal feeders, AMF and buckets. A positive correlation between bacterial culture and direct swabbing of buckets was also found for the UltraSnap (rs = 0.653; 95% CI: 0.283-0.873; P = 0.0003) and MicroSnap (rs = 0.569, 95% CI: 0.309-0.765; P = 0.002). This study describes a standardized and practical on-farm swabbing technique for assessing the hygienic status of feeding equipment by luminometry, which can be integrated in the investigation of preweaning dairy calves problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Chancy
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2 Canada
| | | | - Éric R Paquet
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - David L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Marie-Lou Gauthier
- Complexe de diagnostic et d'épidémiosurveillance vétérinaire du Québec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Édith Charbonneau
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Nicolas Barbeau-Grégoire
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Laura Van Driessche
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2 Canada.
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Miranda C, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Bovine Colostrum: Human and Animal Health Benefits or Route Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance-One Health Perspective. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1156. [PMID: 37508251 PMCID: PMC10376235 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
After calving, bovine colostrum is obtained from the mammary gland of the dam in the first days and fed to newborn ruminant to prevent microbial infections. Each bovine colostrum has a unique biochemical composition with high nutraceutical value compared to milk. However, bovine colostrum is influenced by various factors, such as environmental, individual, and genetic factors, as well as processing methods. Proper colostrum management is crucial for obtaining high-quality colostrum and mitigating bacterial contamination. This is important not only for the health and survival of calves but also for the health of humans who consume colostrum and its co-products. It is essential to ensure that the consumed colostrum is free of pathogens to reap its benefits. Health-promoting products based on colostrum have gained significant interest. However, colostrum can contain pathogens that, if not eliminated, can contribute to their transmission and spread, as well as antibiotic resistance. The aim of this review was to promote the animal and human health benefits of bovine colostrum by improving its microbial quality and highlighting potential routes of dissemination of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Implementing hygienic measures is one of the key factors in mitigating colostrum bacterial contamination and obtaining safe and high-quality colostrum. This helps reduce the exposure of pathogens to newborn calves, other animals, and humans, in a One Health analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Miranda
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN), Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (IUCS-CESPU), University Institute of Health Sciences, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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10
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Drinking behavior of dairy cows under commercial farm conditions differs depending on water trough design and cleanliness. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Uyama T, Kelton DF, Winder CB, Dunn J, Goetz HM, LeBlanc SJ, McClure JT, Renaud DL. Colostrum management practices that improve the transfer of passive immunity in neonatal dairy calves: A scoping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269824. [PMID: 35767544 PMCID: PMC9242493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this scoping review was to describe the literature on the characteristics and management practices of colostrum feeding and their associations with the level of transfer of passive immunity (TPI) in dairy calves. Observational and experimental studies were searched in 5 electronic databases and 3 conference proceedings. Two reviewers independently screened primary studies, either analytic observational or experimental studies written in English. Studies on dairy or dual-purpose calves with passive immunity analyzed by blood sampling between 1 to 9 days of age were included. All studies had to compare at least one colostrum intervention or risk factor and their association with passive immunity. Of the 3,675 initially identified studies, 256 were included in this synthesis. One hundred and ninety-five were controlled trials, 57 were cohort studies, and 4 were cross-sectional studies. The effect of colostral quantity at first feeding was investigated in 30 controlled studies including studies that were comparable to each other. The effect of colostral quality was explored in 24 controlled studies with inconsistent criteria used to define the quality. The effect of the timing of first feeding of colostrum was investigated in 21 controlled studies, where the timing of feeding ranged widely from immediately after birth to 60 h of age. Only 4 controlled studies evaluated the relationship between bacterial load in the colostrum and TPI in dairy calves. Of the 256 total studies, 222 assessed blood IgG concentration while 107 measured blood total protein concentration. We identified a gap in knowledge on the association between passive immunity in dairy calves and the bacterial load in colostrum, or the timing of harvesting colostrum from the dam. A possible quantitative synthesis could be conducted among the studies that evaluated colostral quantity at the first feeding in relation to TPI in dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Uyama
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - D. F. Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C. B. Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. Dunn
