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Golder HM, Lean IJ. Ruminal acidosis and its definition: A critical review. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01095-6. [PMID: 39218070 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ruminal acidosis occurs as a continuum of disorders, stemming from ruminal dysbiosis and disorders of metabolism, of varying severity. The condition has a marked temporal dynamic expression resulting in cases expressing quite different rumen concentrations of VFA, lactic acid, ammonia, and rumen pH over time. Clinical ruminal acidosis is an important condition of cattle and subclinical ruminal acidosis (SRA) is very prevalent in many dairy populations with estimates between 10 to 26% of cows in early lactation. Estimates of the duration of a case suggest the lactational incidence of the condition may be as high as 500 cases per 100 cows in the first 100 d of lactation. Historical confusion about the etiology and pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis led to definitions that are not fit for purpose as acidic ruminal conditions solely characterized by ruminal pH determination at a single point fail to reflect the complexity of the condition. Use of a model, based on integrated ruminal measures including VFA, ammonia, lactic acid, and pH, for evaluating ruminal acidosis is fit for purpose, as indicated by meeting postulates for assessing metabolic disease, but requires a method to simplify application in the field. While it is likely that this model, that we have termed the Bramley Acidosis Model (BAM), will be refined, the critical value in the model is that it demonstrates that ruminal acidosis is much more than ruminal pH. Disease, milk yield and milk composition are more associated with the BAM than rumen pH alone. Two single VFA, propionate and valerate are sensitive and specific for SRA, especially when compared with rumen pH. Even with the use of such a model, astute evaluations of the condition whether in experimental or field circumstances will be aided by ancillary measures that can be used in parallel or in series to enhance diagnosis and interpretation. Sensing methods including rumination detection, behavior, milk analysis, and passive analysis of rumen function have the potential to improve the detection of SRA; however, these may advance more rapidly if SRA is defined more broadly than by ruminal pH alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Golder
- Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570; Dairy Science Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570
| | - I J Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570; Dairy Science Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570.
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Shang S, Li Z, Li J, Zhao X, Zhang W, Zhang X, Bai J, Yang Z, Guo K. Effects of high moisture ear corn on production performance, milk fatty acid composition, serum antioxidant status, and immunity in primiparous dairy cows. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1204-1212. [PMID: 38575129 PMCID: PMC11222838 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of high moisture ear corn (HMEC) on production performance, milk fatty acid composition, serum antioxidant status, and immunity in primiparous dairy cows. METHODS A total of 45 healthy primiparous Holstein cows (36.50±4.30 kg of milk/d, 201±9.00 lactating days in milk) were sorted into 3 groups: control group (CG, n = 15); 50% HMEC (replacing 50% steam-flaked corn with HMEC, n = 15); and 100% HMEC (replacing steam-flaked corn with HMEC, n = 15) on an equal dry matter (DM) basis. The study consisted of adaptation period of 14 days, followed by a formal period of 60 days. Feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily. Milk and blood samples were collected on 1, 30, and 60 d of the experimental period. RESULTS The 50% HMEC group and 100% HMEC group significantly increased (p<0.05) milk yield and DM intake in dairy cows compared to the control group (CG). The 100% HMEC group showed an increase (p<0.05) in 4% fat-corrected milk (4% FCM). Both the 50% HMEC group and 100% HMEC group exhibited significant decreases (p<0.05) in the content of C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0 fatty acids, along with a significant increase (p<0.05) in cis-9C18:1 content. The saturated fatty acid content was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the 50% HMEC and 100% HMEC groups than that of CG. Conversely, the monounsaturated fatty acid content was higher (p<0.05) in the 50% HMEC and 100% HMEC groups than that in CG. Notably, the 100% HMEC group significantly increased (p<0.05) the serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase content, while also decreasing the serum malondialdehyde content (p<0.05). Moreover, the 100% HMEC group significantly increased (p<0.05) the content of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM. CONCLUSION High moisture ear corn could improve production performance and milk fatty acid levels and enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity in dairy cows. These results lay the foundation for the wider application of HMEC in ruminant animal diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,
