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Zanon T, Franciosi E, Cologna N, Goss A, Mancini A, Gauly M. Alpine grazing management, breed and diet effects on coagulation properties, composition, and microbiota of dairy cow milk by commercial mountain based herds. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00913-5. [PMID: 38876212 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Cow milk microbiota has received increased attention in recent years, not only because of its importance for human health but also because of its effect on the quality and technological properties of milk. Several studies, therefore, have investigated the effect of various production factors on the microbial composition of milk. However, most of the previous studies considered a limited number of animals from experimental or single farm, which could have biased the results. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the effect of different alpine production systems on the compositional and microbiological quality of milk, considering commercial herds with different feeding intensities and cattle breeds. The results obtained in this work indicated that the month/season of sampling (July for summer or February for winter) more than farm, breed and cow diet exerted significant effects on cow milk parameters and microbiota. In particular, significant differences were observed for urea content in milk between sampling seasons. Differences in milk fat were mainly related to breed specific effects. From a microbiological point of view, statistically significant differences were found in presumptive lactic acid bacteria counts. Based on a culture-independent method, milk obtained in February harbored the highest number of Firmicutes (e.g., Lactobacillus) and the lowest number of Actinobacteria (e.g., Corynebacterium). Moreover, bacterial richness and diversity were higher in July/summer during alpine pasture season indicating a significant effect of pasture feed on the growth of bacterial communities. The results of this study highlighted the effect of month/season mainly related to differences in feeding management (e.g., access to pasture during vegetation period, concentrates supplementation) on composition and microbiota in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zanon
- Free University of Bolzano (Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy).
| | - Elena Franciosi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all'Adige, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Nicola Cologna
- Trentingrana Consorzio dei Caseifici Sociali Trentini s.c.a., Via Bregenz 18, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Goss
- Trentingrana Consorzio dei Caseifici Sociali Trentini s.c.a., Via Bregenz 18, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all'Adige, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Free University of Bolzano (Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy)
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2
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Lee RT, Evanowski RL, Greenbaum HE, Pawloski DA, Wiedmann M, Martin NH. Troubleshooting high laboratory pasteurization counts in organic raw milk requires characterization of dominant thermoduric bacteria, which includes nonsporeformers as well as sporeformers. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3478-3491. [PMID: 38246545 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory pasteurization count (LPC) enumerates thermoduric bacteria and is one parameter used to assess raw milk quality. No regulatory limit has presently been set for LPC, but LPC data are used by some dairy processors and cooperatives to designate raw milk quality premiums paid to farmers and may also be used for troubleshooting bacterial contamination issues. Although it is occasionally used as a proxy for levels of bacterial spores in raw milk, limited knowledge is available on the types of organisms that are enumerated by LPC in contemporary raw milk supplies. Although historical studies have reported that thermoduric bacteria quantified by LPC may predominantly represent gram-positive cocci, updated knowledge on microbial populations enumerated by LPC in contemporary organic raw milk supplies is needed. To address this gap, organic raw milk samples from across the United States (n = 94) were assessed using LPC, and bacterial isolates were characterized. LPC ranged from below detection (<0.70 log cfu/mL) to 4.07 log cfu/mL, with a geometric mean of 1.48 log cfu/mL. Among 380 isolates characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing, 52.6%, 44.5%, and 2.4% were identified as gram-positive sporeformers, gram-positive nonsporeformers, and gram-negatives, respectively; 0.5% could not be categorized into those groups because they could only be assigned a higher level of taxonomy. Isolates identified as gram-positive sporeformers were predominantly Bacillus (168/200), and gram-positive nonsporeformers were predominantly Brachybacterium (56/169) and Kocuria (47/169). To elucidate if the LPC level can be an indicator of the type of thermoduric (e.g., sporeforming bacteria) present in raw milk, we evaluated the proportion of sporeformers in raw milk samples with LPC of ≤100 cfu/mL, 100 to 200 cfu/mL, and ≥200 cfu/mL (51%, 67%, and 35%), showing a trend for sporeformers to represent a smaller proportion of the total thermoduric population when LPC increases, although overall linear regression showed no significant association between the proportion of sporeformers and the LPC concentration. Hence, LPC level alone provides no insight into the makeup of the thermoduric population in raw milk, and further characterization is needed to elucidate the bacterial drivers of elevated LPC in raw milk. We therefore further characterized the isolates from this study using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), a rapid microbial identification tool that is more readily available to dairy producers than 16S rDNA PCR and sequencing. Although our data indicated agreement between 16S rDNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS for 66.6% of isolates at the genus level, 24.2% and 9.2% could not be reliably identified or were mischaracterized using MALDI-TOF MS, respectively. This suggests that further optimization of this method is needed to allow for accurate characterization of thermoduric organisms commonly found in raw milk. Ultimately, our study provides a contemporary perspective on thermoduric bacteria selected by the LPC method and establishes that the LPC alone is not sufficient for identifying the bacterial drivers of LPC levels. Further development of rapid characterization methods that are accessible to producers, cooperatives, and processors will support milk quality troubleshooting efforts and ultimately improve outcomes for dairy industry community members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee T Lee
