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Kupczyński R, Pacyga K, Lewandowska K, Bednarski M, Szumny A. Milk Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids as Biomarkers of Rumen Fermentation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1706. [PMID: 38891752 PMCID: PMC11171151 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk and dairy products are the primary sources of OBCFAs, which have beneficial health properties. The goal of this study was to identify the factors that influence the content of OBCFAs in cow's milk and to indicate which OBCFAs can serve as biomarkers for fermentation processes. The content of OBCFAs in milk depends on the species of ruminants, with studies showing that this varies between 3.33% (in goat's milk) and 5.02% (in buffalo's milk). These differences also stem from the animals' energy balance, lactation phases, forage-to-concentrate ratio, and the presence of bioactive compounds in feeds, as well as management practices and environmental conditions. The OBCFAs in milk fat mainly come from rumen bacteria, but can also be synthesized de novo in the mammary gland, making them potentially useful noninvasive indicators of rumen fermentation. The concentration of BCFA is lower in colostrum and transitional milk than in full lactation milk. The proportions of total OBCFAs are higher in first- and second-parity cows. The most effective predictors of the biohydrogenation of fatty acids in the rumen are likely C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, iso-C16:0, and iso-C13:0. OBCFAs have been identified as potential biomarkers for rumen function, because their synthesis depends on specific bacteria. Strong predictors of subclinical ruminal acidosis include iso-C14:0, iso-C13:0, and C15:0. The concentration of ∑ OBCFA >C16 in milk is associated with fat mobilization and serves as a significant marker of the energy balance in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kupczyński
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Pacyga
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Kamila Lewandowska
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Michał Bednarski
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, 47 Grunwaldzki Sq., 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Arce-Cordero JA, Bahman A, Monteiro HF, Lobo RR, Sarmikasoglou E, Vinyard J, Johnson M, Faciola AP. Effects of amino resin-treated and heat-treated soybean meal on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and nitrogen partitioning in continuous culture. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00895-6. [PMID: 38851583 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of amino resin-treated soybean meal (SBM) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and N partitioning. Treatments were: (1) untreated solvent-extracted SBM, (2) amino resin-treated SBM (AR-SBM), and (3) heat-treated SBM (HT-SBM). The experimental design was arranged as a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 6 fermenters in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Treatments were randomly assigned to fermenters within a Latin square for each period. Each fermenter was fed 106 g/d of diet DM equally distributed in 2 feeding times daily at 0800 and 1800. Diets were formulated to contain 16% CP, 30% NDF, and 30% starch across treatments. The experiment consisted of 3 experimental periods, each lasting for 10 d. The first 7 d of each period were considered adaptation, and the last 3 d were used for sampling and data collection. On d 8 and 9, samples were collected for analysis of diurnal variation in concentrations of NH3-N, pH, and VFA during the first 8 h after feeding. On d 8, 9, and 10, samples were collected from the liquid and solid effluents accumulated over 24 h for analysis of daily averages of NH3-N and VFA pools, and true ruminal digestibility estimates. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05. The model included the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of square, period, and fermenter within square, while time and interaction treatment × time were included for analyses of diurnal variation, with time as repeated measures. Compared with SBM, the cultured ruminal contents of AR-SBM and HT-SBM had lower NH3-N concentrations, indicating lower microbial fermentation of protein. Molar proportions of isovalerate and isobutyrate were greater in SBM than AR-SBM and HT-SBM, with greater molar proportion of isobutyrate for SBM particularly during the first 2 h after feeding. Flow of NH3-N was greater for SBM compared with AR-SBM and HT-SBM, whereas NAN flow, bacterial N flow, and N efficiency were greater for AR-SBM and HT-SBM compared with SBM. Our results indicate that both the amino resin and heat treatments of SBM allow for similar decrease in microbial degradation of CP without limiting microbial protein synthesis in diets with 16% CP. Amino resin treatment may be effective in reducing microbial fermentation of protein in the rumen without adverse effects on digestibility or fermentation parameters as compared with SBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - A Bahman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - H F Monteiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - E Sarmikasoglou
