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Wang Y, Liu Q, Liu Y, Qiao W, Zhao J, Cao H, Liu Y, Chen L. Advances in the composition, efficacy, and mimicking of human milk phospholipids. Food Funct 2024; 15:6254-6273. [PMID: 38787648 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipids are the essential components of human milk, contributing to the enhancement of cognitive development, regulation of immune functions, and mitigation of elevated cholesterol levels. Infant formulas supplemented with phospholipids can change the composition, content, and globule membrane structure of milk lipids, improving their digestive properties and nutritional value. However, mimicking phospholipids in infant formulas is currently limited, and the supplemented standards of phospholipid species and amounts in infant formulas are unknown. Consequently, there is a significant difference between the phospholipids in infant formulas and those in human milk. This article reviews the recent progress in human milk phospholipid research, aiming to describe the composition, content, and positive effects of human milk phospholipids, as well as summarises the dietary sources of phospholipid supplementation and the current state of human milk phospholipid mimicking in infant formulas. This review provides clear directions for research on mimicking human milk phospholipids and evaluating the nutritional functions of phospholipids in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Huiru Cao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., No. 8, Yingchang Street 100076, Yinghai Town, Daxing District, Beijing, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu Q, Zhao J, Qiao W, Liu B, Yang B, Chen L. Comparison of phospholipid composition and microstructure of milk fat globules contained in human milk and infant formulae. Food Chem 2023; 415:135762. [PMID: 36870206 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids play key roles in infant nutrition and cognitive development. It is hypothesized that infant formula (IF) has lower phospholipid species, content and milk fat globule (MFG) structural integrity than human milk (HM). Herein, we performed qualitative and quantitative analyses of phospholipids in six classes of IF and HM using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The contents of phosphatidylethanolamine (15.81 ± 7.20 mg/L) and sphingomyelin (35.84 ± 15.56 mg/L) in IF were significantly lower than those in HM (30.74 ± 17.38 mg/L, 45.53 ± 16.04 mg/L, respectively). Among the six IF classes, cow's milk-based IF had the highest number of phospholipid species, and IF containing milk fat globular membrane had the highest phospholipid content. The size, zeta potential, and amount of MFGs in IF were significantly lower than those in HM. These results may prove useful for designing better IF that mimic HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Baoyu Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China.
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3
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Rodríguez-Hernández P, Díaz-Gaona C, Reyes-Palomo C, Sanz-Fernández S, Sánchez-Rodríguez M, Rodríguez-Estévez V, Núñez-Sánchez N. Preliminary Feasibility of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Authenticate Grazing in Dairy Goats through Milk and Faeces Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2440. [PMID: 37570249 PMCID: PMC10417735 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumers are increasingly prone to request information about the production systems of the food they buy. For this purpose, certification and authentication methodologies are necessary not only to protect the choices of consumers, but also to protect producers and production systems. The objective of this preliminary work was to authenticate the grazing system of dairy goats using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) analyses of milk and faeces of the animals. Spectral information and several mathematical pre-treatments were used for the development of six discriminant models based on different algorithms for milk and faeces samples. Results showed that the NIRS spectra of both types of samples had some differences when the two feeding regimes were compared. Therefore, good discrimination rates were obtained with both strategies (faeces and milk samples), with classification percentages of up to 100% effectiveness. Discrimination of feeding regime and grazing authentication based on NIRS analysis of milk samples and an alternative sample such as faeces is considered as a potential approach for dairy goats and small ruminant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain; (C.D.-G.); (C.R.-P.); (S.S.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (N.N.-S.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain; (C.D.-G.); (C.R.-P.); (S.S.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (N.N.-S.)
