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Yang Z, Zheng Y, Liu S, Xie T, Wang Q, Wang Z, Li S, Wang W. Rumen metagenome reveals the mechanism of mitigation methane emissions by unsaturated fatty acid while maintaining the performance of dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:296-308. [PMID: 39281050 PMCID: PMC11402312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Dietary fat content can reduce the methane production of dairy cows; however, the relevance fatty acid (FA) composition has towards this inhibitory effect is debatable. Furthermore, in-depth studies elucidating the effects of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) on rumen function and the mechanism of reducing methane (CH4) production are lacking. This study exposed 10 Holstein cows with the same parity, similar milk yield to two total mixed rations: low unsaturated FA (LUFA) and high unsaturated FA (HUFA) with similar fat content. The LUFA group mainly added fat powder (C16:0 > 90%), and the HUFA group mainly replaced fat powder with extruded flaxseed. The experiment lasted 26 d, the last 5 d of which, gas exchange in respiratory chambers was conducted to measure gas emissions. We found that an increase in the UFA in diet did not affect milk production (P > 0.05) and could align the profile of milk FAs more closely with modern human nutritional requirements. Furthermore, we found that increasing the UFA content in the diet lead to a decrease in the abundance of Methanobrevibacter in the rumen (|linear discriminant analysis [LDA] score| > 2 and P < 0.05), which resulted in a decrease in the relative abundance of multiple enzymes (EC:1.2.7.12, EC:2.3.1.101, EC:3.5.4.27, EC:1.5.98.1, EC:1.5.98.2, EC:6.2.1.1, EC:2.1.1.86 and EC:2.8.4.1) during methanogenesis (P < 0.05). Compared with the LUFA group, the pathway of CH4 metabolism was inhibited in the HUFA group (|LDA| > 2 and P < 0.05), which ultimately decreased CH4 production (P < 0.05). Our results illustrated the mechanism involving decreased CH4 production when fed a UFA diet in dairy cows. We believe that our study provides new evidence to explore CH4 emission reduction measures for dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhonghan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Sun X, Guo C, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yang Z, Wang Z, Wang W, Cao Z, Niu M, Li S. Effect of diets enriched in n-6 or n-3 fatty acid on dry matter intake, energy balance, oxidative stress, and milk fat profile of transition cows. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00328-4. [PMID: 37296049 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6 PUFA on dry matter intake (DMI), energy balance, oxidative stress, and performance of transition cows. Forty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and milk yield were used in a completely randomized design during a 56-d experimental period including 28 d prepartum and 28 d postpartum. At 240 d of pregnancy, cows were randomly assigned to one of the 3 isoenergetic and isoprotein dietary treatments, including a control ration containing 1% hydrogenated fatty acid (CON), a ration with 8% extruded soybean (HN6, high n-6 PUFA source), and a ration with 3.5% extruded flaxseed (HN3; high n-3 PUFA source). The HN6 and HN3 diets had an n-6/n-3 ratio of 3.05:1 and 0.64:1 in prepartum cows and 8.16:1 and 1.59:1 in postpartum cows, respectively. During the prepartum period (3, 2, and 1 wk before calving), DMI, DMI per unit of BW, total net energy intake, and net energy balance were higher in the HN3 than in the CON and NH6 groups. During the postpartum period (2, 3, and 4 wk after calving), cows fed HN3 and HN6 diets both showed increasing DMI, DMI as a percentage of BW, and total net energy intake compared with those fed the CON diet. The BW of calves in the HN3 group was 12.91% higher than those in the CON group. Yield and nutrient composition of colostrum (first milking after calving) were not affected by HN6 or HN3 but milk yield from 1 to 4 wk of milking was significantly improved compared with CON. During the transition period, BW, BCS, and BCS changes were not affected. Cows fed the HN6 diet had a higher plasma NEFA concentration compared with the CON cows during the prepartum period. Feeding HN3 reduced the proportion of de novo fatty acids and increased the proportion of preformed long-chain fatty acids in regular milk. In addition, the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet reduced the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in milk. In conclusion, increasing the n-3 fatty acids concentration in the diet increased both DMI during the transition period and milk production after calving, and supplementing n-3 fatty acids was more effective in mitigating the net energy balance after calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental and Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cheng Guo
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhantao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Mutian Niu
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental and Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
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Piantoni P, VandeHaar MJ. Symposium review: The impact of absorbed nutrients on energy partitioning throughout lactation. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2167-2180. [PMID: 36567245 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most nutrition models and some nutritionists view ration formulation as accounting transactions to match nutrient supplies with nutrient requirements. However, diet and stage of lactation interact to alter the partitioning of nutrients toward milk and body reserves, which, in turn, alters requirements. Fermentation and digestion of diet components determine feeding behavior and the temporal pattern and profile of absorbed nutrients. The pattern and profile, in turn, alter hormonal signals, tissue responsiveness to hormones, and mammary metabolism to affect milk synthesis and energy partitioning differently depending on the physiological state of the cow. In the fresh period (first 2 to 3 wk postpartum), plasma insulin concentration and insulin sensitivity of tissues are low, so absorbed nutrients and body reserves are partitioned toward milk synthesis. As lactation progresses, insulin secretion and sensitivity increase, favoring deposition instead of mobilization of body reserves. High-starch diets increase ruminal propionate production, the flow of gluconeogenic precursors to the liver, and blood insulin concentrations. During early lactation, the glucose produced will preferentially be used by the mammary gland for milk production. As lactation progresses and milk yield decreases, glucose will increasingly stimulate repletion of body reserves. Diets with less starch and more digestible fiber increase ruminal production of acetate relative to propionate and, because acetate is less insulinogenic than propionate, these diets can minimize body weight gain. High dietary starch concentration and fermentability can also induce milk fat depression by increasing the production of biohydrogenation intermediates that inhibit milk fat synthesis and thus favor energy partitioning away from the mammary gland. Supplemental fatty acids also impact energy partitioning by affecting insulin concentration and insulin sensitivity of tissues. Depending on profile, physiological state, and interactions with other nutrients, supplemental fatty acids might increase milk yield at the expense of body reserves or partition energy to body reserves at the expense of milk yield. Supplemental protein or AA also can increase milk production but there is little evidence that dietary protein directly alters whole-body partitioning. Understanding the biology of these interactions can help nutritionists better formulate diets for cows at various stages of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Piantoni
- Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health Innovation Campus, Elk River, MN 55330.
| | - M J VandeHaar
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Rico DE, Razzaghi A. Animal board invited review: The contribution of adipose stores to milk fat: implications on optimal nutritional strategies to increase milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. Animal 2023; 17:100735. [PMID: 36889250 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of nutritional and non-nutritional factors influence milk fat synthesis and explain the large variation observed in dairy herds. The capacity of the animal to synthesize milk fat will largely depend on the availability of substrates for lipid synthesis, some of which originate directly from the diet, ruminal fermentation or from adipose tissue stores. The mobilization of non-esterified fatty acids from adipose tissues is important to support the energy demands of milk synthesis and will therefore have an impact on the composition of milk lipids, especially during the early lactation period. Such mobilization is tightly controlled by insulin and catecholamines, and in turn, can be affected indirectly by factors that influence these signals, namely diet composition, lactation stage, genetics, endotoxemia, and inflammation. Environmental factors, such as heat stress, also impact adipose tissue mobilization and milk fat synthesis, mainly through endotoxemia and an immune response-related increase in concentrations of plasma insulin. Indeed, as proposed in the present review, the central role of insulin in the control of lipolysis is key to improving our understanding of how nutritional and non-nutritional factors impact milk fat synthesis. This is particularly the case during early lactation, as well as in situations where mammary lipid synthesis is more dependent on adipose-derived fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Razzaghi
- Innovation Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 9177948974, Mashhad, Iran
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Dietary application of dried citrus pulp, with or without soybean oil, in lactating Holstein cow diet: Effects on feed intake, digestibility, performance, a milk fatty acid profile and total phenolics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Prom CM, Dos Santos Neto JM, Newbold JR, Lock AL. Abomasal infusion of oleic acid increases fatty acid digestibility and plasma insulin of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12616-12627. [PMID: 34538499 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine whether abomasal infusions of increasing doses of oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1; OA) improved fatty acid (FA) digestibility and milk production of lactating dairy cows. Eight rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (138 d in milk ± 52) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 18-d periods consisting of 7 d of washout and 11 d of infusion. Production and digestibility data were collected during the last 4 d of each infusion period. Treatments were 0, 20, 40, or 60 g/d of OA. We dissolved OA in ethanol before infusions. The infusate solution was divided into 4 equal infusions per day, occurring every 6 h, delivering the daily cis-9 C18:1 for each treatment. Animals received the same diet throughout the study, which contained (percent diet dry matter) 28% neutral detergent fiber, 17% crude protein, 27% starch, and 3.3% FA (including 1.8% FA from a saturated FA supplement containing 32% C16:0 and 52% C18:0). Infusion of OA did not affect intake or digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. Increasing OA from 0 to 60 g/d linearly increased the digestibility of total FA (8.40 percentage units), 16-carbon FA (8.30 percentage units), and 18-carbon FA (8.60 percentage units). Therefore, increasing OA linearly increased absorbed total FA (162 g/d), 16-carbon FA (26.0 g/d), and 18-carbon FA (127 g/d). Increasing OA linearly increased milk yield (4.30 kg/d), milk fat yield (0.10 kg/d), milk lactose yield (0.22 kg/d), 3.5% fat-corrected milk (3.90 kg/d), and energy-corrected milk (3.70 kg/d) and tended to increase milk protein yield. Increasing OA did not affect the yield of mixed milk FA but increased yield of preformed milk FA (65.0 g/d) and tended to increase the yield of de novo milk FA. Increasing OA quadratically increased plasma insulin concentration with an increase of 0.18 μg/L at 40 g/d OA, and linearly increased the content of cis-9 C18:1 in plasma triglycerides by 2.82 g/100 g. In conclusion, OA infusion increased FA digestibility and absorption, milk fat yield, and circulating insulin without negatively affecting dry matter intake. In our short-term infusion study, most of the digestion and production measurements responded linearly, indicating that 60 g/d OA was the best dose. Because a quadratic response was not observed, improvements in FA digestibility and production might continue with higher doses of OA, which deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Prom