China
| | - Zheng Li
- Beijing Institute of Feed Control, Beijing 100107,
China
| | - Jiajun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,
China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Feed Control, Beijing 100107,
China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,
China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,
China
| | - Jinni Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,
China
| | - Zhiye Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,
China
| | - Kaijun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,
China
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Engelking LE, Oba M. Effects of offering free-choice hay for the first 5 days postpartum on productivity, serum inflammatory markers, gut permeability, and colon gene expression in fresh dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:813-828. [PMID: 37709044 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of offering free-choice hay to cows during the first 5 d immediately after calving on feed intake, milk yield, plasma metabolites, serum inflammatory markers, rumination, gut permeability, and colon gene expression. It was hypothesized that cows offered free-choice hay would have lower gut permeability, lower inflammation, and higher milk production, compared with cows not offered hay. Thirty-two multiparous cows were fed a closeup total mixed ration (TMR; 21.5% starch, 32.1% forage neutral detergent fiber [NDF] on a dry matter basis) until calving. In the postpartum period, all cows were fed a fresh cow TMR (26.8% starch and 23.4% forage NDF) from calving until 21 DIM, and were assigned randomly to receive 1 of 2 treatments as follows: (1) free-choice timothy hay (61.6% NDF; 9.6% crude protein), offered outside of the TMR in a separate manger, for the first 5 d postpartum (FCH; n = 20), or 2) no free-choice hay (NH; n = 12). The FCH cows tended to have lower serum haptoglobin concentration on d 3, compared with NH (0.95 vs. 1.52 mg/mL). Within the FCH group, cows with greater hay intake had a smaller increase in serum amyloid A from d 1 to 3 after calving (r = 0.37), and tended to have a smaller increase in serum haptoglobin concentration (r = 0.36). Cows in the FCH group had a lower ratio of starch intake (kg) to forage NDF intake (kg) on d 1 and 2, compared with NH (0.91 vs. 1.14 ± 0.03), and cows that had a lower starch:forage NDF ratio tended to have a smaller increase in serum haptoglobin concentration from d 1 to 3 after calving (r = 0.32). Cows in the FCH group had lower TMR dry matter intake (DMI; 15.0 vs. 17.1 ± 0.93 kg/d) and lower total DMI (TMR + hay DMI; 15.9 vs. 17.1 ± 0.87 kg/d), from d 1 to 5 when free-choice hay was offered, compared with NH. However, the hay treatment did not affect plasma energy metabolite concentration, gut permeability, colon gene expression, milk yield, rumination time, or change in body weight or body condition score. Overall, these findings suggest that offering free-choice hay for the first 5 d after calving may reduce serum inflammatory marker concentration, but milk yield may not increase, due to lower intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Engelking
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5.
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Consentini CE, Souza AH, Sartori R, Carvalho PD, Shaver R, Wiltbank MC. Relationships among total mixed ration nutritional components and reproductive performance in high-producing dairy herds. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:138-143. [PMID: 36974214 PMCID: PMC10039247 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to determine whether composition of total mixed ration influences reproductive performance in high-producing commercial dairy farms. Dairy producers and nutritional consultants from 48 dairy farms located in Wisconsin agreed to provide reproductive data and dietary information on high milk production pens during the main breeding period for the previous 12 mo. Dietary components (percentage of dry matter) were crude protein (CP), rumen degradable (RDP) and undegradable (RUP) protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC), starch, and fat. Reproductive data were service rate (SR), overall pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) and P/AI at the first service, 