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - J Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - M Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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de Ondarza MB, de Souza VC, Kebreab E, Tricarico JM. Understanding potential opportunities and risks associated with feeding supplemental rumen available fats to mitigate enteric methane emissions in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00836-1. [PMID: 38825101 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Supplemental dietary rumen available fats show promise as enteric methane (eCH4) mitigators for lactating dairy cows. However, concerns include variability in eCH4 response and possible negative effects on dairy cow performance. Successful implementation of this mitigation option requires better prediction of responses specifically to rumen available FA as well as understanding the modulating effects of other dietary and animal characteristics. Using meta-analytic and meta-regression techniques, 35 published studies with diet definition were used to assess changes in eCH4 emissions and lactation performance associated with supplemental fat, specific supplemental rumen available FA types, and other dietary characteristics. Enteric CH4 (g/d) was reduced by 3.77% per percentage unit of supplemental rumen available EE (RAEE). Supplemental rumen available PUFA (C18:2 and C18:3) and UFA (C18:1, C18:2, C18:3) mitigated eCH4 (g/d) emissions in dairy cows by 6.88 and 4.65% per percentage unit increase, respectively. The anti-methanogenic effects of PUFA, MUFA and MCFA increased with correspondingly greater basal dietary levels of each FA type. Higher rumen-degradable starch (RDS; > 18% DM) in the basal diet promoted greater reductions in eCH4 yield (eCH4/DMI, g/kg) with supplemental rumen available PUFA and UFA. Both milk fat percentage and yield (kg/d) were reduced with rumen available fat supplementation with a reduction of 7.8% and 6.0%, respectively, relative to control diets. Our results highlight the importance of determining basal levels of the rumen available FA before providing supplemental rumen available FA as an option for enteric eCH4 mitigation. Dairy nutritionists can use estimates generated from this analysis to predict changes in eCH4 emissions and dairy cow performance associated with dietary supplementation of rumen available EE and specific rumen available FA types for the purpose of eCH4 mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinícius Carneiro de Souza
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 2111 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 2111 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Juan M Tricarico
- Dairy Management Inc., 10255 W. Higgins Road, Suite 900, Rosemont, IL 60018, USA.
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Risyahadi ST, Martin RSH, Qomariyah N, Suryahadi S, Sukria HA, Jayanegara A. Effects of dietary extrusion on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, performance and milk composition of dairy cattle: a meta-analysis. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1546-1557. [PMID: 37170505 PMCID: PMC10475385 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of extruded and unextruded feeding on the performance, milk composition, digestibility and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows through a meta-analysis. METHODS The database was compiled from 53 studies in Scopus and PubMed. The data were analyzed using a random effects model in OpenMEE software. Extruded feed was grouped as the experiment group while and the others as control group. The bias of publication in the main parameter of dairy performance was evaluated by a funnel plot. RESULTS The result showed that extruded feed enhanced the milk yield, dry matter and crude protein digestibility, butyrate and valerate acid production (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the extruded feed significantly decreased the milk fat and protein concentration (p<0.05). Also, the iso-butyrate and iso-valerate in unextruded feeding was significantly higher than the extruded feed (p<0.05). CONCLUSION It was concluded from the meta-analysis that extruded feed effectively improved the milk production and milk lactose concentration, dry matter and protein digestibility, but not the milk fat and protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazli Tutur Risyahadi
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Center of Tropical Animal Studies (Centras), IPB University, Bogor 16153,
Indonesia
| | - Rima Shidqiyya Hidayati Martin
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Center of Tropical Animal Studies (Centras), IPB University, Bogor 16153,
Indonesia
| | - Novia Qomariyah
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- South Sulawesi Assessment Institute of Agriculture Technology, Makassar 90242,
Indonesia
| | - Suryahadi Suryahadi
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai University, Kampar, Riau 28412,
Indonesia
| | - Heri Ahmad Sukria
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
