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Sesso L, Vanzetti T, Weber J, Vaccani M, Scettrini PR, Sartori C, Ivanovic I, Romanỏ A, Bodmer M, Bacciarini LN, Struchen R, Steiner A, Graber HU. District-Wide Herd Sanitation and Eradication of Intramammary Staphylococcus aureus Genotype B Infection in Dairy Herds in Ticino, Switzerland. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00809-9. [PMID: 38788844 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates successful herd sanitation and eradication of contagious mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus genotype B (S. aureus GTB) in an entire Swiss district (Ticino) including 3,364 dairy cows from 168 farms. Herd sanitation included testing of all cows using a highly GTB specific and sensitive qPCR assay, implementation of related on-farm measures, appropriate antibiotic therapy of GTB-positive cows and culling of therapy-resistant animals, respectively. A treatment index was used as an objective criterion to select GTB-positive cows eligible for culling and replacement payment. 62 herds (37%) were initially GTB-positive with a cow prevalence between 10% and 100% and were submitted to sanitation. Twenty mo after the start of the campaign, all these herds were free from S. aureus GTB, whereby 73% of them were sanitized during the first 7 mo. At the cow level, a total of 343 animals were infected. 50 of them were immediately culled and financially compensated based on their treatment index value. The remaining 293 cows were intramammarily treated with antibiotics either during lactation using the combination of cephalexin-kanamycin or penicillin-gentamicin or at dry-off using cloxacillin. Out of these cows, 275 (93.9%) were treated successfully meaning that their milk was twice GTB-negative by qPCR after therapy. For lactational treatment, control samples were taken ≥10 and ≥20 d after treatment, for dry off treatment ≥14 and ≥24 d after parturition. Neither lactation number nor SCC before treatment of the cow nor the type of therapy were associated with therapeutic cure. Using data of 30 GTB-positive and 71 GTB-negative herds (1855 observations), the impact of GTB sanitation on bulk tank milk SCC (BTSCC) was evaluated applying a linear mixed statistical model. In the year before sanitation, BTSCC was always higher in GTB positive than in GTB negative herds. After the start of the campaign, BTSCC declined rapidly in the herds under GTB sanitation and achieved values that no longer differed statistically from those of GTB-free herds after only 2 mo, remaining very similar for the rest of the campaign. The farmers were very satisfied with the outcome of the campaign as all GTB positive herds could be sanitized rapidly, sanitation was sustainable, and milk quality increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sesso
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, Department of Environment, Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - T Vanzetti
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - J Weber
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Vaccani
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - P Riva Scettrini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio della consulenza agricola, 6501 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - C Sartori
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - I Ivanovic
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Romanỏ
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Bodmer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - L N Bacciarini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - R Struchen
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
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Romanò A, Ivanovic I, Segessemann T, Vazquez Rojo L, Widmer J, Egger L, Dreier M, Sesso L, Vaccani M, Schuler M, Frei D, Frey J, Ahrens CH, Steiner A, Graber HU. Elucidation of the Bovine Intramammary Bacteriome and Resistome from healthy cows of Swiss dairy farms in the Canton Tessin. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1183018. [PMID: 37583512 PMCID: PMC10425240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1183018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy, untreated cows of nine dairy herds from the Swiss Canton Tessin were analyzed three times within one year to identify the most abundant species of the intramammary bacteriome. Aseptically collected milk samples were cultured and bacteria identified using MALDI-TOF. Of 256 cows analyzed, 96% were bacteriologically positive and 80% of the 1,024 quarters were positive for at least one bacterial species. 84.5% of the quarters were healthy with somatic cell counts (SCC) < 200,000 cells/mL, whereas 15.5% of the quarters showed a subclinical mastitis (SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL). We could assign 1,288 isolates to 104 different bacterial species including 23 predominant species. Non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM) were most prevalent (14 different species; 73.5% quarters). Staphylococcus xylosus and Mammaliicoccus sciuri accounted for 74.7% of all NASM isolates. To describe the intramammary resistome, 350 isolates of the predominant species were selected and subjected to short-read whole genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiling. While complete genomes of eight type strains were available, the remaining 15 were de novo assembled with long reads as a resource for the community. The 23 complete genomes served for reference-based assembly of the Illumina WGS data. Both chromosomes and mobile genetic elements were examined for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) using in-house and online software tools. ARGs were then correlated with phenotypic antibiotic resistance data from minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Phenotypic and genomic antimicrobial resistance was isolate-specific. Resistance to clindamycin and oxacillin was most frequently observed (65 and 30%) in Staphylococcus xylosus but could not be linked to chromosomal or plasmid-borne ARGs. However, in several cases, the observed antimicrobial resistance could be explained by the presence of mobile genetic elements like tetK carried on small plasmids. This represents a possible mechanism of transfer between non-pathogenic bacteria and pathogens of the mammary gland within and between herds. The-to our knowledge-most extensive bacteriome reported and the first attempt to link it with the resistome promise to profoundly affect veterinary bacteriology in the future and are highly relevant in a One Health context, in particular for mastitis, the treatment of which still heavily relies on antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Romanò
- Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Ivanovic
- Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tina Segessemann
- SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zürich, Switzerland
- Method Development and Analytics, Group Molecular Ecology, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Vazquez Rojo
- Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Widmer
- Method Development and Analytics, Group Biochemistry of Milk, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lotti Egger
- Method Development and Analytics, Group Biochemistry of Milk, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Dreier
- Food Microbial Systems, Group Cultures, Biodiversity, and Terroir, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Sesso
- Clinic of Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Vaccani
- Clinic of Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schuler
- SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zürich, Switzerland
- Method Development and Analytics, Group Molecular Ecology, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Frei
- Method Development and Analytics, Group Molecular Diagnostics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, Agroscope, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Frey
- Method Development and Analytics, Group Molecular Diagnostics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, Agroscope, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christian H. Ahrens
- SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zürich, Switzerland
- Method Development and Analytics, Group Molecular Ecology, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic of Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Ulrich Graber
- Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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Nemati G, Romanó A, Wahl F, Berger T, Rojo LV, Graber HU. Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: a European study of contagiousness and antimicrobial resistance. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1154550. [PMID: 37206433 PMCID: PMC10188956 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In dairy herds managements, mastitis is the leading cause of economic losses. One of the most important pathogens responsible for intra-mammary infections is Staphylococcus aureus. The genetic properties of S. aureus have a strong influence on its pathogenicity and contagiousness. In this study, we aimed to obtain a comprehensive overview of the key bovine S. aureus clinical properties, such as contagiousness and antimicrobial resistance, present in European strains. For this, 211 bovine S. aureus strains from ten European countries that were used in a previous study were used in this study. Contagiousness was assessed using qPCR for the detection of the marker gene adlb. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated using a broth microdilution assay and mPCR for the detection of genes involved in penicillin resistance (blaI, blaR1, and blaZ). It was found that adlb was present in CC8/CLB strains; however, in Germany, it was found in CC97/CLI and in an unknown CC/CLR strains. CC705/CLC strains from all countries were found to be susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Major resistance to penicillin/ampicillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and tetracycline was detected. Resistance to oxacillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and cephalosporins was rarely observed. In addition, contagiousness and antibiotic resistance seem to correlate with different CCs and genotypic clusters. Hence, it is recommended that multilocus sequence typing or genotyping be utilized as a clinical instrument to identify the most appropriate antibiotic to use in mastitis treatment. Actualization of the breakpoints of veterinary strains is necessary to address the existing antibiotic resistance of the bacteria involved in veterinary mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Nemati
- Food Microbial Systems, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ghazal Nemati
| | - Alicia Romanó
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Wahl
- Food Microbial Systems, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Berger
- Food Microbial Systems, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Vazquez Rojo
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Ulrich Graber
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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Wald R, Hess C, Urbantke V, Wittek T, Baumgartner M. Characterization of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Bovine Quarter Milk Samples. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E200. [PMID: 31035607 PMCID: PMC6563082 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is considered as a major mastitis pathogen, with considerable epidemiological information on such infections while the epidemiology of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) is more controversial. The aim of this study was to use matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technology for identification of staphylococci isolated from bovine milk at species level and to characterize them in reference to presentation, somatic cell count (SCC), bacterial shedding (cfu) and antimicrobial resistance patterns. A total of 200 staphylococcal isolates (S. aureus n = 100; CNS n = 100) originating from aseptically collected quarter milk samples from different quarters of dairy cows were included in the study. They originated from cases of clinical (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) or were isolated from milk with SCC ≤ 100,000 cells/mL in pure culture. We found staphylococci predominantly in cases of SCM (n = 120). In low-SCC cows, 12 S. aureus and 32 CNS isolates were detected. Eighteen percent of each were associated with CM. Eleven CNS species were identified, S. chromogenes (n = 26) and S. xylosus (n = 40) predominated. CNS, particularly those in low-SCC cows, showed higher MIC90 (minimal inhibitory concentration) values for penicillin, ampicillin, cefoperazone, pirlimycin and marbofloxacin. Based on the present results, a careful interpretation of laboratory results is recommended to avoid antimicrobial therapy of staphylococci without clinical relevance and to ensure prudent use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Wald
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Wien, Austria.
| | - Claudia Hess
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Wien, Austria.
| | - Verena Urbantke
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Wien, Austria.
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Wien, Austria.
| | - Martina Baumgartner
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Wien, Austria.
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