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Renwick AN, Whitlock BK, Nestor CC, Daniel JA, Strickland L, Lear AS, Adkins M, Griffin C, Esteller-Vico A. Chronic inflammation decreases arcuate kisspeptin expression in male sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106868. [PMID: 38901139 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria induces an immune response and impairs reproduction through suppression of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), subsequently luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. While there is evidence that acute inflammation inhibits kisspeptin, little is known about the impact of chronic inflammation on this key reproductive neuropeptide in livestock species. Thus, we sought to examine a central mechanism whereby LPS suppresses LH secretion in sheep. Twenty wethers were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups: control (CON; n=4), single acute IV LPS dose (SAD; n=4), daily acute IV LPS dose (DAD; n=4), daily increasing IV LPS dose (DID; n=4), and chronic subcutaneous LPS dose (CSD; n=4). On Days 1 and 7, blood samples were collected every 12 minutes for 360 minutes using jugular venipuncture. Following blood collection on Day 7, all animals were euthanized, brain tissue was perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, and hypothalamic blocks were removed and processed for immunohistochemistry. On Day 1, LH pulse frequency was significantly lower (p=0.02) in SAD (0.25 ± 0.1 pulses/hour), DAD (0.25 ± 0.1 pulses/hour), DID (0.35 ± 0.1 pulses/hour), and CSD (0.40 ± 0.1 pulses/hour) compared to CON (0.70 ±0.1 pulses/hour). On Day 7, only DID animals (0.35 ± 0.1 pulses/hour) had significantly lower (p=0.049) LH pulse frequency compared to controls (0.85 ± 0.1 pulse/hour). Furthermore, only DID animals (33.3 ± 10.9 cells/section/animal) had significantly fewer (p=0.001) kisspeptin-immunopositive cells compared to controls (82.6 ± 13.6 cells/section/animal). Taken together, we suggest that daily increasing doses of LPS is a powerful inhibitor of kisspeptin neurons in young male sheep and a physiologically relevant model to examine the impact of chronic inflammation on the reproductive axis in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Renwick
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - B K Whitlock
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN.
| | - C C Nestor
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - J A Daniel
- Animal Science Department, Berry College, Rome, GA
| | - L Strickland
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN; Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - A S Lear
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - M Adkins
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - C Griffin
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - A Esteller-Vico
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
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2
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Guo C, Liu J, Wei Y, Du W, Li S. Comparison of the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota between dairy cows with and without mastitis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1332497. [PMID: 38585704 PMCID: PMC10996066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1332497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis causes significant losses in the global dairy industry, and the health of animals has been linked to their intestinal microbiota. To better understand the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiota and mastitis in dairy cows, we collected blood, rumen fluid, and fecal samples from 23 dairy cows, including 13 cows with mastitis and 10 healthy cows. Using ELISA kit and high-throughput sequencing, we found that cows with mastitis had higher concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1, and LPS than healthy cows (p < 0.05), but no significant differences in microbiota abundance or diversity (p > 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis (PCOA) revealed significant differences in rumen microbial structure between the two groups (p < 0.05), with Moryella as the signature for rumen in cows with mastitis. In contrast, fecal microbial structure showed no significant differences (p > 0.05), with Aeriscardovia, Lactococcus, and Bacillus as the signature for feces in healthy cows. Furthermore, the results showed distinct microbial interaction patterns in the rumen and feces of cows with mastitis compared to healthy cows. Additionally, we observed correlations between the microbiota in both the rumen and feces of cows and blood inflammatory indicators. Our study sheds new light on the prevention of mastitis in dairy cows by highlighting the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiota and mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Jinzhong Vocational and Technical College, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumuqi, China
| | - Wen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Alkan H, Tekindal MA, Demirel MA, Soyturk BI, Golbasi M, Deniz YE, Satilmis F, Alkan KK. Effect of strategies to increase progesterone levels on fertility of bovine embryo transfer recipients - A meta-analysis. Theriogenology 2024; 215:177-186. [PMID: 38086311 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The pregnancy rate following embryo transfer (ET) is a very important factor in the success of embryo production programs. Different strategies were therefore developed to increase pregnancy rates. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of hormone treatments used to increase the success of embryo transfer programs on pregnancy rates. A meta-analysis was performed of 46 trials from 39 publications involving treated (n = 7856) and control (n = 6663) cattle. The meta-analysis explained the effect size with its 95 % confidence interval (CI) for pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET) after hormonal treatment under different moderators. Hormonal support was found to increase P/ET compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, GnRH treatment was found to increase P/ET by approximately 4.3 % and hCG treatment by 8.0 %. Progesterone supplementation was not found to have a statistically significant effect on P/ET. In addition, GnRH treatment significantly increased P/ET when used to transfer in vitro or frozen-thawed embryos or in studies using cows as recipients. It was observed that hCG treatment had a positive effect on P/ET according to all moderators. Progesterone supplementation significantly increased P/ET when frozen embryos were transferred and reduced P/ET, especially in publications where fresh or in vitro produced embryos were transferred or cows were used as recipients. The results of this meta-analysis showed that the use of GnRH, and hCG, in bovine embryo transfer programs increased P/ET, whereas the use of progesterone had no effect on P/ET. However, it was found that P/ET could increase/decrease depending on the moderator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Alkan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Agah Tekindal
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Demirel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Berrak Isik Soyturk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Maide Golbasi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Yunus Emre Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Satilmis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kubra Karakas Alkan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Ibrahim N, Regassa F, Yilma T, Tolosa T. Impact of subclinical mastitis on uterine health, reproductive performances and hormonal profile of Zebu × Friesian crossbred dairy cows in and around Jimma town dairy farms, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16793. [PMID: 37303553 PMCID: PMC10250799 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal observational study was carried out from January 2020 to July 2021 to assess the impact of subclinical mastitis (SCM) on reproductive performance and its association with uterine health of crossbred dairy cows. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) and cytobrush technique were used to screen subclinical mastitis and subclinical endometritis, respectively. Milk samples positive for subclinical mastitis were subjected to bacteriological analysis. Data from 84 clinically healthy cows collected and analyzed. The present study revealed a prevalence of subclinical mastitis of 51.2% (43 of 84). The mean days from calving to first service interval were significantly longer in subclinical mastitis positive cows than negative (control) cows (120.51 ± 24.5 and 85.15 ± 28.3, respectively) (P < 0.05). The mean number of services per conception was significantly higher in positive cows (2.51 ± 0.83) than in negative cows (1.59 ± 0.81) (P < 0.05). Lower conception and pregnancy rates at first services were observed in subclinical mastitis cows. Risk factors analysis revealed that prevalence of subclinical mastitis significantly differed with the parity and body condition score (P < 0.05). The current study revealed that subclinical mastitis was significantly and directly associated with subclinical endometritis (P < 0.05). Subclinical mastitis significantly decreased (P = 0.000) progesterone concentrations and increased (P = 0.001) the cortisol concentrations. Staphylococcus aureus were the most predominant bacterial isolates from subclinical mastitic milk, followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) and streptococci. This study concludes a high prevalence of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus could inflict harmful effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows, emphasizing the relevance of mastitis control programs in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fekadu Regassa
- Addis Abeba University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Yilma
- Addis Abeba University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Tolosa
- Jimma University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia
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Genetical analysis of mastitis and reproductive traits in first-parity Holstein cows using standard and structural equation modelling. Animal 2023; 17:100777. [PMID: 37043934 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the causal relationships between clinical mastitis and some reproductive traits, including success at first insemination (SFI), the number of inseminations to pregnancy (INS), the interval from calving to first service (CTFS), first and last service interval (IFL), and open days (OD) in first-parity Holstein cows. For this purpose, the records of 58 281 first parity Holstein cows were analysed. These data sets were collected from 17 large dairy herds from 2008 to 2017. Recursive Mixed Models (RMMs) were applied and compared with the estimations under Standard Mixed Models. Then, one trivariate and three bivariate Gaussian-threshold models were used for the analyses. Recursive models were applied, considering that clinical mastitis can influence fertility traits. Mastitis is considered a covariate for the reproductive traits to determine their causal relationship. The results of this study indicated that causal effects of mastitis on SFI (on the observed scale, %), CTFS, IFL, OD, and INS were -5.7%, 3.3 days, 12.27 days, seven days, and 0.26 services, respectively. The estimated structural coefficients of the recursive models in the first parity imply that mastitis significantly lengthened the fertility interval and decreased the conception rate. In addition, genetic, residual, and phenotypic correlations between mastitis and the reproductive traits under both models were statistically significant. Results of genetic correlations between mastitis and fertility traits suggest that more incidence of mastitis during lactation is related to the delays in the heat show and pregnancy rate after insemination. In summary, considering the causal effects under RMMs may be advantageous to comprehend complicated relationships between complex traits better.