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Sharifi F, Naderi-Boldaji M, Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti M, Kheiralipour K, Ghasemi M, Maleki A. Feasibility study of detecting some milk adulterations using a LED-based Vis-SWNIR photoacoustic spectroscopy system. Food Chem 2023; 424:136411. [PMID: 37229900 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate a previousely developed photoacoustic spectroscopy system with light sources of visible to short-wave near infrared (Vis-SWNIR, 395-940 nm) for detection of adulterations in cow's milk including formalin, urea, hydrogen peroxide, starch, sodium hypochlorite, and detergent powder. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed a very good visual differentiation of different adulterations. The artificial neural networks (ANN) showed the highest classification accuracy (97.6 %) in detection of adulteration type and adulteration level (nearly 100 %). It can be generally concluded that the Vis-SWNIR photoacoustic spectroscopy system is a reliable and potent instrument for detecting various types of milk adulterations. Further studies are suggested with including cow's milk of different sources with probable variations in composition to generalize the findings of the present study. With the extension of the light sources to the range of long-wave NIR, the system can be applied as a diagnostic tool for quality evaluation of other liquid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran; Bakhtar Higher Education Institution, Ilam 69313-83638, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Naderi-Boldaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran
| | - Kamran Kheiralipour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam 69391-77111, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghasemi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran
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Development and Method Validation of Butyric Acid and Milk Fat Analysis in Butter Blends and Blended Milk Products by GC-FID. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223606. [PMID: 36429199 PMCID: PMC9689190 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyric acid is a short-chain saturated fatty acid with four carbon atoms in its molecule. It is unique to butter made from cow’s milk and is an indicator to evaluate the quality of butter and milk products as stated in their ingredient labels. This study determined the milk fat content of butter blends and blended milk products by analyzing the content of butyric acid prepared as derivatives of methyl esters prior to injection into a gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC−FID). Results revealed that this method had specificity, a linear relationship for concentration in the range of 0.04−1.60 mg/mL, a coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.999, an instrumental limit of detection (LOD) and a limit of quantitative analysis (LOQ) at 0.01% and 0.10% of total fat, respectively, and an instrumental working range of 0.10−3.60% of total fat. The results of a precision study using relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.3%, while an accuracy study using the spiking method showed % recovery in the range of 98.2−101.9%. The method linearity range for milk fat analysis had a good linear correlation in the range of 3−100% of total fat (R2 > 0.999). Results for method LOD and LOQ were 1% and 3% of total fat, respectively. This method also had good precision (1.3% RSD) and accuracy (99.6−100.1% recovery), which indicates reliability in terms of precision and accuracy. This method, therefore, can be used to check claims about the quality of blended butter and blended milk products to ensure consumer confidence in product quality.
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Synthesis of human milk fat substitutes based on enzymatic preparation of low erucic acid acyl-donors from rapeseed oil. Food Chem 2022; 387:132907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Giglioti R, Polli H, Tainá Azevedo B, Morita Katiki L, Eugênio Vercesi Filho A. Detection and quantification of adulteration in milk and dairy products: A novel and sensitive qPCR-based method. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100074. [PMID: 35415677 PMCID: PMC8991746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel qPCR method was able to detect and quantify cow, buffalo, goat and sheep DNA in milk and dairy products. Established detection limit was 0.016 ng for the four species. The limit of detection of cow DNA in buffalo, goat and sheep DNA samples was 0.1% (0.01 ng) This method is able to detect and quantify adulteration between cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep dairy samples.
Species identification in dairy products has a notable importance in food traceability and adulteration control and consequently has a significant effect on the final economic value of foods. In the present study, we developed a method based on real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detection and quantification of cow DNA in DNA samples from milk and dairy products from buffaloes, goats, and sheep. The qPCR reactions showed high specificity, and the amplifications only occurred to species-specific primers. The calibration curves allowed for the quantification of the amount of DNA of each species-specific primer, and the established detection limit was 0.016 ng for the four species. The detection limit of cow DNA in buffalo, goat and sheep DNA samples was 0.1% (0.01 ng). Although the present study aimed to detect and quantify cow DNA in buffalo, goat, and sheep dairy products, we believe that the qPCR assays can also be directed to differentiate and quantify goat × sheep, and/or buffalo × goat/sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Giglioti
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Rua Heitor Penteado, n. 56, Nova Odessa, São Paulo 13380-011, Brazil
| | - Hiago Polli
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Rua Heitor Penteado, n. 56, Nova Odessa, São Paulo 13380-011, Brazil
| | - Bianca Tainá Azevedo
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Rua Heitor Penteado, n. 56, Nova Odessa, São Paulo 13380-011, Brazil
| | - Luciana Morita Katiki
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Rua Heitor Penteado, n. 56, Nova Odessa, São Paulo 13380-011, Brazil
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Go YS, Won EJ, Kim SH, Lee DH, Kang JH, Shin KH. Stepwise Approach for Tracing the Geographical Origins of the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum Using Dual-Element Isotopes and Carbon Isotopes of Fatty Acids. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131965. [PMID: 35804779 PMCID: PMC9265916 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are many studies that have reported methods for tracing the geographical origin of seafoods, most of them have focused on identifying parameters that can be used effectively and not the direct application of these methods. In this study, we attempted to differentiate the geographical origins of the Manila clam R. philippinarum collected from different sites in Korea, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and China using a combination of analyses based on dual-element isotopes, fatty acids (FAs), and compound-specific isotopic analysis of FAs. We hypothesized that a stepwise application of new parameters to unclassified samples could achieve this objective by integrating new information while reducing time and labor. The FA profiles and compound-specific carbon isotopic values of FAs were found to enhance the discrimination power of determining the geographic origin up to 100%. Our findings demonstrate the advantageousness of using several parameters simultaneously over the conventional method of employing individual analytical methods when identifying geographic origins of the Manila clam, which could have implications for tracing the origins of different shellfish species or other food products as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Shin Go
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.-S.G.); (S.-H.K.); (D.-H.L.)
