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Erickson MG, Barros T, Aguerre MJ, Olmos Colmenero JJ, Bertics SJ, Wattiaux MA. Reducing dietary crude protein: Effects on digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood metabolites in late-lactation Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4394-4408. [PMID: 38278300 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Our objectives were to determine the effects of reducing dietary CP concentration on nutrient digestibility, rumen function, N balance, and serum AA concentration for dairy cows in late lactation. At the initiation of the experimental period, we stratified Holstein cows (n = 128; mean ± SD 224 ± 54 DIM) by parity and days pregnant (86 ± 25 d) and assigned them to 1 of 16 pens. For 3 wk, all cows received a covariate diet containing 16.9% CP (DM basis). For the subsequent 12 wk, we assigned pens to 1 of 4 treatments containing 16.2%, 14.4%, 13.4%, or 11.9% CP (DM basis) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were fed as a TMR once daily. To reduce dietary CP, we replaced soybean meal with soybean hulls in the concentrate mix (DM basis). Diet evaluations suggested that several EAA, especially His, limited productivity as dietary CP declined. Digestibility of DM and CP decreased linearly with dietary CP reduction. Digestibility of NDF and potentially digestible NDF tended to respond in a quadratic pattern with the greatest digestibility at intermediate treatments. The reduction in dietary CP did not affect ruminal pH, but ruminal ammonia-N and branched-chain VFA concentrations declined linearly. The concentration of milk urea-N and plasma urea-N, secretion of milk N, and excretions of fecal N, urinary N, urinary urea-N, and unaccounted N decreased linearly with the reduction in dietary CP concentration. Urinary N expressed as a percentage of N intake was unaffected by dietary CP. Serum concentrations of total essential AA and NEAA were unaffected by dietary CP concentration. However, the ratio of essential to NEAA decreased with decreasing dietary CP. Serum 3-methylhistidine concentration increased linearly with decreasing dietary CP concentration, indicating greater skeletal muscle breakdown. Although our trial confirmed that reducing dietary CP decreased absolute excretion of urinary N, diet evaluations suggested that milk protein production decreased as certain essential AA became increasingly limited. Thus, reduced-CP diets have the potential to lessen reactive-N outputs of late-lactation cows, but more research is needed to design diets that minimize deleterious effects on productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Erickson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - T Barros
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M J Aguerre
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - J J Olmos Colmenero
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias y Agricolas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán, Jalisco, México 47600
| | - S J Bertics
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M A Wattiaux
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
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Seleem MS, Wu ZH, Xing CQ, Zhang Y, Hanigan MD, Bu DP. Effects of rumen-encapsulated methionine and lysine supplementation and low dietary protein on nitrogen efficiency and lactation performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2087-2098. [PMID: 37923213 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Low crude protein (CP) diets might be fed to dairy cows without affecting productivity if the balance of absorbed AA were improved, which would decrease the environmental effect of dairy farms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing ruminally protected Lys (RPL) and Met (RPM) at 2 levels of dietary CP on nutrient intake, milk production, milk composition, milk N efficiency (MNE), and plasma concentrations of AA in lactating Holstein cows and to evaluate these effects against the predictions of the new NASEM (2021) model. Fifteen multiparous cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. The 3 treatments were (1) a high-protein (HP) basal diet containing 16.4% CP (metabolizable protein [MP] balance of -130 g/d; 95% of target values), (2) a medium-protein diet containing 15% CP plus RPL (60 g/cow per day) and RPM (25 g/cow per day; MPLM; MP balance of -314 g/d; 87% of target values), and (3) a low-protein diet containing 13.6% CP plus RPL (60 g/cow per day) and RPM (25 g/cow per day; LPLM; MP balance of -479 g/d; 80% of target values). Dry matter intake was less for cows fed MPLM and LPLM diets compared with those fed the HP diet. Compared with the HP diet, the intake of CP, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and organic matter, but not starch, was lower for cows fed MPLM and LPLM diets. Milk production and composition were not affected by MPLM or LPLM diets relative to the HP diet. Milk urea N concentrations were reduced for the MPLM and LPLM diets compared with the HP diet, indicating that providing a low-protein diet supplemented with rumen-protected AA led to greater N efficiency. There was no significant effect of treatment on plasma AA concentrations except for proline, which significantly increased for the MPLM treatment compared with the other 2 treatments. Overall, the results supported the concept that milk performance might be maintained when feeding lactating dairy cows with low CP diets if the absorbed AA balance is maintained through RPL and RPM feeding. Further investigations are needed to evaluate responses over a longer time period with consideration of all AA rather than on the more aggregated MP and the ratio between Lys and Met.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Seleem
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Z H Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - C Q Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - M D Hanigan
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - D P Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; Joint Laboratory on Integrated Crop-Tree-Livestock Systems, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, and World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Beijing 100193, China.