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Cueva SF, Räisänen SE, Wasson DE, Lage CFA, Silvestre T, Kniffen DM, Fabin RA, Hristov AN. Production effects of extruded soybean meal replacing canola meal in the diet of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6198-6215. [PMID: 37500428 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of extruded soybean meal (ESBM) in comparison with canola meal (CM) fed on an equivalent crude protein (CP) basis on lactational performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. Following a 2-wk covariate period, 48 Holstein cows averaging (±SD): 146 ± 46 d in milk (DIM) and 43 ± 7 kg/d milk yield (MY) were assigned 1 of 2 treatment diets in a randomized complete block design experiment, which included a 2-wk period for dietary treatment adaptation before experimental data were collected. Following the adaptation period, samples and experimental data were collected for a total of 7 wk. Cows were blocked based on parity, DIM, and MY. Treatment diets contained 15.8% CM (containing 41.2% CP) or 13.2% ESBM (with 48.7% CP) of total mixed ration dry matter (DM), with similar inclusion of other feed ingredients. The CM diet was supplemented with canola oil, whereas the ESBM diet was supplemented with soybean hulls to achieve similar ether extract and neutral detergent fiber contents between the diets. Urea and rumen-protected Met and Lys were added to both diets to meet or exceed cow recommendations. Whole-ruminal digesta samples were collected from 10 (5 per treatment) ruminally cannulated cows. Eight cannulated cows were removed during the last week of the experiment to participate in another study. Treatment did not affect DM intake and MY or energy-corrected MY of the cows. Energy-corrected MY, apart from experimental wk 5, was similar between treatments. Apart from experimental wk 3 and 7, milk fat concentration and yield were greater for cows fed ESBM compared with CM. In multiparous cows only, milk true protein yield was greater for cows fed CM compared with ESBM. Ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportion of acetate were greater for ESBM, and propionate and valerate were greater in cows fed CM. Acetate to propionate ratio was greater for cows fed ESBM versus CM diet. Compared with the CM diet, the ESBM diet increased plasma concentrations of Ile, Leu, and Phe but not the sum of essential AA. Apparent total-tract digestibility of acid detergent fiber was greater in cows fed ESBM relative to CM. In this experiment, CM and ESBM included on an equal CP basis in the diet of dairy cows, resulted in similar DM intake, MY, and feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D M Kniffen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - R A Fabin
- Fabin Bros. Farms, Indiana, PA 15701
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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6
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Lu H, Zhang W, Sun S, Mei Y, Zhao G, Yang K. Effect of Supplementary Feeding on Milk Volume, Milk Composition, Blood Biochemical Index, and Fecal Microflora Diversity in Grazing Yili Mares. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2415. [PMID: 37570224 PMCID: PMC10417139 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Grazing is a common approach to rearing. We investigated the effects of supplementation during grazing on milk yield and composition, blood biochemistry, and fecal microflora in Yili horses. The control mares grazed normally, while those in groups I and II received 1 kg/d of concentrate and 1 kg/d of concentrate + 0.4 kg/d of coated FA, respectively. Milk volumes were significantly higher in groups I and II than in the control group, and among the previous two, milk volumes were significantly higher in group II than in group I. Milk fat, lactose, and protein levels were significantly higher in group II than in the others. BUN was highly significantly lower in group I than in the control group. Specific FAs, total SFA, and total UFA were significantly higher in group II than in the other groups. After feeding, plasma GLU, free FA, TG, LDL, and VLDL were significantly higher in group II than in the other groups. The control group, group I, and group II had 4984, 5487, and 5158 OTUs, respectively, and 3483 OTUs were common to all groups. The abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes was >75%. The abundance of Verrucomicrobia was significantly higher in groups I and II than in the control group and, among the previous two, significantly higher in group II than in group I. The abundance of Treponema_saccharophilum significantly differed between the control and other groups, and WCHB 1_41, Kiritimatiellae, and Verrucomicrobia abundances significantly differed between groups II and the other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guodong Zhao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat & Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (H.L.); (W.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Kailun Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat & Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (H.L.); (W.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.M.)
