Determination of macromineral requirements for preweaned dairy calves in tropical conditions

Determination of energy and protein requirements of preweaned dairy calves: A multistudy approach

The first studies concerning nutrient requirements for preweaned dairy calves were from the 1920s and 1930s; however, few studies were published in the following decades. We aimed to determine energy and protein requirements of preweaning Holstein and Holstein × Gyr dairy calves in a multistudy meta-regression. We used a database composed of individual measurements of 166 preweaned male calves (138 submitted to treatments and 28 used as the reference group) from 4 studies that used the methodology of comparative slaughter. Animals with less than 15/16 of Holstein genetic composition were considered crossbred Holstein × Gyr, whereas other animals were considered Holstein. Net energy requirements for maintenance (NE_M) were determined by the regression between heat production and metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were calculated by the iterative method, and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance was obtained by NE_M divided by the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance. Net energy requirements for gain (NE_G) were estimated using a regression of the retained energy (RE) as a function of empty body weight (EBW) and empty body gain (EBG). The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for gain was estimated by the regression of RE as a function of MEI, but with partitioning the MEI into MEI from liquid feed and MEI from starter feed. Additionally, the effect of a liquid feed (milk or milk replacer) was tested on the slope of the regression. The metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance (MP_M) were estimated using the intercept of the regression between the metabolizable protein intake (MPI) and average daily gain. The MP_M was determined as the ratio between the intercept and the metabolic body weight. Net protein requirements for gain (NP_G) were estimated by the regression between retained protein, EBG, and RE. The efficiency of use of metabolizable protein for gain was estimated by the regression of the retained protein as a function of MPI, but with partitioning the MPI into MPI from liquid feed and MPI from starter feed. Additionally, the effect of a liquid feed (milk or milk replacer) was tested on the regression slope. Breed did not influence any of the nutrient requirements' estimates. The NE_M was estimated as 70.2 kcal/metabolic body weight per day. The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance observed was 66%. The NE_G was estimated by the equation NE_G = 0.0901 × EBW^0.75 × EBG^0.9539. The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for gain was estimated as 57.6, 49.3, and 41.2% for milk, milk replacer, and starter feed, respectively. The MP_M was estimated as 4.22 g/EBW^0.75 per day, and the NP_G was determined by the equation: NP_G = 30.06 × EBG + 70.98 × RE. The efficiency of use of metabolizable protein for gain was estimated as 71.9, 59.2, and 44.4% for milk, milk replacer, and starter feed, respectively. We concluded that no differences were observed in energy and protein requirements between Holstein and Holstein × Gyr crossbred cows. The efficiencies of use of metabolizable energy and protein are greater for milk when compared with milk replacer and starter feed. Therefore, we propose that the equations generated herein should be used to estimate energy and protein requirements of preweaned Holstein and Holstein × Gyr crossbred dairy calves raised under tropical conditions.

Macromineral and trace element requirements for Santa Ines sheep

Minerals play an important role in animal metabolism. Knowledge of mineral requirements allows well-formulated diets to be provided, which is the main factor that affects performance. To determine the macromineral and trace element requirements for growth and maintenance, thirty-eight 2-month-old Santa Ines lambs with initial body weight (BW) of 13.0 ± 1.49 kg were distributed in a factorial design with feeding levels (ad libitum, 30% and 60% feed restriction) and sex classes [castrated (CM) and intact males (IM)]. The net mineral requirements for gain were higher (P < 0.05) with increasing BW and average daily gain, except for Ca and Na, which remained constant as the empty BW (EBW) increased. The macromineral net requirement for maintenance (g/kg EBW^0.75) and the true retention coefficient (k; %) were 0.0784 and 65.2 for Ca, 0.0926 and 80.0 for P, and 0.0379 and 59.0 for K, respectively. The k of Mg was higher (P < 0.05) for IM (11.3 for IM and 7.9 for CM). Sex did not affect (P > 0.05) the maintenance requirement of the trace elements Co, Cu, Zn and Cr which were 0.0015, 0.037, 0.698, and 0.0055 (mg/kg EBW^0.75), respectively. Our study indicated that the Santa Ines net mineral requirements are different from the main nutritional requirements established by committees for sheep, which may result in unbalanced diets.