- Marine Environmental Management Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Won
- Institute of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - Seung-Hee Kim
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.-S.G.); (S.-H.K.); (D.-H.L.)
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.-S.G.); (S.-H.K.); (D.-H.L.)
- Marine Environmental Management Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Jung-Ha Kang
- Aquaculture Industry Division, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Incheon 22383, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.-S.G.); (S.-H.K.); (D.-H.L.)
- Institute of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5536
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Cui Y, Ge L, Lu W, Wang S, Li Y, Wang H, Huang M, Xie H, Liao J, Tao Y, Luo P, Ding YY, Shen Q. Real-Time Profiling and Distinction of Lipids from Different Mammalian Milks Using Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry Combined with Chemometric Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7786-7795. [PMID: 35696488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The price of mammalian milk from different animal species varies greatly due to differences in their yield and nutritional value. Therefore, the authenticity of dairy products has become a hotspot issue in the market due to the replacement or partial admixture of high-cost milk with its low-cost analog. Herein, four common commercial varieties of milk, including goat milk, buffalo milk, Holstein cow milk, and Jersey cow milk, were successfully profiled and differentiated from each other by rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) combined with chemometric analysis. This method was developed as a real-time lipid fingerprinting technique. Moreover, the established chemometric algorithms based on multivariate statistical methods mainly involved principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, and linear discriminant analysis as the screening and verifying tools to provide insights into the distinctive molecules constituting the four varieties of milk. The ions with m/z 229.1800, 243.1976, 257.2112, 285.2443, 299.2596, 313.2746, 341.3057, 355.2863, 383.3174, 411.3488, 439.3822, 551.5051, 577.5200, 628.5547, 656.5884, 661.5455, 682.6015, and 684.6146 were selected as potential classified markers. The results of the present work suggest that the proposed method could serve as a reference for recognizing dairy fraudulence related to animal species and expand the application field of REIMS technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Lijun Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Weibo Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Shitong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Yunyan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Min Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Hujun Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Zhejiang Huacai Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang 311800, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Hangzhou Linping District Maternal & Child Health Care Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311113, China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratories for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yin-Yi Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
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10
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Liu Q, Zhao J, Liu Y, Qiao W, Jiang T, Liu Y, Yu X, Chen L. Advances in analysis, metabolism and mimicking of human milk lipids. Food Chem 2022; 393:133332. [PMID: 35661604 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk lipids differ from the milk lipids of other mammals in composition and positional distribution of fatty acids. Analysis and detection technology of lipids is key to understanding milk lipids, and thus the concentrations, compositions and distribution characteristics of milk lipids are discussed. Differences between human milk lipids and their substitutes in form, composition and structure affect their digestion, absorption and function in infants. Characteristics and mimicking of human milk lipids have been intensively studied with the objective of narrowing the gap between human milk and infant formulae. Based on the existing achievements, further progress may be made by improving detection techniques, deepening knowledge of metabolic pathways and perfecting fat substitutes. This review detailed the characteristics of human milk lipids and related detection technologies with a view towards providing a clear direction for research on mimicking human milk lipids in formulae to further improve infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China.