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Barca J, Schukken YH, Meikle A, Chilibroste P, Bouman M, Hogeveen H. Pegbovigrastim treatment resulted in an economic benefit in a large randomized clinical trial in grazing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1233-1245. [PMID: 36460504 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial on 4 commercial grazing dairy farms investigated whether pegbovigrastim (PEG) treatment affected partial net return as calculated from milk revenues and costs for feed, medical treatments [clinical mastitis, uterine disease, and other diseases (i.e., any medical treatment that was not intended for clinical mastitis or uterine disease)], inseminations, and culling during a full lactation in grazing dairy cows. We also explored the effect of potential interactions of PEG treatment with parity, prepartum body condition score, and prepartum nonesterified fatty acids concentration on partial net return, milk revenues, and the costs mentioned above. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 following trial arms: a first PEG dose 9.4 ± 0.3 (mean ± standard error) days before the calving date and a second dose within 24 hours after calving (PEG: primiparous = 342; multiparous = 697) compared with untreated controls (control: primiparous = 391; multiparous = 723). The effect of PEG treatment on the outcomes of interest expressed per year was tested using general linear mixed models. Results are presented as least squares means ± standard error. Overall, PEG treatment increased the partial net return, resulting in an economic benefit per cow per year of $210 ± 100. The cost of treatment of clinical mastitis was lower for PEG treated cows compared with control cows ($9 ± 3). The largest nonsignificant difference was seen for the cost of culling; additionally, PEG treatment numerically reduced the cost of culling by $145 ± 77.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Barca
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, 12100, Montevideo, Uruguay; Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, 12100, Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Royal GD, Deventer, 7400 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 12100, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Chilibroste
- Animal Production and Pasture, Agronomy Faculty, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, 60000, Uruguay
| | - Mette Bouman
- Veterinary Practitioner, Colonia, 70400, Uruguay
| | - H Hogeveen
- Business Economics group, Wageningen University & Research, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Effect of Major Diseases on Productivity of a Large Dairy Farm in a Temperate Zone in Japan. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the associations between major diseases (clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, peripartum disorders) and four parameters related to productivity (305-day milk yield, number of days open, culling rate, death rate) on a large dairy farm in a temperate zone with approximately 2500 Holstein cows. Data were collected from 2014 to 2018 and involved 9663 calving records for 4256 cows. We found negative effects of clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, and peripartum disorders on the productivity of cows. Clinical-mastitis-suffered cows with multiple diseases had more days open compared with those with clinical mastitis alone and the healthy group, and they had a higher death rate than the healthy group, whereas there was no difference in death rate between the clinical mastitis only and healthy groups. Cows suffering from peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, and peripartum disorders with either single or multiple diseases exhibited reduced productivity compared with the healthy group. Our findings clearly show that major diseases of cows in a temperate zone have severely negative effects on their productivity.