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Hristov AN, Melgar A, Wasson D, Arndt C. Symposium review: Effective nutritional strategies to mitigate enteric methane in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8543-8557. [PMID: 35863922 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intensive research in the past decade has resulted in a better understanding of factors driving enteric methane (CH4) emissions in ruminants. Meta-analyses of large databases, developed through the GLOBAL NETWORK project, have identified successful strategies for mitigation of CH4 emissions. Methane inhibitors, alternative electron sinks, vegetable oils and oilseeds, and tanniferous forages are among the recommended strategies for mitigating CH4 emissions from dairy and beef cattle and small ruminants. These strategies were also effective in decreasing CH4 emissions yield and intensity. However, a higher inclusion rate of oils may negatively affect feed intake, rumen function, and animal performance, specifically milk components in dairy cows. In the case of nitrates (electron sinks), concerns with animal health may be impeding their adoption in practice, and potential emission trade-offs have to be considered. Tannins and tanniferous forages may have a negative effect on nutrient digestibility, and more research is needed to confirm their effects on overall animal performance in long-term experiments with high-producing animals. A meta-analysis of studies with dairy cows fed the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) at the Pennsylvania State University showed (1) a consistent 28 to 32% decrease in daily CH4 emissions or emissions yield and intensity; (2) no effect on dry matter intake, milk production, body weight, or body weight change, and a slight increase in milk fat concentration and yield (0.19 percentage units and 90 g/d, respectively); 3-NOP also appears to increase milk urea nitrogen concentration; (3) an exponential decrease in the mitigation effect of the inhibitor with increasing its dose (from 40 to 200 mg/kg of feed dry matter, corresponding to 3-NOP intake of 1 to 4.8 g/cow per day); and (4) a potential decrease in the efficacy of 3-NOP over time, which needs to be further investigated in long-term, full-lactation or multiple-lactation studies. The red macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis has a strong CH4 mitigation effect, but studies are needed to determine its feasibility, long-term efficacy, and effects on animal production and health. We concluded that widespread adoption of mitigation strategies with proven effectiveness by the livestock industries will depend on cost, government policies and incentives, and willingness of consumers to pay a higher price for animal products with decreased carbon footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - A Melgar
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - C Arndt
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Chojnacka K, Mikula K, Izydorczyk G, Skrzypczak D, Witek-Krowiak A, Gersz A, Moustakas K, Iwaniuk J, Grzędzicki M, Korczyński M. Innovative high digestibility protein feed materials reducing environmental impact through improved nitrogen-use efficiency in sustainable agriculture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112693. [PMID: 33962281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable development in agriculture brings both environmental and economic benefits. Contemporary agriculture is also about increasing nutrient use efficiency, especially nitrogen, as the critical nutrient causing the most significant environmental pressure. This creates the need to produce highly digestible protein feed with high bioavailability, reducing losses of biogenic elements to feces. In this review, the latest trends and the potential for their implementation in sustainable agriculture have been compared, as well as the need to reduce the negative environmental impact of agriculture has been demonstrated. Applying local protein sources to feed animals reduces greenhouse gas emissions associated with transportation. The production of highly digestible fodder leads to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by excessive nitrogen outflows. Another approach indecreasing ammonia emissions from livestock farming is feed protein reduction and amino acid supplementation. All of the aforementioned approaches may result in beneficial long-term changes, contributing to environmental safety, animal welfare and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mikula
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland.