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - H. M. Goetz
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S. J. LeBlanc
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. T. McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - D. L. Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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12
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Buczinski S, Morin MP, Roy JP, Rousseau M, Villettaz-Robichaud M, Dubuc J. Use of ATP luminometry to assess the cleanliness of equipment used to collect and feed colostrum on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1638-1648. [PMID: 34802728 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this observational cross-sectional study was to describe the cleanliness of various equipment used for colostrum harvest and calf feeding procedures on dairy farms in Québec, Canada. The study was performed on 42 commercial dairy herds also enrolled in another study aiming to determine the transfer of passive immunity over a 14-mo period. Information on colostrum quality (using Brix value) and cleanliness (total aerobic and total coliform count) were recorded as well as various practices focused on colostrum-feeding equipment and preweaning period using a standard questionnaire. During the study period, colostrum and milk-feeding equipment cleanliness was assessed using direct surface swabbing with Hygiena Ultrasnap swabs. A total of 155 swab samples were obtained from 6 pieces of equipment. Adenosine triphosphate collected from the swabbed surface reacts with the luciferase solution present in the swab by bioluminescence, which is proportional to the quantity of ATP present and quantified as relative light units (RLU). The description of feed equipment cleanliness (defined as the maximal RLU found for a specific herd, dichotomized as <1,000 RLU vs. ≥1,000 RLU) was compared with the herds' descriptive characteristics, focusing on the first 2 components of a multiple correspondence analysis. The median (range) RLU for buckets used for colostrum harvest, bucket or bottle used for feeding, tube feeders, milking colostrum line, and internal surface of the nipples were 41 RLU (3-1,625 RLU), 78 RLU (<1-3,765 RLU), 29 RLU (<1-2,177 RLU), 83 RLU (<1-9,968 RLU), and 1,101 RLU (2-9,546 RLU), respectively. The first 2 components of multiple correspondence analysis explained 24.7% of data variances and were related to the farms' hygiene and health (13.0%) and feeding practices (11.7% of data variance). The maximal dichotomized luminometry value (<1,000 RLU or ≥1,000 RLU) was associated with hygiene and health dimension. This study gave promising results concerning the potential application of ATP luminometry for calf rearing practices assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Buczinski
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Marie-Pascale Morin
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marjolaine Rousseau
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | | | - Jocelyn Dubuc
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
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13
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Morin MP, Dubuc J, Freycon P, Buczinski S. A calf-level study on colostrum management practices associated with adequate transfer of passive immunity in Québec dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4904-4913. [PMID: 33551159 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the calf-level colostrum management practices associated with an adequate transfer of passive immunity (TPI; defined as serum Brix refractance ≥8.4% in the first week of life) in small-sized herds. A total of 818 calves from 61 commercial Holstein dairy farms were included in this observational cross-sectional study. For each calf, sex, colostrum delivery method, colostrum volume fed at first meal, and time to first feeding (delay between birth and first colostrum meal) were noted. Blood and colostrum samples were collected to estimate the serum and colostrum quality using Brix refractometry. To quantify the level of bacterial contamination in colostrum samples, total bacteria count and total coliform count (TCC) were measured using the Petrifilm (3M, St. Paul, MN) culture system. In this study, 68% of calves had an adequate TPI (≥8.4%). For data distribution, the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles were 1.3, 2.8, and 3.3 L for the colostrum volume fed at the first meal; 20.9, 23.5, and 26.5% Brix; and 1.1, 3.1, and 6.5 h for the time to first feeding of colostrum, respectively. The odds of adequate TPI were 2.6 times higher in calves receiving ≥2.5 L colostrum at their first meal, 2.9 times higher in calves receiving colostrum with ≥24.5% Brix, and 1.6 times higher in calves receiving colostrum within 3 h after birth, than in calves not meeting these criteria. In the present study, median bacterial contamination distribution (interquartile range) in the first colostrum meal was 14,000 cfu/mL (3,000-83,000 cfu/mL) for total bacteria count, and 0 cfu/mL (0-1,000 cfu/mL) for TCC. Total bacteria count and TCC were not associated with the odds of adequate TPI in the final model. Overall, these results suggest that specific calf-level colostrum management practices are associated with adequate TPI in small- to medium-sized dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Morin
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - J Dubuc
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - P Freycon
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - S Buczinski
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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14