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Dias BV, da Costa GM, Leite RF, Lucas FA, Custódio DADC, Lima RRD, Brighenti CRG, Alves NG. Relationship between subclinical mastitis and reproduction in Lacaune sheep. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Mastitis: What It Is, Current Diagnostics, and the Potential of Metabolomics to Identify New Predictive Biomarkers. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Periparturient diseases continue to be the greatest challenge to both farmers and dairy cows. They are associated with a decrease in productivity, lower profitability, and a negative impact on cows’ health as well as public health. This review article discusses the pathophysiology and diagnostic opportunities of mastitis, the most common disease of dairy cows. To better understand the disease, we dive deep into the causative agents, traditional paradigms, and the use of new technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mastitis. This paper takes a systems biology approach by highlighting the relationship of mastitis with other diseases and introduces the use of omics sciences, specifically metabolomics and its analytical techniques. Concluding, this review is backed up by multiple studies that show how earlier identification of mastitis through predictive biomarkers can benefit the dairy industry and improve the overall animal health.
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Herd Routines and Veterinary Advice Related to Drying-Off and the Dry Period of Dairy Cows. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis at calving or early lactation is often associated with intra-mammary bacterial infections (IMI) at drying-off (DO) or during the dry period (DP). The IMI risk is associated with management routines at the herd, but knowledge on how farmers and veterinarians comply with national recommendations is scarce, as is their attitudes to the importance of such routines. Therefore, the main aims of this study were to collect information on farmer routines and attitudes, and on veterinary advice and attitudes to DO and DP. Associations between routines and advice, and demographic herd and veterinary variables were also studied. Web-based questionnaires were sent to 2472 dairy farmers and 517 veterinarians. The answers were summarized descriptively, and associations with demographics were evaluated using univariable regression models. The response rate was 14% for farmers and 25% for veterinarians. Routines and advice were in line with recommendations at the time of the study in many, but not all, areas of questioning. Significant associations between herd routines or veterinary advice and demographic variables were also found. Milking system and post-graduate training were the variables associated with the largest number of farmer and veterinary answers, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicate a need for more education on good routines during DO and DP. It was also clear that the national recommendations valid at the time of the study were in need of revision.
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Barca J, Meikle A, Bouman M, Schukken YH. Effect of pegbovigrastim on fertility and culling in grazing dairy cows and its association with prepartum nonesterified fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:710-725. [PMID: 34763910 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial on 4 commercial grazing dairy farms investigated whether treatment with pegbovigrastim (PEG) affected fertility and culling as measured during the full lactation. We also explored the effect of potential interactions of PEG treatment with parity, prepartum body condition score, prepartum nonesterified fatty acid concentration (pre-NEFA), and early-lactation clinical disease on these outcomes. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 trial arms: a first PEG dose approximately 7 d before the expected calving date and a second dose within 24 h after calving (PEG: primiparous = 342; multiparous = 697) compared with untreated controls (control: primiparous = 391; multiparous = 723). Cox's proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze rate of first insemination, rate of pregnancy [within 150 and 305 d in milk (DIM)], and hazard of culling. Additional analyses were performed on data that were stratified by parity group and pre-NEFA class (low ≤0.3; high >0.3 mM). In high pre-NEFA cows, PEG treatment increased the rate of first insemination [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.15]. Early-lactation clinical mastitis (CM) and uterine disease (UD: retained placenta, metritis, or both) were associated with a reduced rate of pregnancy within 150 DIM (HR = 0.49 and 0.78, respectively). Pegbovigrastim treatment in high pre-NEFA cows with CM and UD increased the rate of pregnancy within 150 DIM (HR = 1.75 and 1.46, respectively). In high pre-NEFA cows, PEG treatment resulted in a lower hazard of culling (HR = 0.79). No treatment effect was detected in low pre-NEFA cows. This study shows that the effect of PEG treatment on fertility and culling interacts with pre-NEFA. In high pre-NEFA cows, PEG treatment increased the rate of first insemination, counteracted the negative association of early-lactation CM and UD with the rate of pregnancy, and decreased the hazard of culling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Barca
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands.