| | - Dawid Skrzypczak
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gersz
- Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-372, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 25, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zographou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Mariusz Korczyński
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, ul. Chełmońskiego 38C, 55-630, Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Lage CFA, Räisänen SE, Stefenoni H, Melgar A, Chen X, Oh J, Fetter ME, Kniffen DM, Fabin RA, Hristov AN. Lactational performance, enteric gas emissions, and plasma amino acid profile of dairy cows fed diets with soybean or canola meals included on an equal protein basis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3052-3066. [PMID: 33455785 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of feeding solvent-extracted canola meal (CM), extruded soybean meal (ESBM), or solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM) on an equivalent crude protein basis on performance, plasma AA profiles, enteric gas emissions, milk fatty acids, and nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy cows. Fifteen Holstein cows (95 ± 20 d in milk) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with 3 periods of 28 d each. Treatments were 3 diets containing 17.1% CM, 14.2% ESBM, or 13.6% SSBM (dry matter basis). Vegetable oil was added (canola oil for CM or soybean oil for SSBM) to equalize the ether extract concentration of the diets. Rumen-protected Met was supplemented targeting digestible Met supply of 2.2% of metabolizable protein in all diets. Canola meal increased dry matter intake (DMI) by 5.9 and 8.9% in comparison with ESBM and SSBM, respectively. Milk urea nitrogen was lowest in CM, followed by SSBM, and was highest for ESBM. No differences were observed in feed efficiency, energy-corrected milk yield, and milk composition or component yields among treatments. Cows fed CM emitted less enteric CH4 per kg of DMI compared with both ESBM and SSBM, but CH4 emission intensity (CH4 per kg of energy-corrected milk) was similar among treatments. In summary, replacement of ESBM or SSBM with CM, on an equal crude protein basis, in the diet of lactating dairy cows enhanced DMI, but yields of energy-corrected milk and milk components and feed efficiency were similar among treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 31270-901
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Stefenoni
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A Melgar
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - X Chen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, United Kingdom BT26 6DR
| | - J Oh
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Seongnam, South Korea 13630
| | - M E Fetter
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D M Kniffen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - R A Fabin
- Fabin Bros. Farms, Indiana, PA 15701
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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10
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Hristov AN, Harper MT, Roth G, Canale C, Huhtanen P, Richard TL, DiMarco K. Effects of ensiling time on corn silage neutral detergent fiber degradability and relationship between laboratory fiber analyses and in vivo digestibility. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:2333-2346. [PMID: 31882208 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate analysis of degradability of silage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is important for diet formulation and to predict lactational performance of dairy cows. In this study, 5 corn silage hybrids ensiled for 0 (unfermented), 30, 60, 120, and 150 d were used to determine the effects of ensiling time on silage neutral detergent fiber degradability (NDFD) and to assess the relationships between near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) NDF-related analyses and in situ NDFD variables. In addition, the relationships between dietary concentration of indigestible NDF, 288-h incubation (iNDF288), or undegraded NDF, 240-h incubation (uNDF240), and in vivo total-tract apparent organic matter and NDF digestibility were studied in total mixed ration samples from 16 experiments with lactating dairy cows. Ensiling time had no effect on silage NDF concentration; however, the ratio of acid detergent fiber ÷ NDF increased, and estimated hemicellulose concentration decreased quadratically with ensiling time. Also, concentration of NDF-bound protein decreased, and that of lignin increased linearly with ensiling time. These changes in silage fiber composition resulted in a linear decrease in in situ effective degradability of silage NDF with increasing ensiling time. The indigestible fraction of NDF and concentration of structural carbohydrates were not affected by ensiling time. Correlations of in situ NDFD variables with laboratory NIR NDFD analyses were weak to moderate. The relationship of corn silage uNDF240 with lignin concentration or 30-h NDFD (all NIR analyses) was remarkably good (R2 = 0.73 and 0.88, respectively). The relationship between in situ iNDF288 concentration (but not uNDF240) and in vivo total-tract apparent digestibility of dietary organic matter and NDF was good (R2 = 0.72 and 0.80, respectively). In conclusion, in situ degradability of silage NDF linearly decreased from 0 to 150 d ensiling time, primarily caused by a decrease in concentrations of hemicellulose and NDF-bound protein. In situ NDF degradability measurements and common laboratory NIR NDF-related analyses were generally poorly correlated. We found a good relationship between in vivo NDF digestibility and dietary concentration of iNDF288 determined in situ, but the relationship with uNDF240 was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - M T Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - G Roth
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - C Canale
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Shippensburg, PA 17257
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Science for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - T L Richard
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - K DiMarco
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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