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Afifi M, Stryhn H, Sanchez J, Heider LC, Kabera F, Roy JP, Godden S, Dufour S. To seal or not to seal following an antimicrobial infusion at dry-off? A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of intramammary infections post-calving in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105864. [PMID: 36773376 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Teat sealants (TSs) consist of sterile formulations with no antibacterial activity. Alone or in combination with antimicrobial (AM) or non-AM treatments, TSs have been commonly used in dairy cows at dry-off to prevent intra-mammary infections (IMIs) during the dry period. This study aimed to identify and synthesise the available evidence on the efficacy of combining TSs with AM treatments on the incidence and prevalence of IMIs. A comprehensive search of three electronic databases, two relevant conference proceedings, and reference lists of reviews and eligible articles was conducted to retrieve and identify studies that could answer the following question: in dairy cows, how does the efficacy of an AM-TS combination administered at dry-off compare with an AM alone for preventing new IMI? In addition to the general IMIs, bacterial species-specific data were extracted and combined into nine distinct pathogen groups: coagulase-positive and negative staphylococci; S. dysgalactiae; non-dysgalactiae Streptococci; E. coli; non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae; Corynebacterium spp.; yeast and other frequent mastitis pathogens. The structural relationship between each study's prevalence and incidence, as the new (incidence) and persistent (uncured) infections make up the prevalence, was utilised to approximate a variance-covariance matrix for the within-study correlation between their study-specific log odds ratios (ORs). A bivariate random-effects meta-analysis was employed, utilising the within- and between-study correlations to synthesise both outcomes simultaneously. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane ROBINS-I tool, and the quality of the body of evidence was rated using the GRADE approach. A total of 17 trials (16 studies), providing either IMIs incidence (n = 4), prevalence (n = 3) or both (n = 10), were identified. Overall, quarters infused with AM-TS combinations showed lower odds of new IMIs post-calving (OR=0.70; 95% CI=0.57-0.86; Wald test P < 0.001) than those which received only AMs. Across the pathogen groups, varying levels of reduction of new IMIs were found, where administration of TSs was most effective against S. dysgalactiae (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.23-0.98), non-dysgalactiae streptococci (OR=0.60; 95% CI=0.49-0.74), E. coli (OR=0.62; 95% CI=0.50-0.77), Corynebacterium spp. (OR=0.68; 95% CI=0.52-0.90) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (OR=0.85; 95% CI=0.76-0.94). However, additional TS infusion did not significantly reduce new IMIs in the remaining pathogen groups. The current meta-analytic evidence supports the efficacy of using TS add-on infusions in dairy cows at dry-off for reducing the incidence and prevalence of IMIs post-calving; however, pathogen group differences should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Afifi
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada; Department of Animal Wealth Development, Biostatistics Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Ash Sharqia Governorate 44519, Egypt.