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Rachel L Evanowski
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Halle E Greenbaum
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Deborah A Pawloski
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Cobleskill, NY 12043
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Nicole H Martin
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Linehan K, Patangia DV, Ross RP, Stanton C. Production, Composition and Nutritional Properties of Organic Milk: A Critical Review. Foods 2024; 13:550. [PMID: 38397527 PMCID: PMC10887702 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk is one of the most valuable products in the food industry with most milk production throughout the world being carried out using conventional management, which includes intensive and traditional systems. The intensive use of fertilizers, antibiotics, pesticides and concerns regarding animal health and the environment have given increasing importance to organic dairy and dairy products in the last two decades. This review aims to compare the production, nutritional, and compositional properties of milk produced by conventional and organic dairy management systems. We also shed light on the health benefits of milk and the worldwide scenario of the organic dairy production system. Most reports suggest milk has beneficial health effects with very few, if any, adverse effects reported. Organic milk is reported to confer additional benefits due to its lower omega-6-omega-3 ratio, which is due to the difference in feeding practices, with organic cows predominantly pasture fed. Despite the testified animal, host, and environmental benefits, organic milk production is difficult in several regions due to the cost-intensive process and geographical conditions. Finally, we offer perspectives for a better future and highlight knowledge gaps in the organic dairy management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Linehan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (K.L.); (D.V.P.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 Y120 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Dhrati V. Patangia
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (K.L.); (D.V.P.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 Y120 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Reynolds Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 Y120 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (K.L.); (D.V.P.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 Y120 Cork, Ireland;
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
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Zheng A, Wei C, Liu J, Bu N, Liu D. Deciphering the Mechanism by Which Carbon Dioxide Extends the Shelf Life of Raw Milk: A Microbiomics- and Metabolomics-Based Approach. Molecules 2024; 29:329. [PMID: 38257241 PMCID: PMC10819274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial community succession in raw milk determines its quality and storage period. In this study, carbon dioxide (CO2) at 2000 ppm was used to treat raw milk to investigate the mechanism of extending the shelf life of raw milk by CO2 treatment from the viewpoint of microbial colonies and metabolites. The results showed that the shelf life of CO2-treated raw milk was extended to 16 days at 4 °C, while that of the control raw milk was only 6 days. Microbiomics analysis identified 221 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in raw milk, and the alpha diversity of microbial communities increased (p < 0.05) with the extension of storage time. Among them, Pseudomonas, Actinobacteria and Serratia were the major microbial genera responsible for the deterioration of raw milk, with a percentage of 85.7%. A combined metagenomics and metabolomics analysis revealed that microorganisms altered the levels of metabolites, such as pyruvic acid, glutamic acid, 5'-cmp, arginine, 2-propenoic acid and phenylalanine, in the raw milk through metabolic activities, such as ABC transporters, pyrimidine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism, and reduced the shelf life of raw milk. CO2 treatment prolonged the shelf life of raw milk by inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, such as Acinetobacter guillouiae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia liquefaciens and Pseudomonas simiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Zheng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (A.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Chaokun Wei
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (A.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Normmal University, Huangshi 435002, China;
| | - Ningxia Bu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (A.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Dunhua Liu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (A.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Sioziou E, Kakouri A, Bosnea L, Samelis J. Antilisterial activity of raw sheep milk from two native Epirus breeds: Culture-dependent identification, bacteriocin gene detection and primary safety evaluation of the antagonistic LAB biota. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 6:100209. [PMID: 38116185 PMCID: PMC10727937 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Raw milk from native small ruminant breeds in Epirus, Greece, is a valuable natural source of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with superior biotechnological properties. In this study, two bulk milks (RM1, RM2) from two local sheep yards, intended for traditional Kefalotyri cheese production, were preselected for bacteriocin-like antilisterial activity by in vitro tests. Their antagonistic LAB biota was quantified followed by polyphasic (16S rRNA gene sequencing; IGS for Enterococcus; a multiplex-PCR for Leuconostoc) identification of 42 LAB (RM1/18; RM2/24) isolates further evaluated for bacteriocin encoding genes and primary safety traits. Representative isolates of the numerically dominant mesophilic LAB were Leuconostoc mesenteroides (10) in both RMs, Streptococcus parauberis (7) in RM2, and Lactococcus lactis (1) in RM1; the subdominant thermophilic LAB isolates were Enterococcus durans (8), E. faecium (6), E. faecalis (3), E. hirae (1), E. hermanniensis (1), Streptococcus lutetiensis (2), S. equinus (1) and S. gallolyticus (1). Based on their rpoB, araA, dsr and sorA profiles, six Ln. mesenteroides strains (8 isolates) were atypical lying between the subspecies mesenteroides and dextranicum, whereas two strains profiled with Ln. mesenteroides subsp. jonggajibkimchi that is first-time reported in Greek dairy food. Two RM1 E. faecium strain biotypes (3 isolates) showed strong, enterocin-mediated antilisterial activity due to entA/entB/entP possession. One E. durans from RM1 possessed entA and entP, while additional nine RM2 isolates of the E. faecium/durans group processed entA or entP singly. All showed direct (cell-associated) antilisterial activity only, as also both S. lutetiensis strains from RM2 did strongly. Desirably, no LAB isolate was β-hemolyrtic, or cytolysin-positive, or possessed vanA, vanB for vancomycin resistance, or agg, espA, hyl, and IS16 virulence genes. However, all three E. faecalis from RM2 possessed gelE and/or ace virulence genes. In conclusion, all Ln. mesenteroides strains, the two safe, enterocin A-B-P-producing E. faecium strains, and the two antilisterial S. lutetiensis strains should be validated further as potential costarter or adjunct cultures in Kefalotyri cheese. The prevalence of α-hemolytic pyogenic streptococci in raw milk, mainly S. parauberis in RM2, requires consideration in respect to subclinical mastitis in sheep and the farm hygiene overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Sioziou
