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Stypinski JD, Weiss WP, Carroll AL, Kononoff PJ. Effect of acid detergent lignin concentration for diets formulated to be similar in neutral detergent fiber content on energy utilization in lactating Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5699-5708. [PMID: 38608940 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer that is an important factor in limiting fiber digestibility by ruminants. The objective of the current study was to evaluate lignin's effects on whole animal energy utilization in diets similar in NDF content. A low-lignin (LoLig) diet was formulated to contain 32.5% NDF (DM basis) and 9.59% lignin (NDF basis) and the high-lignin (HiLig) diet was formulated to contain 31.0% NDF (DM basis) and 13.3% lignin (NDF basis). These diets were randomly assigned and fed to 12 late-lactation (mean ± SD; 214 ± 14.9 DIM) multiparous Jersey cows (mean ± SD; 435 ± 13.9 kg) in a 2-period crossover design. Cows fed the LoLig treatment consumed more DM than cows on the HiLig diet (mean ± SD; 19.9 vs. 18.7 ± 0.645 kg/d) and the LoLig diet was concurrently of a greater gross energy concentration (mean ± SEM; 4.27 vs. 4.23 ± 0.03 Mcal/kg). As expected, increasing the concentration of lignin resulted in a reduction in total-tract NDF digestibility (45.5% vs. 40.4% ± 0.742%). Increasing lignin also resulted in a reduction in the digestibility of starch (97.7 vs. 96.3 ± 0.420) and CP (65.0 vs. 60.0 ± 0.829). Lignin also decreased the concentration of digestible energy (2.83 vs. 2.63 ± 0.04 Mcal/kg) and ME (2.52 vs. 2.36 ± 0.05 Mcal/kg), but the concentration of NEL was similar (1.81 vs. 1.75 ± 0.06 Mcal/kg). Increasing the concentration of lignin also reduced yields of ECM (33.7 vs. 30.0 ± 0.838 kg/d), milk protein (1.00 vs. 0.843 ± 0.027 kg/d), and milk fat (1.30 vs. 1.19 ± 0.058 kg/d). Decreasing the dietary lignin concentration did not affect daily methane emissions, averaging 391 ± 29.6 L/d. Results of this study indicate that feeding a diet greater in lignin decreases the digestibility of nutrients and provides less energy for production responses and that energy supplied from digestible NDF may be less than predicted by some nutrition models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stypinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503
| | - W P Weiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - A L Carroll
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503
| | - P J Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503.
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Carroll AL, Spangler ML, Morris DL, Kononoff PJ. Partitioning among-animal variance of energy utilization in lactating Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00861-0. [PMID: 38825139 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Animals vary in the way in which they utilize energy due to diet, genetics, and management. Energy consumed by the animal supports milk production, but considerable variation among-animals in energy utilization is thought to exist. The study objective was to estimate the among-animal variance in energy utilization in data collected from Jersey cows using indirect calorimetry. Individual animal-period data from 15 studies (n = 560) were used. The data set included 115 animals from 44 to 410 DIM producing 11.5 to 39.1 kg/d of milk. On average, the 63 treatments in the data set ranged 14.8 to 19.5% CP, 21.4 to 43.0% NDF, 16.2 to 33.3% starch, and 2.21 to 6.44% crude fat. Data were analyzed with the Glimmix procedure of SAS (9.4) with random effects of cow, treatment nested within period, square, and experiment. The percentage of among-animal, dietary treatment, and experimental variance was calculated as the variance associated with each fraction divided by the sum of variance from animal, dietary treatment, experiment, and residual which was considered the total variance. The percentage of among-animal variance was characterized as high or low when the value was greater than or less than the mean value of 29.2%. Among-animal variance explained approximately 29.3 - 42.5% of the total variance in DM intake (DMI), gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy of lactation (NEL) in Mcal/d. When energetic components of feces, urine, and heat in Mcal/d were expressed per unit of DMI the among-animal variance decreased by 20.4, 4.82, and 9.55% units, respectively. However, among-animal variance explained 4.80, 8.78, and 5.02% units more of the total variation for methane energy, lactation energy, and tissue energy in Mcal/d when expressed per unit of DMI. Variance in energetic efficiencies of DE/GE, ME/GE, and ME/DE were explained to a lesser extent by among-animal variance (averaging 17.8 ± 1.95%). The among-animal contribution to total variance in milk energy was 28.8%. Milk energy was a large proportion of the energy efficiency calculation which included milk energy plus corrected tissue energy over net energy intake which likely contributed to the 22.2% of total among-animal variance in energy efficiency. Results indicate that among-animal variance explains a large proportion of the total variation in DMI. This contributes to the variance observed for energy fractions as well as energy components when expressed in Mcal/d. Variation in energetic loss associated with methane was primarily explained by differences among-animals and was increased when expressed per unit of DMI highlighting the role of inherent animal differences in these losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Carroll
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - M L Spangler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - D L Morris
- Perdue Agribusiness, Salisbury, MD 21804
| | - P J Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583.