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Luke C Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Fidèle Kabera
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sandra Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
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Evaluating the efficacy of internal teat sealants at dry-off for the prevention of new intra-mammary infections during the dry-period or clinical mastitis during early lactation in dairy cows: A systematic review update and sequential meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2023; 212:105841. [PMID: 36657355 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review and Bayesian sequential pair-wise meta-analyses were conducted to assess the efficacy of internal teat sealants (ITS) administered at dry-off in comparison to no treatment for preventing new intramammary infections (IMI) and clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cattle. This work updated a previous systematic review and network meta-analysis conducted in 2019 but employed a narrowed scope and eligibility. The updated eligibility included studies that used ITS without concurrent therapy compared to a no treatment control (NTC), a study population of dairy cows or prepartum heifers, controlled trial design, and assessed one of the following outcomes: incidence of new IMI at calving or CM during the first 30 days in milk (DIM). Risk of bias was assessed through the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Evidence quality was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). There were 141 potentially relevant records identified from the updated search conducted on April 29, 2021, with a publication date restriction of 2018 or later; one study passed full-text screening and was included. Of the 32 studies included in the previous review, 12 studies were relevant after applying the modified eligibility criteria, totaling 13 studies included in this review (12 addressing IMI at calving outcome, 4 addressing CM at 30 DIM outcome). Sequential meta-analysis was conducted for both outcomes in R 3.6.0. Decisions for stopping were assessed at each analysis for intervention effect or futility in finding an effect based on a priori minimum clinically relevant values (ORδ =0.5, 0.75). ITS at dry-off significantly reduced odds of new IMI at calving compared to NTC at the second meta-analysis (OR2 =0.27, 95% CI=0.22-0.34), and onward (OR12 =0.29, 95% CI=0.27-0.32). For CM at 30 DIM, significance was reached at the second meta-analysis (OR2 =0.59, 95% CI=0.47-0.73), and onward (OR3 =0.47, 95% CI=0.42-0.51). Stopping for effect occurred at the second analysis in both outcomes and ORδs, but low-quality evidence and heterogeneity concerns were noted. A continuity-correction to include zero-event CM studies showed significance at the third meta-analysis (OR3 =0.79, 95% CI=0.73-0.86), stopping for effect at the fourth for ORδ = 0.75 (OR4 =0.77, 95% CI=0.72-0.83), and stopping for futility at the second for ORδ = 0.5 (OR2 =0.94, 95% CI=0.75-1.20), but the main CM analysis was considered more appropriate due to the sensitivity analysis' very low-quality evidence assessment. Based on sequential evidence available, sufficient research currently exists for practical use, and cessation of future research until substantial changes to ITS application occur may be appropriate.
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Paramasivam R, Gopal DR, Dhandapani R, Subbarayalu R, Elangovan MP, Prabhu B, Veerappan V, Nandheeswaran A, Paramasivam S, Muthupandian S. Is AMR in Dairy Products a Threat to Human Health? An Updated Review on the Origin, Prevention, Treatment, and Economic Impacts of Subclinical Mastitis. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:155-178. [PMID: 36636377 PMCID: PMC9831082 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s384776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine mastitis is the most frequent and costly illness impacting dairy herds worldwide. The presence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows has an impact on the decreased output of milk and milk quality, culling of affected cows, mortality rate, as well as mastitis-related treatment expenses, generating significant financial loss to the dairy industry. The pathogenic bacteria invade through the mammary gland, which then multiply in the milk-producing tissues causing infection, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is concerning, jeopardizes human health, and also has public health consequences. Intervention to promote herd health is essential to protect public health and the economy. Results This review attempts to provide an overview of subclinical mastitis, including mastitis in different species, the effect of mastitis on human health and its pathogenic mechanism, the prevalence and incidence of subclinical mastitis, and current preventive, diagnostic, and treatment methods for subclinical mastitis. It also elaborates on the management practices that should be followed by the farms to improve herd immunity and health. Conclusion This review brings the importance of the threat of antimicrobial resistance organisms to the dairy industry. Furthermore, this review gives a glimpse of the economic consequences faced by the farmers and a futuristic mastitis market analysis in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragul Paramasivam