- Department of Dairy Research, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DIMITRA, Ethnikis Antistaseos 3, Katsikas, Ioannina 45221, Greece
| | - Athanasia Kakouri
- Department of Dairy Research, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DIMITRA, Ethnikis Antistaseos 3, Katsikas, Ioannina 45221, Greece
| | - Loulouda Bosnea
- Department of Dairy Research, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DIMITRA, Ethnikis Antistaseos 3, Katsikas, Ioannina 45221, Greece
| | - John Samelis
- Department of Dairy Research, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DIMITRA, Ethnikis Antistaseos 3, Katsikas, Ioannina 45221, Greece
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6
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Kos A, Papić B, Golob M, Avberšek J, Kušar D, Ledina T, Đorđević J, Bulajić S. Genomic Insights into Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci and Mammaliicocci from Bulk Tank Milk of Dairy Farms in Serbia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1529. [PMID: 37887230 PMCID: PMC10604148 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential risk to human and animal health provides a rationale for research on methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and mammaliicocci (MRM) in dairy herds. Here, we aimed to estimate their occurrence in the bulk tank milk (BTM) samples collected in 2019-2021 from 283 bovine dairy farms in the Belgrade district. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize the obtained isolates and assess their genetic relatedness. A total of 70 MRS/MRM were recovered, most frequently Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Mammaliicoccus sciuri. Five clusters of 2-4 genetically related isolates were identified and epidemiological data indicated transmission through, e.g., farm visits by personnel or milk collection trucks. Most MRSA isolates belonged to the typical livestock-associated lineage ST398-t034. One MRSA isolate (ST152-t355) harbored the PVL-encoding genes. Since MRS/MRM isolates obtained in this study frequently harbored genes conferring multidrug resistance (MDR), this argues for their role as reservoirs for the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. The pipeline milking system and total bacterial count >100,000 CFU/mL were significantly associated with higher occurrences of MRS/MRM. Our study confirms that BTM can be a zoonotic source of MRS, including MDR strains. This highlights the urgent need for good agricultural practices and the continuous monitoring of MRS/MRM in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kos
- Directorate for National Reference Laboratories, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Batajnički drum 7, 11186 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Bojan Papić
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Majda Golob
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Jana Avberšek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Darja Kušar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Tijana Ledina
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.L.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Jasna Đorđević
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.L.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Snežana Bulajić
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.L.); (J.Đ.)
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Li Y, Wang Y, Li B, Hou B, Hung W, He J, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Man C. Streptococcus thermophilus JM905-Strain Carbon Source Utilization and Its Fermented Milk Metabolic Profile at Different Fermentation Stages. Foods 2023; 12:3690. [PMID: 37835343 PMCID: PMC10572528 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic utilization of different carbon sources by Streptococcus thermophilus JM905(S. thermophilus JM905) was determined using a high-throughput microbial phenotyping system, and changes in fermentation characteristics of S. thermophilus JM905 fermented milk were investigated at different fermentation periods, with changes in pH, water-holding capacity, viscosity, nuisance odor, and viable bacteria count being used to define the fermentation characteristics of the strain. Changes in the key metabolites, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, folic acid, L-lactic acid, D-glycerol-D-galactose-heptanol, (R)-leucine, L-aspartic acid, L-proline, D-arginine, L-isoleucine, hydra starch, L-lysine, L-tryptophan, and D-galactose, were clarified. Correspondingly, the fermented milk protein, amino acid, and fermented milk fat quality nutrient contents were determined to be 3.78 ± 0.054 g per 100 g, 3.405 ± 0.0234 g per 100 mL, and 0.161 ± 0.0030 g per 100 g, respectively. This study addressed strain carbon source utilization, changes in fermentation characteristics and metabolites during fermentation, with the aim of investigating the link between fermentation characteristics and metabolite quality components of Streptococcus thermophilus JM905 and its fermented milk with fermentation potential and to provide a useful reference for the screening of superior fermentation strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Baolei Li
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China; (B.L.); (B.H.); (W.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Baochao Hou
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China; (B.L.); (B.H.); (W.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Weilian Hung
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China; (B.L.); (B.H.); (W.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jian He
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China; (B.L.); (B.H.); (W.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.Z.)
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