21-d pregnancy rate (PR), days open, and percentage of cows pregnant by 150 d in milk (PREG150). Participating herds had lactating Holstein cows (range = 143 to 2,717) housed in freestall facilities. Statistical analyses were performed with CORR and GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Daily average milk production of herds was 38.9 ± 0.60 kg/d (30.0 to 50.4 kg/d). Overall SR was 58.5% (39-73) and P/AI was 36.1% (22-49). Overall 21-d PR was 20.3% (10-42%). Correlation between SR and PR was 0.59, whereas correlation of overall P/AI and P/AI at first service with PR were both 0.72. Similarly, for PREG150, correlation with overall P/AI (0.63) and P/AI at first service (0.66) were greater than with SR (0.48). There was large variation in diet composition, with CP varying from 16.0 to 18.7%, NDF from 24.9 to 35.1%, NFC from 31.7 to 46.6%, starch from 20.1 to 30.8%, and fat from 3.1 to 6.7%. Overall, there were no detectable associations of CP, RDP, and RUP with reproductive measures. The strongest relationship was a decrease in reproductive performance with increasing dietary NFC including overall P/AI (-0.48), P/AI at first service (-0.51), and PREG150 (-0.33). Starch also had a negative relationship with P/AI at first service (-0.35). Conversely, greater NDF was positively associated with P/AI at first service (0.34). Fat content was also positively associated with P/AI at first service (0.34). When NFC was divided in tertiles (<40, 40 to 42.2, and >42.2% NFC), the highest tertile had lower overall P/AI (39 vs. 36 vs. 31%), P/AI at first service (43 vs. 40 vs. 33%), and PREG150 (54 vs. 53 vs. 47%). In conclusion, farms with greater dietary NFC may have compromised reproductive performance. Correspondingly, herds with greater NDF content may achieve high milk production with potentially positive associations with reproduction. Other relationships of dietary components on reproduction were not as obvious in this herd-level analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E.C. Consentini
- Department of Animal Science, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 13418-900
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | | | - Roberto Sartori
- Department of Animal Science, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 13418-900
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - Paulo D. Carvalho
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - Randy Shaver
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - Milo C. Wiltbank
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
- Corresponding author
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Krogstad K, Bradford B. Does feeding starch contribute to the risk of systemic inflammation in dairy cattle? JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 4:14-18. [PMID: 36713120 PMCID: PMC9873822 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the high-producing dairy cow, providing an adequate supply of digestible energy is essential. One strategy to meet this need is to provide fermentable starch from cereal grains or silages like corn, barley, or wheat. Unfortunately, excess dietary starch increases the risk of rumen acidosis. Rumen acidosis challenge models using high-grain diets, particularly with wheat and barley, have demonstrated that a sudden change in starch concentration or digestibility leads to the breakdown of the rumen epithelial barrier. As a result, increases in circulating lipopolysaccharide (a marker of bacterial translocation) and acute phase proteins (APP) have been observed. Feeding increasing amounts of starch in chronic feeding studies does not appear to consistently modulate inflammation in early-lactation cows that already experience inflammation. In mid- and late-lactation cows, increasing starch above 30% may increase APP, but the response is inconsistent and has not been investigated using different grains or differently processed starch sources. Abomasal starch infusion experiments indicate that increasing the intestinal starch supply consistently reduces fecal pH but does not lead to an APP response or changes in gut integrity. Increasing intestinal starch supply increases fecal butyrate concentrations, and butyrate has had positive effects on gut health and integrity in other species and experimental models. More chronic feeding experiments are needed to investigate how starch concentrations, sources, processing methods, and interactions affect inflammation and gut integrity. There is a paucity of data investigating the role that carbohydrate concentrations and sources play on ruminant hindgut health, integrity, function, structure, or microbiome. Currently, data indicate that feeding diets with less than 30% starch to lactating dairy cows does not contribute to systemic inflammation.