- Research and Development Division, Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | - Dhinakar Raj Gopal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Science University (TANUVAS), Chennai, 600007, India
| | | | | | | | - Bhavadharani Prabhu
- Research and Development Division, Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | - Veeramani Veerappan
- Research and Development Division, Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Lab, Centre for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India,Division of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Saravanan Muthupandian, Email
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McCubbin KD, de Jong E, Lam TJGM, Kelton DF, Middleton JR, McDougall S, De Vliegher S, Godden S, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Rowe S, Speksnijder DC, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW. Invited review: Selective use of antimicrobials in dairy cattle at drying-off. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7161-7189. [PMID: 35931474 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Administering intramammary antimicrobials to all mammary quarters of dairy cows at drying-off [i.e., blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT)] has been a mainstay of mastitis prevention and control. However, as udder health has considerably improved over recent decades with reductions in intramammary infection prevalence at drying-off and the introduction of teat sealants, BDCT may no longer be necessary on all dairy farms, thereby supporting antimicrobial stewardship efforts. This narrative review summarizes available literature regarding current dry cow therapy practices and associated impacts of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) on udder health, milk production, economics, antimicrobial use, and antimicrobial resistance. Various methods to identify infections at drying-off that could benefit from antimicrobial treatment are described for selecting cows or mammary quarters for treatment, including utilizing somatic cell count thresholds, pathogen identification, previous clinical mastitis history, or a combination of criteria. Selection methods may be enacted at the herd, cow, or quarter levels. Producers' and veterinarians' motivations for antimicrobial use are discussed. Based on review findings, SDCT can be adopted without negative consequences for udder health and milk production, and concurrent teat sealant use is recommended, especially in udder quarters receiving no intramammary antimicrobials. Furthermore, herd selection should be considered for SDCT implementation in addition to cow or quarter selection, as BDCT may still be temporarily necessary in some herds for optimal mastitis control. Costs and benefits of SDCT vary among herds, whereas impacts on antimicrobial resistance remain unclear. In summary, SDCT is a viable management option for maintaining udder health and milk production while improving antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayley D McCubbin
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ellen de Jong
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Theo J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - Scott McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa FVC Morrinsville, PO Box 21, Morrinsville 3340, New Zealand; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sandra Godden
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - Päivi J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Sam Rowe
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - David C Speksnijder
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Farm Animal Clinic ULP, 3481LZ Harmelen, the Netherlands
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Hillerton JE, Berry EA. A retrospective on claims regarding clinical mastitis in the subsequent lactation, after use of an internal teat sealant in the dry period. J DAIRY RES 2022; 89:1-5. [PMID: 35579249 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029922000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infusion of an internal teat sealant into the mammary gland of the dairy cow at drying off has been claimed to reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis over many months in the subsequent lactation, despite the absence of any ingredient of the sealant remaining for that long. However, these claims have been poorly substantiated, often by lack of identification on when the infection occurred in the period from calving to disease, if the infection was present at post calving sampling and if the pathogen causing the disease was that causing an earlier infection. Moreover, no hypothesis on how any effect on clinical mastitis might occur has been advanced in any of the publications claiming the effect. That the effect might occur is only reported in a minority of publications, and the possibility that this is relatively specific to Gram-negative pathogens is reviewed.