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11
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Tata A, Massaro A, Riuzzi G, Lanza I, Bragolusi M, Negro A, Novelli E, Piro R, Gottardo F, Segato S. Ambient mass spectrometry for rapid authentication of milk from Alpine or lowland forage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7360. [PMID: 35513691 PMCID: PMC9072378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics approaches, such as direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS), allow characterising many polar and non-polar compounds useful as authentication biomarkers of dairy chains. By using both a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA), this study aimed to assess the capability of DART-HRMS, coupled with a low-level data fusion, discriminate among milk samples from lowland (silages vs. hay) and Alpine (grazing; APS) systems and identify the most informative biomarkers associated with the main dietary forage. As confirmed also by the LDA performed against the test set, DART-HRMS analysis provided an accurate discrimination of Alpine samples; meanwhile, there was a limited capacity to correctly recognise silage- vs. hay-milks. Supervised multivariate statistics followed by metabolomics hierarchical cluster analysis allowed extrapolating the most significant metabolites. Lowland milk was characterised by a pool of energetic compounds, ketoacid derivates, amines and organic acids. Seven informative DART-HRMS molecular features, mainly monoacylglycerols, could strongly explain the metabolomic variation of Alpine grazing milk and contributed to its classification. The misclassification between the two lowland groups confirmed that the intensive dairy systems would be characterised by a small variation in milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tata
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Massaro
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Giorgia Riuzzi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Ilaria Lanza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Marco Bragolusi
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Negro
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Enrico Novelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Flaviana Gottardo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Severino Segato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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12
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Mafra I, Honrado M, Amaral JS. Animal Species Authentication in Dairy Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081124. [PMID: 35454711 PMCID: PMC9027536 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is one of the most important nutritious foods, widely consumed worldwide, either in its natural form or via dairy products. Currently, several economic, health and ethical issues emphasize the need for a more frequent and rigorous quality control of dairy products and the importance of detecting adulterations in these products. For this reason, several conventional and advanced techniques have been proposed, aiming at detecting and quantifying eventual adulterations, preferentially in a rapid, cost-effective, easy to implement, sensitive and specific way. They have relied mostly on electrophoretic, chromatographic and immunoenzymatic techniques. More recently, mass spectrometry, spectroscopic methods (near infrared (NIR), mid infrared (MIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and front face fluorescence coupled to chemometrics), DNA analysis (real-time PCR, high-resolution melting analysis, next generation sequencing and droplet digital PCR) and biosensors have been advanced as innovative tools for dairy product authentication. Milk substitution from high-valued species with lower-cost bovine milk is one of the most frequent adulteration practices. Therefore, this review intends to describe the most relevant developments regarding the current and advanced analytical methodologies applied to species authentication of milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (J.S.A.)
| | - Mónica Honrado
- CIMO, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Joana S. Amaral
- CIMO, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (J.S.A.)
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13
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Yang L, Zhao Y, Wang F, Luo J. The positional distribution of fatty acids in the triacylglycerol backbones of yak milk from different pastoral areas. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Rodríguez-Hernández P, Saavedra D, Martín-Gómez A, Cardador MJ, Arce L, Rodríguez-Estévez V. In vivo authentication of Iberian pig feeding regime using faecal volatilome information. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Pinho SCM, Faria M, Casal S, Sobral MMC, Alves R, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Ferreira IMPLVO. Explore Gastric Lipolysis and Lipid Oxidation of Conventional versus Pasture-Based Milk by a Semi-dynamic In Vitro Digestion Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14241-14249. [PMID: 34784201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on gastric lipolysis of commercial cow's milk with different fatty acid (FA) compositions is scarce. Gastric lipase exhibits specificity for the sn-3 chain position of triacylglycerols, whose structure is influenced by milk FA composition. Therefore, during gastric digestion of conventional (C) vs pasture-based (P) milk, differences may occur on lipolysis, which has impact on free FA available, influencing their absorption/metabolism rate and physiological hormonal responses. Those two milk types were subjected to the INFOGEST semi-dynamic digestion model. Five gastric emptying points were analyzed for oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and individual free FA. The relative release of medium-chain FA (C8:0-C12:0) was higher than that of longer-chain FA (C14:0-C18:0), and a linear increase in markers of PUFA oxidative degradation occurred along gastric digestion. Quantitatively, C8:0, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, and CLAc9t11 were higher (P < 0.001) in P milk when compared with C milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana C M Pinho