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | | | - J R Newbold
- Volac International Ltd., Royston, Hertfordshire SG8 5QX, United Kingdom
| | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Hamzaoui S, Caja G, Such X, Albanell E, Salama AAK. Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Digestibility, and Metabolism in Dairy Goats under Thermoneutral and Heat Stress Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020350. [PMID: 33573331 PMCID: PMC7911429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat stress (HS) not only reduces milk yield but also depresses its contents of fat and protein, which might negatively impact cheese making. Dietary supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) could increase milk fat and improve milk fatty acid (FA) profiles in dairy goats. In the present study dairy goats were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or HS (12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. In each ambient temperature, goats were fed a control diet (CON) or the same diet supplemented with SBO. Goats in HS suffered depressed feed intake and milk production, but they had greater digestibility coefficients compared to TN goats. Regardless of the HS treatment, goats supplemented with SBO produced milk with greater contents of fat, monounsaturated FA, and conjugated linoleic acid, without any negative effects on milk protein content. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with soybean oil was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and improve its fatty acid profile. Both TN and HS goats responded to soybean oil supplementation similarly since the interaction between soybean oil supplementation and temperature treatment was not significant. Abstract In a previous work, we observed that heat-stressed goats suffer reductions in milk yield and its contents of fat and protein. Supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) may be a useful strategy to enhance milk quality. In total, eight multiparous Murciano–Granadina dairy goats (42.8 ± 1.3 kg body weight; 99 ± 1 days of lactation) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements and 2 d transition between periods). Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were no oil (CON) or 4% of soybean oil (SBO), and controlled thermal neutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. This resulted in four treatment combinations: TN-CON, TN-SBO, HS-CON, and HS-SBO. Compared to TN, HS goats experienced lower (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight, N retention, milk yield, and milk protein and lactose contents. However, goats in HS conditions had greater (p < 0.05) digestibility coefficients (+5.1, +5.2, +4.6, +7.0, and +8.9 points for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, respectively) than TN goats. The response to SBO had the same magnitude in TN and HS conditions. Supplementation with SBO had no effects on feed intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. However, SBO supplementation increased (p < 0.05) blood non-esterified fatty acids by 50%, milk fat by 29%, and conjugated linoleic acid by 360%. In conclusion, feeding 4% SBO to dairy goats was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and conjugated linoleic acid without any negative effects on intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. These beneficial effects were obtained regardless goats were in TN or HS conditions.
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Effect of supplementing palmitic acid and altering the dietary ratio of n-6: n-3 fatty acids in low-fibre diets on production responses of dairy cows. Br J Nutr 2020; 126:355-365. [PMID: 33081853 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supplementing palmitic acid (C16 : 0) in combination with modifying the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio may benefit energy metabolism and milk responses of dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows (70 (sd 11) days in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square and allocated to four low-fibre diets (18·5 % forage neutral-detergent fibre) supplemented with no FA (CON), or 2·4 % C16 : 0-enriched supplement (PAL), 2·4 % mixture (2:1) of C16 : 0 and n-6 FA (PW6), and mixture (2:1) of C16 : 0 and n-3 FA (PW3). The dietary ratio of n-6:n-3 was increased with PW6 (10:1) and decreased with PW3 (2·8:1), whereas PAL alone made no change in the ratio (about 7:1). Compared with CON, all FA-supplemented treatments increased milk yield. However, feed and energy intakes were higher in PAL than PW3 or PW6, resulting in greater feed efficiency for PW3 and PW6 than PAL. Dietary FA supplements decreased milk protein concentration but tended to increase protein yield. Compared with CON and FA mixtures, PAL increased milk fat content and tended to increase milk SFA and atherosclerotic index. The concentration of milk n-3 FA was similar between CON and PW3. Feeding PAL increased milk energy output and decreased energy partitioning towards body reserves (-4·2 %), while this measure was positive for other treatments. Blood TAG and NEFA concentrations, but not β-hydroxybutyrate, were increased by FA-supplemented treatments. Feeding C16 : 0 combined with either n-6 or n-3 FA enhanced feed efficiency, alleviated the negative impacts on body energy reserves, but lowering the dietary n-6:n-3 ratio improved the FA profile of milk.
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