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - Mette Bouman
- Veterinary Practitioner, Colonia, 70400, Uruguay
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands; Royal GD, Deventer, 7400 AA, the Netherlands
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Wang N, Zhou C, Basang W, Zhu Y, Wang X, Li C, Chen L, Zhou X. Mechanisms by which mastitis affects reproduction in dairy cow: A review. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:1165-1175. [PMID: 34008236 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive performance is a key factor in determining the profitability of dairy farm, which is affected by many factors such as environment and diseases. Mastitis is a common and important disease, which has caused huge economic losses to the dairy industries worldwide. Mammary gland infection causes immune responses, resulting in the abnormal secretion of cytokines and hormones and abnormal function of the reproductive system such as the ovary, corpus luteum, uterus and embryo. Cows with mastitis have delayed oestrus, decreased pregnancy rate and increased risk of abortion. The adverse effects of mastitis on reproductive performance are affected by many factors, such as occurrence time, pathogen and cow factors. This paper primarily reviews the progress in the effects and mechanisms of mastitis on reproductive performance, with emphasis on maternal transcriptome, genomic analysis, epigenetic modification, microbiota, inflammatory regulation and immune evasion mechanism of mastitis, aiming to provide directions for the prevention and control of mastitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Changhai Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wangdui Basang
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa Tibet, China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa Tibet, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunjin Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Fernandes L, Guimaraes I, Noyes NR, Caixeta LS, Machado VS. Effect of subclinical mastitis detected in the first month of lactation on somatic cell count linear scores, milk yield, fertility, and culling of dairy cows in certified organic herds. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2140-2150. [PMID: 33309348 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that subclinical mastitis (SCM), characterized by somatic cell count (SCC) >200,000 cells/mL, has a negative effect on the productivity, reproductive performance, and survivability of cows from conventional dairy herds. However, in organic herds, where the use of antimicrobial drugs is restricted for the treatment and control of intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cows, little is known about the effect of SCM on performance and survivability. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether SCM diagnosed during the first month of lactation was associated with SCC linear score dynamics, milk production, fertility, and culling of dairy cows in USDA-certified organic herds. We collected data from 2 organic herds in New Mexico and Texas. A total of 1,511 cows that calved between June 2018 and May 2019 were included in the study and were followed until month 10 of the current lactation. Cows with SCC >200,000 cells/mL in the first month of lactation were considered to have SCM. We used mixed linear regression models accounting for repeated measures to assess the effect of SCM on monthly milk production and SCC linear scores. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the effect of SCM on the risk of pregnancy and culling. We considered parity, farm, previous gestation length, stillbirth, twinning, dystocia, and 2- and 3-way interactions as potential confounders. Cows diagnosed with SCM during the first month of lactation produced less milk than cows without SCM. Cows with SCM had elevated SCC linear scores during their previous lactation and throughout the subsequent months of lactation compared to cows without SCM. The effect of SCM on SCC linear scores was more pronounced in multiparous than primiparous cows. Subclinical mastitis during the first month of lactation did not affect the likelihood of pregnancy during the first 300 d in milk. Cows with SCM in the first month were more likely to die or be culled during the 300 d of lactation than cows without SCM. We observed that elevated SCC in the first month of lactation had detrimental effects on the milk yield and survivability of dairy cows in USDA organic herds, but it did not affect reproductive performance. We demonstrated that cows with SCM diagnosed in the first month of lactation continued to have elevated SCC linear scores throughout their entire lactation, and that elevated SCC was carried over from the previous lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79415
| | - I Guimaraes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79415
| | - N R Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - L S Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79415.
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