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Daneshvar D, Ghasemi E, Hashemzadeh F, Mahdavi AH, Khorvash M. Nutrient intake, digestibility, and serum metabolites in dairy cows fed diets differing in starch concentration with palmitic acid or stearic acid supplementation postpartum. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:284. [PMID: 36076113 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study determined the effect of supplementing palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA) on the nutrient intake, digestibility, and serum metabolites of dairy cows fed two different starch levels during the postpartum period. Forty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used in a completed randomized block based on their parity and previous milk yield. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 arrangement with two dietary starch levels (HS: 260 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM) vs LS: 210 g/kg of diet DM) and two fat supplements rich in PA or SA at 15 g/kg of diet DM. Increasing the starch concentration of the postpartum diet improved organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), and starch intake. Moreover, HS diets resulted in higher apparent digestibility of OM and CP but lower starch digestibility than LS diets. Feeding HS diets increased fecal starch output compared with LS diets. There was starch levels and FA supplements interaction for serum albumin and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), with higher concentrations in HSSA and LSPA compared to HSPA and LSSA. Significant correlations between performance and blood metabolites were observed in weeks 3 and 4. In week 3, a negative correlation was observed between serum TAC with milk protein (r = - 0.51) and lactose percentage (r = - 0.49) in the HS diet. However, non-esterified FA was correlated with the fat to protein ratio in the LS diet (r = 0.54). Moreover, in week 4, serum TAC was negatively related to the body condition score of the cows fed LS diet (r = 0.50), while there was no relationship for cows fed HS diets. In conclusion, feeding HS diets to postpartum cows increased nutrient intake and the digestibility of OM and CP compared with LS diets. The addition of SA to the HS diet may be more beneficial than PA in improving the oxidative status of dairy cows in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Daneshvar
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Ghasemi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran
| | - Farzad Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahdavi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khorvash
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran
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Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Rosemary Extract Supplementation on Milk Production and Rumen Fermentation in High-Producing Dairy Cows. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091715. [PMID: 36139788 PMCID: PMC9495500 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosemary extract (RE) has been used as an antioxidant in cosmetics and food additives, indicating its potential as a feed additive to improve adaptation in high-producing dairy cows. Here, we investigated the effects of RE supplementation on lactation performance and rumen fermentation in high-producing dairy cows. Thirty multiparous cows were blocked into 15 groups based on milk production and were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 0 or 28 g/d of RE supplementation to the basic diet per cow. The experiment was conducted over a 74-day period, which included an initial two-week adaptation period. We observed significant increases in milk and milk lactose yields following RE supplementation. Somatic cell count tended to decrease by treatment. Additionally, superoxide dismutase concentration significantly increased and malonaldehyde level decreased after RE supplementation. Sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed that RE supplementation significantly affected the microbial composition and decreased the richness of the microbiota. Specifically, the abundance of the genus Prevotella was significantly decreased by RE supplementation and was correlated with volatile fatty acids in the Mantel test, whereas no significant correlation was found for other genera. Our findings provide fundamental information on the potential for RE as a feed additive for dairy cows to improve antioxidant status and enhance propionate generation.
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Effects of Barley Starch Level in Diet on Fermentation and Microflora in Rumen of Hu Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151941. [PMID: 35953930 PMCID: PMC9367498 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of different levels of barley starch instead of corn starch on the rumen fermentation and microflora when feeding a corn-based diet to Hu sheep. Thirty-two male Hu sheep equipped with permanent rumen fistulas were selected and fed in individual metabolic cages. All sheep were randomly divided into four groups (eight sheep in each group) and fed with four diets containing a similar starch content, but from different starch sources, including 100% of starch derived from corn (CS), 33% of starch derived from barley + 67% of starch derived from corn (33 BS), 67% of starch derived from barley + 33% of starch derived from corn (67 BS) and 100% of starch derived from barley (100 BS). The experimental period included a 14 d adaptation period and a 2 d continuous data collection period. The results showed that the molar proportions of acetate, isobutyrate, butyrate and isovalerate and the ratio of acetate to propionate in the 67 BS and 100 BS groups decreased compared with the CS and 33 BS groups (p < 0.001), while the molar proportions of propionate and valerate increased (p < 0.001). The combination of 33% barley starch and 67% corn starch in the diet improved the production of TVFAs (p = 0.007). The OTUs and Shannon indexes of the CS and 33 BS groups were higher than the 67 BS and 100 BS groups (p < 0.001), and the Chao1 and Ace indexes were higher than the 100 BS group (p < 0.05). In addition, the 33 BS group had increased the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Prevotella and Ruminococcus and the abundances of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Streptococcus bovis, Selenomonas ruminantium and Prevotella brevis relative to the CS group (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the substitution of 33% of the CS with BS did not change the rumen fermentation pattern relative to the CS group, and increased the richness and diversity of the rumen microbes in Hu sheep compared with other two starch substitute groups.
