1
|
Yang J, Zhao S, Lin B. Effect of commercial fibrolytic enzymes application to normal- and slightly lower energy diets on lactational performance, digestibility and plasma nutrients in high-producing dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1302034. [PMID: 38764855 PMCID: PMC11099995 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1302034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of fibrolytic enzymes in the diet is believed to have positive effects on animal production. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of supplementing diets with a commercial fibrolytic enzyme preparation (Vistamax; mixture of xylanase and cellulase) derived from Trichoderma reesei on lactational performance, digestibility, and plasma nutrient levels in high-producing dairy cows. Two dietary energy levels were considered: a normal energy diet (metabolizable energy = 2.68 Mcal/kg) and a slightly lower energy diet (metabolizable energy = 2.55 Mcal/kg). A total of 120 lactating Holstein cows (parity = 2; Days in Milk = 113 ± 23) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups using a 2 * 2 factorial arrangement. The dietary treatments consisted of: (1) normal energy diet without enzyme supplementation (NL); (2) normal energy diet with enzyme supplementation (NLE); (3) slightly lower energy diet without enzyme supplementation (SL); and (4) slightly lower energy diet with enzyme supplementation (SLE). The amount of enzyme added to the diets was determined based on previous in vitro studies and supplier recommendations. The enzyme and premix were mixed prior to the preparation of the total mixed ration, and the trial lasted for a duration of 42 days. The results indicated that the application of the fibrolytic enzyme did not have a significant effect on dry matter intake (DMI), but it did enhance the digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), potentially digestible NDF (pdNDF), organic matter (OM), milk production, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). On the other hand, the slightly lower energy diet resulted in a decrease in DMI, milk production, milk protein yield, plasma free amino acids (FAA), and an increase in plasma B-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). In conclusion, the inclusion of the fibrolytic enzyme in the diets of dairy cows led to improvements in the digestibility of DM, NDF, pdNDF, OM, milk production, and feed efficiency. Furthermore, the application of the enzyme to the slightly lower energy diet resulted in milk production levels comparable to those observed in cows fed the untreated normal energy diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
OBEIDAT BELALS. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation improves lactation performance of Awassi ewes fed a high forage diet. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i7.81492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
3
|
Pech-Cervantes AA, Ogunade IM, Jiang Y, Estrada-Reyes ZM, Arriola KG, Amaro FX, Staples CR, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Effects of a xylanase-rich enzyme on intake, milk production, and digestibility of dairy cows fed a diet containing a high proportion of bermudagrass silage. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7671-7681. [PMID: 33814135 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that milk production in dairy cows was increased by adding a specific xylanase-rich exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (XYL) to a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 10% bermudagrass silage (BMD). Two follow-up experiments were conducted to examine whether adding XYL would increase the performance of dairy cows consuming a TMR containing a higher (20%) proportion of BMD (Experiment 1) and to evaluate the effects of XYL on in vitro fermentation and degradability of the corn silage, BMD, and TMR (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 40 lactating Holstein cows in early lactation (16 multiparous and 24 primiparous; 21 ± 3 d in milk; 589 ± 73 kg of body weight) were blocked by milk yield and parity and randomly assigned to the Control and XYL treatments. The TMR contained 20% BMD, 25% corn silage, 8% wet brewer's grain, and 47% concentrate mixture in the dry matter (DM). Cows were fed the XYL-treated or untreated experimental TMR twice per day for 10 wk after a 9-d covariate period. In Experiment 2, ruminal fluid was collected from 3 cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a diet containing 20% bermudagrass haylage, 25% corn silage and 55% concentrate. In Experiment 1, compared with Control, application of XYL did not affect DM intake (24.0 vs. 23.7 kg/d), milk yield (35.1 vs. 36.2 kg/d), fat-corrected milk yield (36.1 vs. 36.9 kg/d), or yields of milk fat (1.29 vs. 1.31 kg/d) or protein (1.07 vs. 1.08 kg/d). However, intake of neutral detergent fiber (4.67 vs. 4.41 kg/d) tended to increase with XYL; consequently, milk protein concentration was increased by XYL (3.02 vs. 2.95%). Feed efficiency tended to be lower in cows fed XYL (1.57 vs. 1.52 kg of fat-corrected milk/kg of DM intake) compared with Control. In Experiment 2, XYL tended to increase the rate of gas production in the TMR, the molar proportion of propionate for corn silage, and that of valerate for the TMR. In addition, XYL increased in vitro DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber degradability of BMD and corn silage. Application of XYL to a diet with a relatively high proportion of BMD tended to increase digestible neutral detergent fiber intake, increased milk protein concentration, and in vitro degradability of DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. However, XYL did not affect milk production and tended to decrease feed efficiency in early lactation cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - I M Ogunade
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Z M Estrada-Reyes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - K G Arriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - F X Amaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - C R Staples