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Irawan A, Sofyan A, Wahyono T, Harahap MA, Febrisiantosa A, Sakti AA, Herdian H, Jayanegara A. Relationships between dietary rumen-protected lysine and methionine with the lactational performance of dairy cows - A meta-analysis. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1666-1684. [PMID: 37605536 PMCID: PMC10623038 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the relationships of supplemental rumen-protected lysine (RPL) or lysine + methionine (RPLM) on lactational performance, plasma amino acids (AA) concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows by using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS A total of 56 articles comprising 77 experiments with either RPL or RPLM supplementation were selected and analyzed using a mixed model methodology by considering the treatments and other potential covariates as fixed effects and different experiments as random effects. RESULTS In early lactating cows, milk yield was linearly increased by RPL (β1 = 0.013; p<0.001) and RPLM (β1 = 0.014; p<0.028) but 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) (kg/d) was increased by only RPL. RPL and RPLM did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) but positively increased (p<0.05) dairy efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and ECM/DMI). As a percentage, milk fat, protein, and lactose were unchanged by RPL or RPLM but the yield of all components was increased (p<0.05) by feeding RPL while only milk protein was increased by feeding RPLM. Plasma Lys concentration was linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing supplemental RPL while plasma Met increased (p<0.05) by RPLM supplementation. The increase in plasma Lys had a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.693 in the RPL dataset and R2 = 0.769 in the RPLM dataset) on milk protein synthesis (g/d) during early lactation. Nitrogen metabolism parameters were not affected by feeding RPL or RPLM, either top-dress or when supplemented to deficient diets. Lactation performance did not differ between AA-deficient or AA-adequate diets in response to RPL or RPLM supplementation. CONCLUSION RPL or RPLM showed a positive linear relationship on the lactational performance of dairy cows whereas greater improvement effects were observed during early lactation. Supplementing RPL or RPLM is recommended on deficient-AA diet but not on adequate-AA diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Irawan
- Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126,
Indonesia
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, OR,
USA
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Sofyan
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Teguh Wahyono
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55861,
Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ainsyar Harahap
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Andi Febrisiantosa
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55861,
Indonesia
| | - Awistaros Angger Sakti
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Hendra Herdian
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
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Danes MAC, Paula EM, Parys C, Souza GM, Rezende JPA, Broderick GA, Wattiaux MA. Effects of Amount and Profile of Amino Acids Supply on Lactation Performance, Mammary Gland Metabolism, and Nitrogen Efficiency in Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1866. [PMID: 37889775 PMCID: PMC10252093 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of amount and profile of amino acid (AA) on milk protein yield (MPY), mammary metabolism, and efficiency of nitrogen use (ENU), ten cows were used in 5 × 5 replicated Latin squares and fed a positive control (16.1% crude protein-CP) or two lower CP diets (14.6 and 13.2%) with or without essential AA (EAA) infusion. The EAA solutions provided predicted limiting EAA in each treatment and were continuously infused into the abomasum of the cows. Milk production and MPY were not affected by treatment (mean 35.4 kg/d and 1.03 kg/d, respectively). Efficiency of nitrogen utilization was increased as dietary CP decreased but was not affected by EAA infusion (p < 0.01). Energy-corrected milk production was increased by EAA infusion into 13.2% CP, but not into 14.6% CP diet (p = 0.09), reaching the positive control value. Infusions increased mammary affinity for non-infused EAA (Ile, Phe, Thr, and Trp), allowing the same MPY despite lower arterial concentrations of these AA. Higher arterial concentrations of infused EAA did not increase their mammary uptake and MPY (p = 0.40; p = 0.85). Mammary metabolism did not fully explain changes in N efficiency, suggesting that it might be driven by less extramammary catabolism as AA supply was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. C. Danes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil; (G.M.S.); (J.P.A.R.)
| | - Eduardo M. Paula
- Institute of Animal Science, Beef Cattle Research Center, Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Claudia Parys
- Evonik Operations GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany;
| | - Gleiciele M. Souza
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil; (G.M.S.); (J.P.A.R.)
| | - João Pedro A. Rezende
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil; (G.M.S.); (J.P.A.R.)
| | | | - Michel A. Wattiaux
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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Sun M, Cao Y, Xing Y, Mu X, Hao Y, Yang J, Niu X, Li D. Effects of L-arginine and arginine-arginine dipeptide on amino acids uptake and αS1-casein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad339. [PMID: 37782762 PMCID: PMC10590174 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine (Arg), as an important functional amino acids (AA), is essential for milk protein synthesis in lactating ruminants. Arg shares transporters with cationic and neutral AA in mammary epithelial cells. Therefore, competitive inhibition might exist among these AA in uptake by mammary epithelial cells. In this study, cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) were used as the model to investigate whether the availability of L-Arg (0.7, 1.4, 2.8, 5.6, and 11.2 mM) affects the uptake of other AA and if this related to αS1-casein synthesis, and whether Arginine-Arginine (Arg-Arg) substituting part of free L-Arg can alleviate competitive inhibition among Arg and other AA, so as to promote αS1-casein synthesis. Our results showed that 2.8 mM L-Arg generated the greatest positive effects on αS1-casein synthesis and the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway (P < 0.01). With L-Arg supply increasing from 0.7 to 11.2 mM, the net-uptake of other AA (except Glu and Ala) decreased linearly and quadratically (Plinear < 0.01; Pquadratic < 0.01). Compared with 2.8 mM, the net-uptake of essential amino acids (EAA) and total amino acids (TAA) were lower at 11.2 mM L-Arg group, while greater at 1.4 mM L-Arg group (P < 0.01). Arg-Arg dipeptide replacing 10% free L-Arg increased αS1-casein synthesis (P < 0.05), net-uptake of EAA and TAA, as well as phosphorylation level of mTOR and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K) and mRNA expression of oligopeptide transporter 2 (PepT2; P < 0.01). These observations suggested that the increased αS1-casein synthesis by 10% Arg-Arg dipeptide might be related to the increase of AA availability and the activation of mTOR signaling pathway in BMEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yue Cao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xing
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Xiaojia Mu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yihong Hao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Dabiao Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010000, China
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Zhang J, Deng L, Zhang X, Cao Y, Li M, Yao J. Multiple Essential Amino Acids Regulate Mammary Metabolism and Milk Protein Synthesis in Lactating Dairy Cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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