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Porter NH, Clark KL, Rebelo LR, Copelin JE, Kwon IH, Lee C. Effects of saturated fatty acids with lysophospholipids on production and nutrient digestibility in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4524-4536. [PMID: 38395396 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of supplemental SFA sources, lysophospholipids (LPL), and their interaction on production and nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy cows. The experiment was conducted with 48 cows in a randomized complete block design. Cows were blocked (12 blocks total) by parity and days in milk and randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments in each block (2 × 2 factorial arrangement), i.e., 2 sources of fat supplements, C16:0 (PA)- or C18:0 (SA)-enriched fat, and with or without LPL. The experiment was conducted for 6 wk to measure daily dry matter intake, milk yield, and weekly milk composition. During the last week of the experiment, spot fecal and urine samples were collected to determine total-tract nutrient digestibility. Milk samples in the last week were also collected to analyze the milk fatty acid (FA) profile. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, where block was used as a random effect and FA, LPL, and the interaction of FA by LPL were used as fixed effects. Week and interactions of week by FA or LPL were included for production measures. Different sources of SFA did not affect dry matter intake and milk yield. However, the PA treatment increased (39.7 vs. 36.8 kg) energy-corrected milk compared with SA due to increased milk fat yield. No effect of LPL on production measures was observed. Total-tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total FA were not different between the PA and SA groups, but PA increased (41.4% vs. 38.8%) neutral detergent fiber digestibility compared with SA. Supplementation of LPL increased (64.7% vs. 60.5%) total FA digestibility, especially 18-carbon FA (74.1% vs. 68.2%). An interaction of SFA by LPL was found for 16-carbon FA digestibility. The PA diet increased the concentration of 16-carbon FA in milk fat and SA increased the concentration of preformed FA (≥18 carbons). Supplementation of LPL decreased the concentration of trans-10 C18:1. No difference in N utilization and excretion among treatments was observed. In conclusion, the PA diet was more effective in improving milk fat yield of lactating cows compared with SA. Supplementation of LPL increased digestibility of total FA, especially 18-carbon FA but did not affect production.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Porter
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - K L Clark
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - L R Rebelo
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - J E Copelin
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - I H Kwon
- Easy Bio Inc., Seoul 06253, South Korea
| | - C Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691.
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Sears A, Hentz F, de Souza J, Wenner B, Ward RE, Batistel F. Supply of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid changes rumen fiber digestibility and microbial composition. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:902-916. [PMID: 37776997 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept that fat supplementation impairs total-tract fiber digestibility in ruminants has been widely accepted over the past decades. Nevertheless, the recent interest in the dietary fatty acid profile to dairy cows enlightened the possible beneficial effect of specific fatty acids (e.g., palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids) on total-tract fiber digestibility. Because palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids are the main fatty acids present in ruminal bacterial cells, we hypothesize that the dietary supply of these fatty acids will favor their incorporation into the bacterial cell membranes, which will support the growth and enrichment of fiber-digesting bacteria in the rumen. Our objective in this experiment was to investigate how dietary supply of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid affect fiber digestion, bacterial membrane fatty acid profile, microbial growth, and composition of the rumen bacterial community. Diets were randomly assigned to 8 single-flow continuous culture fermenters arranged in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with four 11-d experimental periods. Treatments were (1) a control basal diet without supplemental fatty acids (CON); (2) the control diet plus palmitic acid (PA); (3) the control diet plus stearic acid (SA); and (4) the control diet plus oleic acid (OA). All fatty acid treatments were included in the diet at 1.5% of the diet (dry matter [DM] basis). The basal diet contained 50% orchardgrass hay and 50% concentrate (DM basis) and was supplied at a rate of 60 g of DM/d in 2 equal daily offers (0800 and 1600 h). Data were analyzed using a mixed model considering treatments as fixed effect and period and fermenter as random effects. Our results indicate that PA increased in vitro fiber digestibility by 