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Zhang M, Li Z, Hu H, Liu J, Qi C. Two HbpA-like proteins HbpA1 and HbpA2 from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae protect bacteria from sulfur source limitation, oxidative and cold stresses, but not essential to virulence. Gene 2024; 931:148875. [PMID: 39173979 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Porcine pleuropneumonia is one of the respiratory diseases that pigs are susceptible to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae), poses a great threat to the global pig industry. Glutathione (GSH) is an important sulfur source, cellular antioxidant and virulence determinant of many pathogenic bacteria. In this study, roles of two HbpA-like proteins HbpA1 and HbpA2 of A. pleuropneumoniae were analyzed. A. pleuropneumoniae mutants without HbpA2 were basically unable to grow in chemically defined medium (CDM) with GSH as the sole sulfur source and had significantly reduced oxidative tolerance; whereas mutation in hbpA1 led to reduced survival under low-temperature environments. Neither HbpA1 nor HbpA2 affects utilization of heme. These two HbpA-like proteins are not associated with the virulence of A. pleuropneumoniae. Our results reveal the correlation of A. pleuropneumoniae HbpA1 and HbpA2 in GSH utilization, highlight the roles of HbpA1 in the cold stress resistance and HbpA2 in the anti-oxidative response. GSH limitation is not a way to attenuate colonization and pathogenicity of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Hanwen Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jinlin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Chao Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
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Fang S, Song X, Cui L, Bai J, Lu H, Wang S. The lactate dehydrogenase gene is involved in the growth and metabolism of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and the production of fermented milk flavor substances. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1195360. [PMID: 37362929 PMCID: PMC10288368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1195360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) in lactic acid bacteria is an important enzyme that is involved in the process of milk fermentation. This study aimed to explore the changes and effects of fermented milk metabolites in mutant strains after knocking out the ldh gene of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei. Methods The ldh mutant ΔAF91_07315 was obtained from L. paracasei using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats technology, and we determined fermented milk pH, titratable acidity, viable count, and differential metabolites in the different stages of milk fermentation that were identified using metabolomic analysis. Results The results showed that the growth rate and acidification ability of the mutant strain were lower than those of the wild-type strain before the end of fermentation, and analysis of the differential metabolites showed that lactate, L-cysteine, proline, and intermediate metabolites of phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine were downregulated (P < 0.05), which affected the growth initiation rate and acidification ability of the strain. At the end of fermentation (pH 4.5), the fermentation time of the mutant strain was prolonged and all differential metabolites were upregulated (P < 0.05), including amino acids and precursors, acetyl coenzyme A, and other metabolites involved in amino acid and fatty acid synthesis, which are associated with the regulation of fermented milk flavors. In addition, riboflavin was upregulated to promote the growth of the strain and compensate for the growth defects caused by the mutation. Conclusion Our data established a link between the AF91_07315 gene and strain growth and metabolism and provided a target for the regulation of fermented milk flavor substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichang Fang
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Song
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Liru Cui
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jinping Bai
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Han Lu
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Xue ZP, Cu X, Xu K, Peng JH, Liu HR, Zhao RT, Wang Z, Wang T, Xu ZS. The effect of glutathione biosynthesis of Streptococcus thermophilus ST-1 on cocultured Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:884-896. [PMID: 36460506 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus are the main species used for yogurt preparation. Glutathione (GSH) can be synthesized by S. thermophilus and plays a crucial role in combating environmental stress. However, the effect of GSH biosynthesis by S. thermophilus on cocultured L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus is still unknown. In this study, a mutant S. thermophilus ΔgshF was constructed by deleting the GSH synthase. The wild strain S. thermophilus ST-1 and ΔgshF mutants were cocultured with L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842 by using Transwell chambers (Guangzhou Shuopu Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), respectively. It was proven that the GSH synthesized by S. thermophilus ST-1 could be absorbed and used by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842, and promote growth ability and stress tolerance of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842. The biomass of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842 cocultured with S. thermophilus ST-1 or ΔgshF (adding exogenous GSH) increased by 1.8 and 1.4 times compared with the biomass of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842 cocultured with S. thermophilus ΔgshF. Meanwhile, after H2O2 and low-temperature treatments, the bacterial viability of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus cocultured with S. thermophilus ΔgshF, with or without GSH, was decreased by 41 and 15% compared with that of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus cocultured with S. thermophilus ST-1. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed that the expression levels of genes involved in purine nucleotide and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842 were at least 3 times increased when cocultured with S. thermophilus (fold change > 3.0). Moreover, compared with the mutant strain ΔgshF, the wild-type strain ST-1 could shorten the fermented curd time by 5.3 hours during yogurt preparation. These results indicated that the GSH synthesized by S. thermophilus during cocultivation effectively enhanced the activity of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and significantly improved the quality of fermented milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z P Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - X Cu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - K Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - J H Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - H R Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - R T Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Z Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - T Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Z S Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China.
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Structural Effects of pH Variation and Calcium Amount on the Microencapsulation of Glutathione in Alginate Polymers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5576090. [PMID: 35463991 PMCID: PMC9020975 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5576090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) has a high antioxidant capacity and is present in nearly every cell in the body, playing important roles in nutrient metabolism, antioxidant defense, and regulation of cellular events. Conversely, alginate is a macromolecule that has been widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and textile industries due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and nonimmunogenicity as well as for its capabilities of retaining water and stabilizing emulsions. The primary goal of this study was to characterize and optimize the formation of a molecular complex of calcium alginate with GSH using a computational approach. As methods, we evaluated the influence of varying the amount of calcium cations at two different pHs on the structural stability of Ca2+-alginate complexes and thus on GSH liberation from these types of nanostructures. The results showed that complex stabilization depends on pH, with the system having a lower Ca2+ amount that produces the major GSH release. The systems at pH 2.5 retain more molecules within the calcium-alginate complex, which release GSH more slowly when embedded in more acidic media. In conclusions, this study demonstrates the dependence of the amount of calcium and the stabilizing effect of pH on the formation and subsequent maintenance of an alginate nanostructure. The results presented in this study can help to develop better methodological frameworks in industries where the release or capture of compounds, such as GSH in this case, depends on the conditions of the alginate nanoparticle.
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Castro RI, Morales-Quintana L, Alvarado N, Guzmán L, Forero-Doria O, Valenzuela-Riffo F, Laurie VF. Design and Optimization of a Self-Assembling Complex Based on Microencapsulated Calcium Alginate and Glutathione (CAG) Using Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132080. [PMID: 34202791 PMCID: PMC8271790 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize and optimize the formation of molecular complexes produced by the association of calcium alginate and reduced glutathione (GSH). The influence of varying concentrations of calcium and GSH on the production of microcapsules was analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The microcapsules were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to assess the hydration of the complexes, their thermal stability, and the presence of GSH within the complexes. The optimum conditions proposed by RSM to reach the maximum concentration of GSH within complexes were a 15% w/v of GSH and 1.25% w/v of CaCl2, with which a theorical concentration of 0.043 mg GSH per mg of CAG complex was reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo I. Castro
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Carrera de Ingeniería en Construcción, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 5 Poniente 1670, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.I.C.); (V.F.L.)
| | - Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 5 Poniente 1670, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Nancy Alvarado
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
| | - Luis Guzmán
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Oscar Forero-Doria
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Felipe Valenzuela-Riffo
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias con Mención Ingeniería Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile;
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, 2 Norte 285, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - V. Felipe Laurie
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 285, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.I.C.); (V.F.L.)
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