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McDougall S, Williamson J, Lacy-Hulbert J. Bacteriological outcomes following random allocation to quarter-level selection based on California Mastitis Test score or cow-level allocation based on somatic cell count for dry cow therapy. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2453-2472. [PMID: 35086708 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intramammary infusion of antimicrobials at the end of lactation (dry cow therapy) has been a cornerstone of mastitis management for many years. However, as only a proportion of cows are infected at this time, treating only those cows likely to be infected is an important strategy to reduce antimicrobial usage and minimize risk of emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Such an approach requires the ability to discriminate between cows and quarters likely to be infected and uninfected. This study compared assignment of cows or quarters to antimicrobial treatment at the end of lactation based on cow composite somatic cell count (SCC; i.e., all quarters of cows with a maximum SCC across lactation >200,000 cells/mL received an antimicrobial; n = 891 cows, SCC-group) or assignment to quarter-level treatment based on a quarter level California Mastitis Test (CMT) score ≥ trace (n = 884 cows; CMT-group) performed immediately before drying off. All quarters of all cows also received an infusion of a bismuth-based internal teat sealant. Milk samples were collected for microbiology following the last milking, and again within 4 d of calving. Clinical mastitis records from dry off to 30 d into the subsequent lactation were collected. Multilevel, multivariable models were used to assess the effect of assignment to antimicrobial treatment. At drying off, a total of 575 (8.8%) and 147 (2.3%) of the 6,528 quarters had a minor, and a major intramammary infection (IMI), respectively. At drying off, 2089/3270 (63.9%) and 883/3311 (26.7%) of quarters were treated with dry cow therapy in the CMT and SCC-groups, respectively. Apparent bacteriological cure proportion for any IMI was higher in quarters assigned to the CMT than the SCC-group (349/368 (0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.97) versus 313/346 (0.90, 95% CI 0.87-0.93)). New IMI proportion was lower among quarters assigned to the CMT than SCC-group [101/3,212 (0.032, 95% CI 0.025-0.038) versus 142/3,232 (0.044, 95% CI 0.036-0.051)]. The prevalence of any IMI postcalving was lower in quarters assigned to the CMT than SCC-group [119/3,243 (0.037, 95% CI: 0.030-0.044) versus 173/3,265 (0.054, 95% CI: 0.045-0.062)]. There was no difference in incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups. The total mass of antimicrobials used was 63% higher in the CMT-group than in the SCC-group (3.47 versus 2.12 mg/kg of liveweight). Selection of quarters for antimicrobial treatment at the end of lactation based on CMT resulted in greater proportion undergoing bacteriological cure, reduced risk of any new IMI and reduced post calving prevalence of any IMI compared with selection of cows based on SCC. However, CMT-based selection resulted in higher antimicrobial use compared with SCC-based selection, and further research is required to analyze the cost benefit and impact on risk of antimicrobial resistance of these 2 strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa, Morrinsville, New Zealand, 3300; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4442.
| | - J Williamson
- DairyNZ Ltd., Newstead, Hamilton, New Zealand, 3221
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An overview on mastitis-associated Escherichia coli: Pathogenicity, host immunity and the use of alternative therapies. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126960. [PMID: 35021119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis; it can cause sub-clinical, and clinical mastitis characterized by systemic changes, abnormal appearance of milk, and udder inflammation. E. coli pathogenicity in the bovine udder is due to the interaction between its virulence factors and the host factors; it was also linked to the presence of a new pathotype termed mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC). However, the presence of this pathotype is commonly debated. Its main virulence factor is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is responsible for causing an endotoxic shock, and inducing a strong immune response by binding to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and stimulating the expression of chemokines (such as IL-8, and RANTES) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, and IL-1β). This strong immune response could be used to develop alternative and safe approaches to control E. coli causing bovine mastitis by targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines that can damage the host tissue. The need for alternative treatments against E. coli is due to its ability to resist many conventional antibiotics, which is a huge challenge for curing ill animals. Therefore, the aim of this review was to highlight the pathogenicity of E. coli in the mammary gland, discuss the presence of the new putative pathotype, the mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) pathotype, study the host's immune response, and the alternative treatments that are used against mastitis-associated E. coli.