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Miguel Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - M Madalena C Sobral
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Rui Alves
- SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações S.A., Estrada Nacional 109 Lugar da Pardala, S. João Ovar 3880-728, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Isabel M P L V O Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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16
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Karrar E, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Huppertz T, Wei W, Jin J, Wang X. Fatty acid composition and stereospecificity and sterol composition of milk fat from different species. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Authenticity of Hay Milk vs. Milk from Maize or Grass Silage by Lipid Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122926. [PMID: 34945477 PMCID: PMC8700964 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hay milk is a traditional dairy product recently launched on the market. It is protected as “traditional specialty guaranteed” (TSG) and subjected to strict regulations. One of the most important restrictions is that the cow’s feed ration must be free from silage. There is the need for analytical methods that can discriminate milk obtained from a feeding regime including silage. This study proposes two analytical approaches to assess the authenticity of hay milk. Hay milk and milk from cows fed either with maize or grass silage were analyzed by targeted GC-MS for cyclopropane fatty acid (dihydrosterculic acid, DHSA) detection, since this fatty acid is strictly related to the bacterial strains found in silage, and by HPLC-HRMS. The presence of DHSA was correlated to the presence of maize silage in the feed, whereas it was ambiguous with grass silage. HPLC-HRMS analysis resulted in the identification of 14 triacylglycerol biomarkers in milk. With the use of these biomarkers and multivariate statistical analysis, we were able to predict the use of maize and grass silage in the cow’s diet with 100% recognition. Our findings suggest that the use of analytical approaches based on HRMS is a viable authentication method for hay milk.
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18
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Fougère H, Delavaud C, Le Faouder P, Bertrand‐Michel J, Bernard L. Triacylglycerols and Polar Lipids in Cow and Goat Milk are Differentially Affected by Various Lipid Supplemented Diets. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Fougère
- Université Clermont Auvergne INRAE VetAgro Sup UMR Herbivores 63122 Saint‐Genès‐Champanelle France
- Département de Pédiatrie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université Laval Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Carole Delavaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne INRAE VetAgro Sup UMR Herbivores 63122 Saint‐Genès‐Champanelle France
| | - Pauline Le Faouder
- MetaToul‐Lipidomic Facility MetaboHUB Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) Inserm/Université Paul Sabatier UMR1048 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes Toulouse 31432 France
| | - Justine Bertrand‐Michel
- MetaToul‐Lipidomic Facility MetaboHUB Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC) Inserm/Université Paul Sabatier UMR1048 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes Toulouse 31432 France
| | - Laurence Bernard
- Université Clermont Auvergne INRAE VetAgro Sup UMR Herbivores 63122 Saint‐Genès‐Champanelle France
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19
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Characterization of the Triacylglycerol Fraction of Italian and Extra-European Hemp Seed Oil. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050916. [PMID: 33921940 PMCID: PMC8143575 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemp seed oil (HSO) has received considerable attention for its health properties, especially due to unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content. In this work, the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction of Italian and Extra-European HSO was characterized by applying an enzymatic approach, based on the use of pancreatic lipase and sn-1,2-diacylglycerol kinase. This procedure allows determination of the intrapositional FA% composition of TAG. The results of the stereospecific analysis are useful for deepening knowledge on HSO nutritional aspects. The high percentage of UFA (88.3–89.9%), in particular essential FA (74.4–85.9%), of HSO samples in sn-2 position is important for long-term health effects, but also to enhance the use of this oil as a functional ingredient in food, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields. Furthermore, the results of total and intrapositional FA % compositions, subjected to principal component analysis, were able to differentiate HSO Italian samples from Extra-European ones. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the stereospecific analysis represents a potent analytical tool providing the fingerprint of TAG fraction, useful to highlight possible chemical descriptors for HSO authenticity and traceability purposes.