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Rico JE, Sandri EC, Sarmiento AC, Lévesque J, Kenéz Á, Rico DE. Modulation of Plasma and Milk Sphingolipids in Dairy Cows Fed High-Starch Diets. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100711. [PMID: 34677426 PMCID: PMC8540507 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk is a significant source of sphingolipids, dietary compounds that can exert anti-inflammatory actions, and which can modulate the host’s microbiome. Because sphingolipid synthesis can be modified by diet, we hypothesized that dietary conditions which reduced FFA availability may result in reduced sphingolipid synthesis. Twelve ruminally cannulated cows (120 ± 52 DIM; 35.5 ± 8.9 kg of milk/d; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to treatment in a crossover design with 21-d periods. Treatments were (1) High starch (HS), (2) Control. The HS diet contained 29% starch, 24% NDF, and 2.8% fatty acids (FA), whereas the Control diet contained 20% starch, 31% NDF, and 2.3% FA. Plasma and milk samples were obtained on d 21 of each period and sphingolipids were quantified using targeted metabolomics. Univariate and multivariate analyses of generalized log-transformed and Pareto-scaled data included ANOVA (fixed effects of treatment) and discriminant analysis. The lipidomics analysis detected 71 sphingolipids across plasma and milk fat, including sphinganines (n = 3), dihydro-ceramides (n = 8), ceramides (Cer; n = 15), sphingomyelins (SM; n = 17), and glycosylated ceramides (n = 28). Followed by Cer, SM were the most abundant sphingolipids detected in milk and plasma, with a preponderance of 16:0-, 23:0-, and 24:0-carbon sidechains. Although no effects of HS diets were observed on plasma sphingolipids, we detected consistent reductions in the concentrations of several milk Cer (e.g., 22:0- and 24:0-Cer) and SM (17:0- and 23:0-SM) in response to HS. Discriminant analysis revealed distinct metabolite separation of HS and Control groups, with several Cer and SM being distinctively predictive of dietary treatment. We conclude that HS diets can reduce the secretion of milk Cer and SM, even in the absence of changes in circulating sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Eduardo Rico
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: (J.E.R.); (D.E.R.)
| | | | | | - Janie Lévesque
- CRSAD, Deschambault, QC G0A1S0, Canada; (E.C.S.); (A.C.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Ákos Kenéz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Daniel E. Rico
- CRSAD, Deschambault, QC G0A1S0, Canada; (E.C.S.); (A.C.S.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.E.R.); (D.E.R.)
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Brown WE, Bradford BJ. Invited review: Mechanisms of hypophagia during disease. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9418-9436. [PMID: 34099296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of appetite, or hypophagia, is among the most recognizable effects of disease in livestock, with the potential to impair growth, reproduction, and lactation. The continued evolution of the field of immunology has led to a greater understanding of the immune and endocrine signaling networks underlying this conserved response to disease. Inflammatory mediators, especially including the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, are likely pivotal to disease-induced hypophagia, based on findings in both rodents and cattle. However, the specific mechanisms linking a cytokine surge to decreased feeding behavior are more difficult to pin down and likely include direct effects on appetite centers in the brain, alteration of gastric motility, and modulation of other endocrine factors that influence appetite and satiety. These insights into the mechanisms for disease-induced hypophagia have great relevance for management of neonatal calves, mature cows transitioning to lactation, and cows experiencing mastitis; however, it is not necessarily the case that increasing feed intake by any means possible will improve health outcomes for diseased cattle. We explore conflicting effects of hypophagia on immune responses, which may be impaired by the lack of specific substrates, versus apparent benefits for controlling the growth of some pathogens. Anti-inflammatory strategies have shown promise for promoting recovery of feed intake following some conditions but not others. Finally, we explore the potential for early disease detection through automated monitoring of feeding behavior and consider which strategies may be implemented to respond to early hypophagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Brown
- Department of Animal Sciences & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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