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Carroll AL, Morris DL, Jolly-Beithaupt ML, Herrick KJ, Watson AK, Kononoff PJ. Energy and nitrogen utilization of lactating dairy cattle fed increasing inclusion of a high-protein processed corn coproduct. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8809-8820. [PMID: 37690720 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Advancing technologies of the corn dry-milling ethanol production process includes the mechanical separation of fiber-containing particles from a portion of plant- and yeast-based nitrogenous particles. The resulting high-protein processed corn coproduct (HPCoP) contains approximately 52% crude protein (CP), 36% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 6.4% total fatty acids (TFA). The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of replacing nonenzymatically browned soybean meal with the HPCoP on dry matter intake (DMI), energy and N utilization, and milk production of lactating Jersey cows. Twelve multiparous Jersey cows were used in a triplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design consisting of four 28-d periods. Cows were blocked by milk yield and assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatment diets that contained HPCoP (dry matter [DM] basis) at (1) 0%; (2) 2.6%; (3) 5.4%; and (4) 8.0%. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and thus replace nonenzymatically browned soybean meal with HPCoP in the concentrate mix, while forage inclusion remained the same across diets. Increasing the concentration of HPCoP had no effect on DMI (mean ± SE; 19.9 ± 0.62 kg/d), but tended to linearly increase milk yield (27.8, 28.5, 29.8, and 29.0 ± 1.00 kg/d). Although no difference was observed in the concentration of milk protein with increasing inclusion of HPCoP (3.40% ± 0.057%), the concentration of fat linearly increased with the inclusion of HPCoP (5.05%, 5.19%, 5.15%, 5.47% ± 0.18%). No differences were observed in the digestibility of DM, NDF, CP, TFA, and gross energy averaging 66.6% ± 0.68%, 49.0% ± 1.03%, 66.1% ± 0.82%, 73.6% ± 1.73%, 66.3% ± 0.72%, respectively, with increasing HPCoP inclusion. The concentration of dietary gross energy linearly increased with increasing concentrations of HPCoP (4.25, 4.26, 4.28, and 4.31 ± 0.01 Mcal/kg), but no difference was observed in digestible energy and metabolizable energy (ME) across treatments averaging 2.83 ± 0.033 and 2.53 ± 0.043 Mcal/kg, respectively. Concentration of dietary net energy for lactation (NEL) tended to increase with increasing HPCoP (1.61, 1.72, 1.74, 1.72 ± 0.054 Mcal/kg) with the ratio of NEL:ME increasing linearly with increasing HPCoP inclusion (0.648, 0.676, 0.687, 0.677 ± 0.0124). Results of this study suggest that inclusion of the HPCoP can replace nonenzymatically browned soybean meal and support normal milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Carroll
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - D L Morris
- Perdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD 21804
| | | | | | - A K Watson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - P J Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583.