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Beuckelaere L, De Visscher A, Souza FN, Meyer E, Haesebrouck F, Piepers S, De Vliegher S. Colonization and local host response following intramammary Staphylococcus chromogenes challenge in dry cows. Vet Res 2021; 52:137. [PMID: 34711282 PMCID: PMC8554945 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensive research has been performed on bovine non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), several aspects such as bacteria-host interaction remain largely unstudied. Moreover, only a few mastitis pathogen challenge studies in cows have been conducted in the dry period, an important period that allows intramammary infection (IMI) to cure and new IMI to occur. We challenged 16 quarters of 4 Holstein Friesian cows at dry off with 100; 100 000 or 10 000 000 CFU of the udder-adapted S. chromogenes IM strain. Four quarters from one cow served as negative controls. Internally sealed quarters remained untouched, whereas non-sealed quarters were sampled 3 times during the dry period. After parturition, colostrum and daily milk samples were taken during the first week of lactation of all quarters. In total, 8 quarters appeared to be colonized, since S. chromogenes IM was recovered at least once during the experiment, as substantiated using Multilocus Sequence Typing. S. chromogenes IM shedding was highest in dry quarters inoculated with 10 000 000 CFU. Colonized quarters had the highest quarter somatic cell count (qSCC) in early lactation. Inoculated quarters (both colonized and non-colonized) had lower IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations in the dry period, whilst IFN-γ levels tended to be higher in colonized quarters compared to non-inoculated quarters. Also, IgG2 levels were higher in inoculated compared to non-inoculated quarters and the IgG2/IgG1 ratio was on average above 1. To conclude, we showed that dry quarters can be colonized with S. chromogenes IM, resulting in a shift towards a Th1 response in late gestation and early lactation characterised by an increased IgG2 concentration. However, further research is needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beuckelaere
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Larsen LR, Baker PH, Enger KM, Moraes LE, Adkins PRF, Pempek JA, Zimmerly CA, Gauta SM, Bond RL, Enger BD. Administration of internal teat sealant in primigravid dairy heifers at different times of gestation to prevent intramammary infections at calving. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12773-12784. [PMID: 34593233 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intramammary infections (IMI) are common in primigravid dairy heifers and can negatively affect future milk production. Bismuth subnitrate-based internal teat sealants (ITS) have been used to prevent prepartum IMI in dairy heifers by creating a physical barrier within the teat, preventing pathogens from entering the gland, though determination of when to administer ITS in heifers has yet to be investigated. The objectives of this study were to determine if administration of ITS in primigravid heifers reduced the odds of IMI at calving and if administration of ITS at different stages of gestation (75 vs. 35 d prepartum) affected the odds of IMI at calving. A total of 270 heifers were used at a single farm. One quarter of each heifer was randomly chosen to be aseptically sampled and administered ITS 75 d prepartum (ITS75), another quarter of each heifer was sampled and received ITS 35 d prepartum (ITS35), whereas the remaining 2 quarters of each heifer served as control quarters (CON) and were not sampled before calving. Within 12 h of calving, aseptic colostrum samples were collected from all quarters to determine quarter infection status. When an IMI was caused by mastitis pathogens other than non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), CON quarters were 3 times [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-6.3] and 2.5 times (95% CI: 1.2-4.9) more likely to be infected at calving than ITS75 and ITS35 quarters, respectively. For IMI with NAS, CON quarters were 5.8 (95% CI: 3.2-10.5) and 6.4 (95% CI: 3.4-12.0) times more likely to be infected than ITS75 and ITS35 quarters, respectively. Odds of IMI at calving was similar between ITS75 and ITS35 quarters for both NAS (odds ratio = 0.9) and other pathogens (odds ratio = 1.2). Results indicate that ITS administration at either 75 and 35 d prepartum reduced IMI prevalence at calving in primigravid dairy heifers. Farm specific factors may influence prevalence and timing of heifer IMI and earlier administration of ITS provides an extended period of protection for the developing gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Larsen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - P H Baker
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - K M Enger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - L E Moraes
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - P R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - J A Pempek
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - C A Zimmerly
- New Pittsburg Large Animal Clinic, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - S M Gauta
- STgenetics Ohio Heifer Center, South Charleston, OH 45368
| | - R L Bond
- STgenetics Ohio Heifer Center, South Charleston, OH 45368
| | - B D Enger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