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20
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Blasi F. Meet Our Editorial Board Member. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/157340131608200824122415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Arita‐Merino N, Yener S, Valenberg HJF, Hugo A, Osthoff G. Varying Levels of Medium‐Chain Fatty Acids Affect Triacylglycerol Composition and Crystallization Behavior of African Elephant Milk Fat. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Arita‐Merino
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design Wageningen University Postbox 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Sine Yener
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design Wageningen University Postbox 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Hein J. F. Valenberg
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design Wageningen University Postbox 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Arno Hugo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology University of the Free State Postbox 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
| | - Gernot Osthoff
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology University of the Free State Postbox 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
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22
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Jia W, Dong X, Shi L, Chu X. Discrimination of Milk from Different Animal Species by a Foodomics Approach Based on High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6638-6645. [PMID: 32469210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An untargeted foodomics strategy based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole orbitrap and chemometrics was used to observe subtle differences in the molecule profiles of raw milk from different animal species (cow milk, goat milk, and water buffalo milk), which could prevent the fraud activities in the dairy industry. In data-dependent acquisition (DIA), spectra for all precursor ions facilitated the comprehensive identification of unknown compounds in untargeted foodomics. Chemometrics techniques were used to analyze large amounts of complex data to observe the separation of different sample groups and find the potential markers of sample groups. Finally, five markers were putatively identified by the potential marker identification workflow. The quantification results showed that β-carotene was found only in cow milk; ergocalciferol was found only in water buffalo milk; and the contents of nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, and octanoic acid were higher in goat milk than those in cow milk and water buffalo milk. The quantification of β-carotene enabled the detection of cow milk with a sensitivity threshold of 5% (w/w). This work provided an efficient approach for the discrimination of cow milk, goat milk, and water buffalo milk. Compared with proteomics and genomics, the simpler analytical procedures, lower costs, and higher speed of this work make it of great benefit for routine operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xuyang Dong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaogang Chu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China
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23
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Liu Z, Wang J, Li C, Rochfort S. Development of one-step sample preparation methods for fatty acid profiling of milk fat. Food Chem 2020; 315:126281. [PMID: 32004984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the fatty acid (FA) profile of milk fat generally involves total lipid extraction from liquid milk, transesterification and GC analysis. The lipid extraction step is time consuming and often employs toxic solvents such as chloroform. Two alternative methods are presented here that skip the lipid extraction step and allow the determination of FA composition via direct transesterification of dried milk and liquid milk respectively. We have shown that dried milk can be used directly in alkaline-catalysed methylation, whereas direct transesterification of both dried milk and fresh milk is feasible with acidic methanol. Both methods generate similar results as compared to the classical two-step method (i.e. lipid extraction and FA methylation) when optimised methylation parameters (temperature, time, milk and reagent volume) are followed. By omitting the lipid extraction step, these simplified one-step methods offer a much higher throughput and a reduced cost in FA composition analysis of milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Jianghui Wang
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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24
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Teng F, Reis MG, Yang L, Ma Y, Day L. Structural characteristics of triacylglycerols contribute to the distinct in vitro gastric digestibility of sheep and cow milk fat prior to and after homogenisation. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Yener S, van Valenberg HJF. Characterisation of triacylglycerols from bovine milk fat fractions with MALDI-TOF-MS fragmentation. Talanta 2019; 204:533-541. [PMID: 31357330 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used MALDI-TOF-MS to profile and characterise the triacylglycerol (TAG) species of anhydrous bovine milk fat (AMF) and its low melting (olein) and high melting (stearin) fractions obtained by dry fractionation. Silver-ion solid phase extraction (Ag+-SPE) cartridges were utilised to separate the TAGs according to saturation degree. Then, several TAG species were selected and fragmented via post-source decay (PSD) fragmentation. MALDI-TOF-MS TAG profiles and fragmentation patterns were compared to the TAG and fatty acid (FA) compositions obtained by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). We found that, olein was rich in medium length chain TAG species like CN38:0 and CN40:1, whereas stearin was rich in saturated long chain TAG species from CN42:0 to CN52:0. Separation of the TAGs based on saturation degree allowed successful selection of the TAG parent-ion for fragmentation by eliminating the interferences of TAG species that have the same carbon number but vary in number of double bonds. The TAG fragmentation patterns indicated significant differences between AMF, olein and stearin as a result of the dry fractionation process. Compared to AMF, olein yielded in higher fragments of short-chain saturated and middle-chain unsaturated FAs. Whereas, stearin yielded in saturated and monounsaturated long chain FA fragments. Fragmentation of unsaturated long chain TAGs showed that the TAGs in olein contained more C18:1 and C18:2 than that of AMF and stearin. Stearin on the other hand, contained higher amount of TAG species containing C16:0. These results were in line with the FA compositions obtained from GC-FID and suggest that Ag+-SPE cartridges coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS offer an informative and practical approach to characterise fats and oils with complex TAG composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Yener
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hein J F van Valenberg
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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