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Heinemann C, Leubner CD, Hayer JJ, Steinhoff-Wagner J. Hygiene management in newborn individually housed dairy calves focusing on housing and feeding practices. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skaa391. [PMID: 33279999 PMCID: PMC7799592 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In calf rearing, the first weeks of life are critical and associated with the highest mortality due to enteric and respiratory diseases. A well-implemented hygiene management can help to protect calves' health preventively by reducing the load of pathogenic bacteria and interrupting infection chains. The aim of this study was to identify deficiencies in hygiene management of individually housed dairy calves by surveying current practice and examining feeding and housing equipment with different hygiene indicators. On 11 farms, different locations in 2 pens or hutches for individual calf rearing prepared for restocking and 2 feeding buckets per farm, including the inner and outer surfaces of artificial teats, were visually scored for cleanliness and sampled with swabs (housing equipment: n = 167; feeding equipment: n = 120). The sanitation of floors was tested with sock samples (n = 41). A total of 328 samples were analyzed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and protein residues, aerobic total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria (ESBL), and Salmonella spp. After evaluation of these results, the farmers were informed about the findings and trained on improvement in hygiene management personally. The sampling was repeated after 1 year to detect possible changes in hygiene management. The highest bacterial loads (TVC, TCC, and E. coli) were observed in feeding equipment, especially the inner teat of milk feeding buckets. Environmental samples, primarily the sidewalls and back walls of tested pens and hutches, exhibited the lowest bacterial counts and ATP and protein residues. All samples were negative for MRSA and Salmonella spp. In 10.5% of all samples, ESBL was detected, and in 6.8%, ESBL E. coli was detected, predominately in sock samples, followed by feeding equipment samples. Training in hygiene management showed only limited effects. In conclusion, there is still great potential to improve the implementation of hygiene measures in individual calf housing. In particular, more attention should be paid to the cleaning of feeding buckets and artificial teats, as this is a simple means of interrupting the possible spread of pathogens among calves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason J Hayer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Geiger AJ. Colostrum: back to basics with immunoglobulins. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S126-S132. [PMID: 32810237 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Geiger
- Zinpro Corporation, Research and Nutritional Services Department, Eden Prairie, MN
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16
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Guzman-Carazo V, Reyes-Vélez J, Elsohaby I, Olivera-Angel M. Factors associated with microbiological quality of bovine colostrum in Colombian dairy herds. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Pierce J, Hiebert JB, Mahoney D, Shen Q, Peltzer J, Rahman F, Johnson S, Pierce JT. Development of a point-of-contact technique to measure adenosine triphosphate: A quality improvement study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2019; 41:29-32. [PMID: 31011421 PMCID: PMC6462498 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) experience fatigue due to impaired myocardial bioenergetics. Cardiomyocyte function depends on the delivery of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), yet there is no convenient bedside method to measure ATP. The purpose of this study was to develop a point-of-contact measurement of ATP that can be used in a clinical setting. Methods In a laboratory setting, digital finger punctures were conducted using 5 μl and 10 μl of capillary blood placed into various amounts of water (H2O). After mixing the solution for 10 s, a Hygiena AquaSnapTM Free ATP probe was placed into the solution for 10 s for the detection of ATP. The probe was then placed into the Hygiena luminometer for 15 s, and a value in relative light units (RLU) was obtained. Results Test samples using 10 μl of blood diluted from 50 to 500 mls of H2O produced ATP readings of 10,000-7569 RLUs. Using 5 μl of blood in 375–900 ml of H2O decreased the ATP values to 6459-4189 RLUs. Dilutional volume sparing experiments were conducted with ATP standards to determine the concentration of ATP per RLUs. Conclusion Patients with HFpEF have increased metabolic demand and impaired myocardial bioenergetics. Thus, identifying a method to measure ATP that is quick and accurate is imperative to accurately assess cellular energy production in this population. Point-of-contact measures, such as ATP, are needed for precision-guided treatment. Data from this study provides the first step toward developing evidence for health policies related to managing fatigue. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required for almost all cells to produce energy. A point-of-contact instrument is needed in the clinical setting to measure ATP. To assess the symptom of fatigue, a measure of ATP is preferred. Using blood from a finger stick, an ATP measurement can be obtained in 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Pierce
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John B Hiebert
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Diane Mahoney
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Qiuhua Shen
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jill Peltzer
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Faith Rahman
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Samantha Johnson
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John T Pierce
- University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Nursing, Mail Stop 4043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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