6 percentage units compared with the CON, while SA had no effect and OA decreased fiber digestibility by 8 percentage units. Oleic acid decreased protein expression of the enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase compared with CON and PA, while fatty acid synthase was reduced by PA, SA, and OA. We observed that PA, but not SA or OA, altered the bacterial community composition by enhancing bacterial groups responsible for fiber digestion. Although the dietary fatty acids did not affect the total lipid content and the phospholipid fraction in the bacterial cell, PA increased the flow of anteiso C13:0 and anteiso C15:0 in the phospholipidic membrane compared to the other treatments. In addition, OA increased the flow of C18:1 cis-9 and decreased C18:2 cis-9,cis-12 in the bacterial phospholipidic membranes compared to the other treatments. Palmitic acid tended to increase bacterial growth compared to other treatments, whereas SA and OA did not affect bacterial growth compared with CON. To our knowledge, this is the first research providing evidence that palmitic acid supports ruminal fiber digestion through shifts in bacterial fatty acid metabolism that result in changes in growth and abundance of fiber-degrading bacteria in the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Sears
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 53706
| | - Fernanda Hentz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | | | - Benjamin Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Robert E Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 43210
| | - Fernanda Batistel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
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Xu Q, Li Y, Du W, Zheng N, Wang J, Zhao S. Effect of dietary biochanin A on lactation performance, antioxidant capacity, rumen fermentation and rumen microbiome of dairy goat. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1101849. [PMID: 36814572 PMCID: PMC9939525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochanin A (BCA), an isoflavone phytoestrogen, is a secondary metabolite produced mainly in leguminous plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of BCA on lactation performance, nitrogen metabolism, and the health of dairy goat. Thirty mid-lactation Saanen dairy goats were divided into three groups randomly: control, 2 g/d BCA group, and 6 g/d BCA group. After 36 days of feeding, 30 dairy goats were transferred to individual metabolic cages. Subsequently, milk yield, feed intake, total feces, and urine excretion were recorded and samples were collected continuously for 3 days. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected over the subsequent 4 days. Milk yield, milk protein, fat content, and the feed conversion ratio of dairy goat were significantly increased by the BCA treatment. The levels of serum 17β-estradiol, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, glutathione peroxidase activity, and total antioxidant capacity were also increased significantly by BCA, indicating that BCA enhanced the antioxidant capacity of dairy goat. Amino acid degradation was significantly inhibited, while the ammonia nitrogen content was reduced significantly by BCA. Total volatile fatty acids was significantly increased by BCA supplementation. In addition, the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota was decreased significantly. However, the growth of nitrogen metabolism and cellulolytic bacteria was significantly increased under BCA treatment, including Prevotella sp., Treponema sp., Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Ruminobacter amylophilus. In conclusion, supplementation with BCA improved the milk production performance, nitrogen metabolism, rumen fermentation and antioxidant capacity, and regulated the rumen microbiome of dairy goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jiaqi Wang,
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,Shengguo Zhao,
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Jia P, Tu Y, Liu Z, Li F, Yan T, Ma S, Dong L, Diao Q. Diets supplementation with Bacillus subtilis and Macleaya cordata extract improve production performance and the metabolism of energy and nitrogen, while reduce enteric methane emissions in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Demo-scale production of protein-rich fungal biomass from potato protein liquor for use as innovative food and feed products. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dos Santos Neto JM, de Souza J, Lock AL. Nutrient digetibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows when saturated free fatty acid supplements are included in diets: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12628-12646. [PMID: 34538493 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to perform a series of meta-analyses to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with saturated free fatty acid (FA) supplements (SFAA) compared with nonfat supplemented control diets (CON) on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows and to determine whether experimental design affects responses to SFFA. We divided SFFA into C16:0-enriched supplements (PALM, FA supplements with ≥80% C16:0) and C16:0+C18:0-enriched supplements (MIX, FA supplements with ≥80% C16:0+C18:0). The database was formed from 32 peer-reviewed publications with SFFA supplemented at ≤3% diet dry matter (DM). We completed 3 different meta-analyses to meet our objectives. We analyzed the interaction between experimental design (continuous vs. change-over) and treatments (CON vs. SFFA; Meta.1). Regardless of experimental design, we evaluated the effect of treatment (CON vs. PALM vs. MIX; Meta.2) and the effect of 1-percentage-unit increase of MIX and PALM in diet DM (Meta.3). In Meta.1, there was no interaction between treatments and experimental design for any variable. In Meta.2, compared with CON, MIX had no effect on NDF digestibility, milk protein yield and energy corrected milk (ECM), increased the yields of milk (1.20 kg/d) and milk fat (0.04 kg/d), and decreased FA digestibility (5.20 percentage units). Compared with CON, PALM increased NDF digestibility (4.50 percentage units), the yields of milk (1.60 kg/d), milk fat (0.10 kg/d), milk protein (0.04 kg/d), and ECM (2.00 kg/d), and had no effect on FA digestibility. Compared with MIX, PALM tended to increase FA digestibility (3.20 percentage units), increased NDF digestibility (3.50 percentage units), milk fat yield (0.06 kg/d), and ECM (1.20 kg/d). In Meta.3, for each 1-percentage-unit increase of supplemental FA in diet DM, MIX had no effect on NDF digestibility, decreased FA digestibility, increased the yields of milk and milk fat, had no effect on milk protein yield, ECM and milk fat content, and decreased milk protein content. For each 1-percentage-unit increase of supplemental FA in diet DM, PALM increased NDF digestibility, had no effect on FA digestibility, increased the yields of milk, milk fat, ECM and milk fat content, tended to increase milk protein yield, and had no effect on milk protein content. Our results indicate no reason for the restrictive use of change-over designs in saturated FA supplementation studies and meta-analyses. Lactating dairy cows responded better to a FA supplement enriched in C16:0 compared with one containing C16:0 and C18:0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J de Souza
- Perdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD 21804
| | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Dos Santos Neto JM, de Souza J, Lock AL. Effects of calcium salts of palm fatty acids on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9752-9768. [PMID: 34147224 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our primary objective was to perform a meta-analysis and meta-regression to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPF) compared with nonfat supplemented control diets (CON) on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows. Our secondary objective was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate whether experimental design affects production responses to supplemental CSPF. The data set was formed from 33 peer-reviewed publications with CSPF supplemented at ≤3% diet dry matter. We analyzed the interaction between experimental design (continuous vs. change-over) and treatments (CON vs. CSPF) to evaluate whether experimental design affects responses to CSPF (Meta.1). Regardless of experimental design, we evaluated the effects of CSPF compared with CON on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows by meta-analysis (Meta.2) and meta-regression (Meta.3) approaches. In Meta.1, there was no interaction between treatments and experimental design for any variable. In Meta.2, compared with CON, CSPF reduced dry matter intake [DMI, 0.56 ± 0.21 kg/d (±SE)] and milk protein content (0.05 ± 0.02 g/100 g), increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (1.60 ± 0.57 percentage units), the yields of milk (1.53 ± 0.56 kg/d), milk fat (0.04 ± 0.02 kg/d), and 3.5% fat corrected milk (FCM, 1.28 ± 0.60 kg/d), and improved feed efficiency [energy corrected milk (ECM)/DMI, 0.08 kg/kg ± 0.03]. There was no effect of treatment for milk protein yield, milk fat content, body weight, body weight change, or body condition score. Compared with CON, CSPF reduced the yield of de novo milk fatty acids (FA) and increased the yields of mixed and preformed milk FA. In Meta.3, we observed that each 1-percentage-unit increase of CSPF in diet dry matter reduced DMI, increased NDF digestibility, tended to increase FA digestibility, increased the yields of milk, milk fat, and 3.5% FCM, reduced the content of milk protein, reduced the yield of de novo milk FA, and increased the yields of mixed and preformed milk FA. In conclusion, our results indicate no reason for the restrictive use of change-over designs in CSPF supplementation studies or meta-analysis. Feeding CSPF increased NDF digestibility, tended to increase FA digestibility, and increased the yields of milk, milk fat, and 3.5% FCM. Additionally, CSPF increased milk fat yield by increasing the yields of mixed and preformed milk FA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J de Souza
- Perdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD 21804
| | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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