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Irawan A, Sofyan A, Wahyono T, Harahap MA, Febrisiantosa A, Sakti AA, Herdian H, Jayanegara A. Relationships between dietary rumen-protected lysine and methionine with the lactational performance of dairy cows - A meta-analysis. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1666-1684. [PMID: 37605536 PMCID: PMC10623038 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the relationships of supplemental rumen-protected lysine (RPL) or lysine + methionine (RPLM) on lactational performance, plasma amino acids (AA) concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows by using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS A total of 56 articles comprising 77 experiments with either RPL or RPLM supplementation were selected and analyzed using a mixed model methodology by considering the treatments and other potential covariates as fixed effects and different experiments as random effects. RESULTS In early lactating cows, milk yield was linearly increased by RPL (β1 = 0.013; p<0.001) and RPLM (β1 = 0.014; p<0.028) but 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) (kg/d) was increased by only RPL. RPL and RPLM did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) but positively increased (p<0.05) dairy efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and ECM/DMI). As a percentage, milk fat, protein, and lactose were unchanged by RPL or RPLM but the yield of all components was increased (p<0.05) by feeding RPL while only milk protein was increased by feeding RPLM. Plasma Lys concentration was linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing supplemental RPL while plasma Met increased (p<0.05) by RPLM supplementation. The increase in plasma Lys had a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.693 in the RPL dataset and R2 = 0.769 in the RPLM dataset) on milk protein synthesis (g/d) during early lactation. Nitrogen metabolism parameters were not affected by feeding RPL or RPLM, either top-dress or when supplemented to deficient diets. Lactation performance did not differ between AA-deficient or AA-adequate diets in response to RPL or RPLM supplementation. CONCLUSION RPL or RPLM showed a positive linear relationship on the lactational performance of dairy cows whereas greater improvement effects were observed during early lactation. Supplementing RPL or RPLM is recommended on deficient-AA diet but not on adequate-AA diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Irawan
- Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126,
Indonesia
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, OR,
USA
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Sofyan
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Teguh Wahyono
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55861,
Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ainsyar Harahap
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Andi Febrisiantosa
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55861,
Indonesia
| | - Awistaros Angger Sakti
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Hendra Herdian
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
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Dong L, Zhao L, Li B, Gao Y, Yan T, Lund P, Liu Z, Diao Q. Dietary supplementation with xylooligosaccharides and exogenous enzyme improves milk production, energy utilization efficiency and reduces enteric methane emissions of Jersey cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:71. [PMID: 37303054 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustainable strategies for enteric methane (CH4) mitigation of dairy cows have been extensively explored to improve production performance and alleviate environmental pressure. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and exogenous enzyme (EXE) supplementation on milk production, nutrient digestibility, enteric CH4 emissions, energy utilization efficiency of lactating Jersey dairy cows. Forty-eight lactating cows were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments: (1) control diet (CON), (2) CON with 25 g/d XOS (XOS), (3) CON with 15 g/d EXE (EXE), and (4) CON with 25 g/d XOS and 15 g/d EXE (XOS + EXE). The 60-d experimental period consisted of a 14-d adaptation period and a 46-d sampling period. The enteric CO2 and CH4 emissions and O2 consumption were measured using two GreenFeed units, which were further used to determine the energy utilization efficiency of cows. RESULTS Compared with CON, cows fed XOS, EXE or XOS + EXE significantly (P < 0.05) increased milk yield, true protein and fat concentration, and energy-corrected milk yield (ECM)/DM intake, which could be reflected by the significant improvement (P < 0.05) of dietary NDF and ADF digestibility. The results showed that dietary supplementation of XOS, EXE or XOS + EXE significantly (P < 0.05) reduced CH4 emission, CH4/milk yield, and CH4/ECM. Furthermore, cows fed XOS demonstrated highest (P < 0.05) metabolizable energy intake, milk energy output but lowest (P < 0.05) of CH4 energy output and CH4 energy output as a proportion of gross energy intake compared with the remaining treatments. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementary of XOS, EXE or combination of XOS and EXE contributed to the improvement of lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, and energy utilization efficiency, as well as reduction of enteric CH4 emissions of lactating Jersey cows. This promising mitigation method may need further research to validate its long-term effect and mode of action for dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Dong
- Institute of Feed Research/Sino-US Joint Lab On Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminant, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Feed Research/Sino-US Joint Lab On Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminant, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanhua Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT 26 6DR, UK
| | - Peter Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Zhuofan Liu
- Institute of Feed Research/Sino-US Joint Lab On Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminant, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Institute of Feed Research/Sino-US Joint Lab On Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminant, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Malacco V, Beckett L, Hilger S, Doane P, Reis R, Donkin S. Effects of increased doses of lysine in a rumen-protected form on plasma amino acid concentration and lactational performance of dairy cows fed a lysine-deficient diet. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3064-3077. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Regulation of Milk Protein Synthesis by Free and Peptide-Bound Amino Acids in Dairy Cows. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101044. [PMID: 34681143 PMCID: PMC8533557 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Milk protein (MP) synthesis in the mammary gland of dairy cows is a complex biological process. As the substrates for protein synthesis, amino acids (AAs) are the most important nutrients for milk synthesis. Free AAs (FAAs) are the main precursors of MP synthesis, and their supplies are supplemented by peptide-bound AAs (PBAAs) in the blood. Utilization of AAs in the mammary gland of dairy cows has attracted the great interest of researchers because of the goal of increasing MP yield. Supplying sufficient and balanced AAs is critical to improve MP concentration and yield in dairy cows. Great progress has been made in understanding limiting AAs and their requirements for MP synthesis in dairy cows. This review focuses on the effects of FAA and PBAA supply on MP synthesis and their underlying mechanisms. Advances in our knowledge in the field can help us to develop more accurate models to predict dietary protein requirements for dairy cows MP synthesis, which will ultimately improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency and lactation performance of dairy cows.
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