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McDougall S, Castle R. Cow-level risk factors for clinical mastitis in the dry period in cows treated with an internal teat sealant alone at the end of lactation. N Z Vet J 2021; 69:327-336. [PMID: 34061718 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1938269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess potential cow-level risk factors for clinical mastitis during the dry period in cows infused with internal teat sealant (ITS) alone at drying off, and associations with elevated somatic cell counts (SCC) at the first herd test, or clinical mastitis in the subsequent lactation. METHODS Ten herds reporting an incidence of clinical mastitis during the dry period of >3% amongst cows infused with ITS alone at the end of the 2018/2019 lactation were enrolled. Cow data collected included age, breed, milk yield and SCC at the last herd test before drying off, drying off date, clinical mastitis records during the dry period and in the subsequent lactation, and SCC at the first herd test following calving. RESULTS Overall, 2,401 cows were infused with ITS alone and 196/2,401 (8.2%) cows were diagnosed with clinical mastitis during the dry period. In the final multivariable model for risk of clinical mastitis there was an interaction between age and milk yield at the last herd test (p < 0.001), with cows aged >4 years and producing ≥10 L/cow/day having a higher risk of clinical mastitis than younger cows or those producing <10 L/cow/day. The risk of clinical mastitis was higher for cows dried off in the last week of lactation than for cows dried off >1 week before the end of lactation for the herd (p = 0.033). The percentage of cows with elevated SCC (>150,000 cells/mL) at the first herd test in the following lactation was higher amongst those diagnosed with clinical mastitis over the dry period compared with those that were not (p = 0.048). The hazard of clinical mastitis in the first 60 days after calving was also higher in cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis in the dry period than those that were not (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The risk of clinical mastitis in the dry period following infusion of ITS alone at the end of lactation was associated with cow age, milk yield before drying off and timing of drying off. Cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis over the dry period had a higher risk of clinical mastitis and of elevated SCC in the subsequent lactation. This was an observational study so no causal inferences can be made, however herdowners and veterinarians should follow current recommendations regarding management of milk yield before drying off, and selection of cows for treatment with ITS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Castle
- Bayer New Zealand Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
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Biscarini F, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Stella A, Bronzo V, Locatelli C, Moroni P. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Teat-Sealant and Antibiotic Dry-Cow Treatments for Mastitis Prevention Shows Similar Effect on the Healthy Milk Microbiome. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:581. [PMID: 32984415 PMCID: PMC7492605 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactating cows are routinely treated at dry-off with antibiotic infusions in each quarter for the cure and prevention of pathogenic intramammary infection, which remains the most common disease in dairy herds. This approach is known as blanket dry-cow therapy, usually effective for the prevention and cure of infections, but has been shown to potentially contribute to the emergence and spreading of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exploring the use of non-antibiotic treatments coupled with selective dry-cow therapy is necessary to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance and potential interference with milk microbiome balance. The impact of selective dry-cow therapy on the physiological milk microbiome needs to be carefully evaluated. In this small-scale trial, five healthy (no mastits, SCC <200,000 cells mL-1) second-parity cows from dry-off to 5 days after calving were sampled. For every cow, each quarter received a different treatment: (i) bismuth salnitrate (internal teat sealant, OrbSeal®, Zoetis, Italy), front right quarter; (ii) cephalonium dihydrate (Cepravin®, MSD, Italy), rear right quarter; (iii) benzathine cloxacillin (Cloxalene dry, Ati, Italy), rear left quarter. No treatment was applied to the remaining quarter (front left) which served as experimental control. For 16S rRNA gene sequencing, bacterial DNA was extracted from 5 ml of milk samples, amplified using the primers for the V3-V4 hypervariable regions and sequenced in one MiSeq (Illumina) run with 2 × 250-base paired-end reads. Bacteriological results confirmed that the quarters were all healthy. The phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant for all treatments and controls at all three timepoints, accounting for over 80% of the entire milk microbiota composition. No significant differences were found between treatments and controls in terms of the major alpha and beta diversity indexes, revealing that antibiotic, and non-antibiotic treatments for selective dry-cow therapy did not alter significantly the milk microbiome of dairy cows. The milk microbiota composition showed a clear evolution over the lactation cycle, and the overall changes in the milk microbiota diversity over the lactation cycle were mainly independent of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Biscarini
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology in Agriculture, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology in Agriculture, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology in Agriculture, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stella
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology in Agriculture, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, Italy
| | - Clara Locatelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via dell'Università 6, Lodi, Italy
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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