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Westhoff TA, Borchardt S, Mann S. Invited review: Nutritional and management factors that influence colostrum production and composition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4109-4128. [PMID: 38246551 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Colostrum is a rich source of nutritional and non-nutritional components and is recognized as essential to transfer passive immunity to newborn calves. Because of the individual and seasonal variability in colostrum yield and composition, maintaining an adequate supply of high-quality colostrum year-round remains a challenge for commercial dairy producers. In this narrative review, we described the individual, seasonal, and herd-level variability of colostrum production and summarized the association between individual animal factors such as parity, sex of the calf, calf birth weight, as well as indicators of the cow's metabolic status and the yield and composition of colostrum. Further, we reviewed the current knowledge on the influence of prepartum nutrition and management strategies on colostrum production. Research on the metabolizable energy and protein supplied in the prepartum diet as well as on the inclusion and source of vitamins, minerals, and feed additives suggests prepartum nutrition influences the yield, quality, and composition of colostrum. Furthermore, the prepartum environment and dry period length remain influential factors in the production of colostrum. However, additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which prepartum nutrition and management affect colostrum production. Finally, time from calving to colostrum harvest and oxytocin administration as well as the current knowledge on the effect of heat treatment and colostrum storage strategies on colostral components were discussed. To conclude, we identify critical gaps in knowledge for future focus of investigation in colostrum research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Westhoff
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Hu L, Shen Y, Zhang H, Ma N, Li Y, Xu H, Wang M, Chen P, Guo G, Cao Y, Gao Y, Li J. Effects of dietary palmitic acid and oleic acid ratio on milk production, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4370-4380. [PMID: 38246548 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Adequate energy supply is a crucial factor for maintaining the production performance in cows during the early lactation period. Adding fatty acids (FA) to diets can improve energy supply, and the effect could be related to the chain length and degree of saturation of those FA. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different ratios of palmitic acid (C16:0) to oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1) on the production performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and milk FA profile in early lactation dairy cows. Seventy-two multiparous Holstein cows (63.5 ± 2.61 days in milk) blocked by parity (2.39 ± 0.20), body weight (668.3 ± 20.1 kg), body condition score (3.29 ± 0.06), and milk yield (47.9 ± 1.63 kg) were used in a completely randomized design. Cows were divided into 3 groups with 24 cows in each group. Cows in the 3 treatment groups were provided iso-energy and iso-nitrogen diets, but the C16:0 to cis-9 C18:1 ratios were different: (1) 90.9% C16:0 + 9.1% cis-9 C18:1 (90.9:9.1); (2) 79.5% C16:0 + 20.5% cis-9 C18:1 (79.5:20.5); and (3) 72.7% C16:0 + 27.3% cis-9 C18:1 (72.7:27.3). Fatty acids were added at 1.3% on a dry matter basis. Although the dry matter intake fat-corrected milk yield and energy-corrected milk yield were not affected, the milk yield, milk protein yield, and feed efficiency increased linearly with increasing cis-9 C18:1 ratio. The milk protein percentage and milk fat yield did not differ among treatments, whereas the milk fat percentage tended to decrease linearly with the increasing cis-9 C18:1 ratio. The lactose yield increased linearly and lactose percentage tended to increase linearly with increasing cis-9 C18:1 ratio, but the percentage of milk total solids and somatic cell count decreased linearly. Although body condition scores were not affected by treatments, body weight loss decreased linearly with increasing cis-9 C18:1 ratio. The effect of treatment on nutrient digestibility was limited, except for a linear increase in ether extract and neutral detergent fiber digestibility with increasing cis-9 C18:1 ratio. There was a linear increase in the concentration of plasma glucose, but the triglyceride and nonesterified FA concentrations decreased linearly with increasing cis-9 C18:1 ratio. As the cis-9 C18:1 ratio increased, the concentration of de novo FA decreased quadratically, but the mixed and preformed fatty acids increased linearly. In conclusion, increasing cis-9 C18:1 ratio could increase production performance and decrease body weight loss by increasing nutrient digestibility, and the ratio that had the most powerful beneficial effect on early lactation cows was 72.7:27.3 (C16:0 to cis-9 C18:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Hu
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yizhao Shen
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Breeding in Dairy Cattle (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Beijing Shounong Livestock Development Co. Ltd., Beijing 100076, PR China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China
| | - Hongjian Xu
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China
| | - Meimei Wang
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China
| | - Panliang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China
| | - Gang Guo
- Beijing Shounong Livestock Development Co. Ltd., Beijing 100076, PR China
| | - Yufeng Cao
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Breeding in Dairy Cattle (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Breeding in Dairy Cattle (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Breeding in Dairy Cattle (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Baoding 071001, Hebei, PR China
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Gheller LS, Martins MM, Silva TH, Freu G, Salles MSV, Júnior LCR, Soares WVB, Netto AS. The Performance and Metabolism of Dairy Cows Receiving an Ultra-Diluted Complex in the Diet during the Transition Period and Early Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3261. [PMID: 37893985 PMCID: PMC10603693 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of feeding an ultra-diluted complex to dairy cows during the transition period and early lactation. Thirty multiparous pregnant dairy cows were blocked and randomly assigned to either a placebo control (CON) group or ultra-diluted complex (UD) group. The CON group received a placebo (basal diet + 40 g/cow/day of expanded silicate), while the UD group received the ultra-diluted complex (basal diet + 40 g/cow/day of PeriParto Transição-RealH, composed of ultra-diluted substances + vehicle: expanded silicate). Cows were evaluated from 30 days before the expected calving date until 60 days in milk (DIM) for sample and data collection. Post-partum dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by the treatment. Cows fed UD had higher DMI relative to BW. Feeding UD increased milk lactose content and decreased milk protein content. Cows fed UD had lower somatic cell counts in the third and fourth week of lactation. Cows fed UD showed a tendency for higher liver health index. Using UD during the transition period and early lactation may benefit liver and udder health of dairy cows with no detrimental effect on milk performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S. Gheller
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.S.G.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Mellory M. Martins
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.S.G.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Thiago H. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.S.G.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Gustavo Freu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil;
| | | | - Luiz C. R. Júnior
- Animal Science Institute (IZ), Nova Odessa 13460-000, SP, Brazil; (L.C.R.J.); (W.V.B.S.)
| | - Weber V. B. Soares
- Animal Science Institute (IZ), Nova Odessa 13460-000, SP, Brazil; (L.C.R.J.); (W.V.B.S.)
| | - Arlindo S. Netto
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.S.G.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.S.)
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