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roque BM, Reyes GC, Tewoldebrhan TA, Apphuamy JADRN, Lee JJ, Seo S, Kebreab E. Exogenous β-mannanase supplementation improved immunological and metabolic responses in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4198-4204. [PMID: 30879811 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous enzymes have been used to improve nutrient utilization in several species of livestock, particularly swine and poultry. In addition, improved immunological and metabolic traits have been reported in nonruminants. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of β-mannanase supplementation on milk yield and composition, and immunological and metabolic responses in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Two weeks after calving, 20 Holstein cows (10 multiparous and 10 primiparous) were blocked by parity and assigned to 1 of 2 diets for 182 d. All cows were housed in the same environment and fed the same basal diet. The basal diet of the treatment group was supplemented with β-mannanase (CTCBio Inc., Seoul, South Korea) at 0.1% of concentrate dry matter. No differences were detected between the control and enzyme supplement groups in milk yield parameters or milk composition. Supplementation of β-mannanase enzyme reduced blood haptoglobin levels in supplemented multiparous cows compared with controls. Furthermore, nonesterified fatty acid concentration levels tended to be lower in cows fed β-mannanase, regardless of parity. Neither immunoglobulin G nor milk somatic cell count was affected by β-mannanase supplementation, regardless of parity. The number of insemination services tended to be lower in cows fed diets supplemented with β-mannanase. Results from this study suggest that supplementation of β-mannanase exogenous enzyme could help to reduce instances of systemic inflammation and decrease fat mobilization in lactating Holstein cows. Multiparous cows are considered susceptible to acute infections and inflammation; thus, the enzyme had a greater effect in multiparous cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Roque
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - G C Reyes
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - T A Tewoldebrhan
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | | | - J-J Lee
- CTCBio Inc., Seoul 05842, Republic of Korea
| | - S Seo
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arriola KG, Oliveira AS, Ma ZX, Lean IJ, Giurcanu MC, Adesogan AT. A meta-analysis on the effect of dietary application of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on the performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4513-4527. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
Takiya CS, Calomeni GD, Silva TH, Vendramini THA, Silva GG, Consentini CEC, Bertoni JC, Zilio EMC, Rennó FP. Increasing dietary doses of an Aspergillus oryzae extract with alpha-amylase activity on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation of lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
Cellulases: Classification, Methods of Determination and Industrial Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:1346-80. [PMID: 27068832 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cellulases have been receiving worldwide attention, as they have enormous potential to process the most abundant cellulosic biomass on this planet and transform it into sustainable biofuels and other value added products. The synergistic action of endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases is required for the depolymerization of cellulose to fermentable sugars for transformation in to useful products using suitable microorganisms. The lack of a better understanding of the mechanisms of individual cellulases and their synergistic actions is the major hurdles yet to be overcome for large-scale commercial applications of cellulases. We have reviewed various microbial cellulases with a focus on their classification with mechanistic aspects of cellulase hydrolytic action, insights into novel approaches for determining cellulase activity, and potential industrial applications of cellulases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Meale SJ, Beauchemin KA, Hristov AN, Chaves AV, McAllister TA. Board-invited review: Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve ruminant production. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:427-42. [PMID: 24363327 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of ruminants to convert plant biomass unsuitable for human consumption into meat and milk is of great societal and agricultural importance. However, the efficiency of this process is largely dependent on the digestibility of plant cell walls. Supplementing ruminant diets with exogenous enzymes has the potential to improve plant cell wall digestibility and thus the efficiency of feed utilization. Understanding the complexity of the rumen microbial ecosystem and the nature of its interactions with plant cell walls is the key to using exogenous enzymes to improve feed utilization in ruminants. The variability currently observed in production responses can be attributed to the array of enzyme formulations available, their variable activities, the level of supplementation, mode of delivery, and the diet to which they are applied as well as the productivity level of the host. Although progress on enzyme technologies for ruminants has been made, considerable research is still required if successful formulations are to be developed. Advances in DNA and RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis have provided novel insight into the structure and function of rumen microbial populations. Knowledge of the rumen microbial ecosystem and its associated carbohydrases could enhance the likelihood of achieving positive responses to enzyme supplementation. The ability to sequence microbial genomes represents a valuable source of information in terms of the physiology and function of both culturable and unculturable rumen microbial species. The advent of metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and proteomic techniques will further enhance our understanding of the enzymatic machinery involved in cell wall degradation and provide a holistic view of the microbial community and the complexities of plant cell wall digestion. These technologies should provide new insight into the identification of exogenous enzymes that act synergistically with the rumen microbial populations that ultimately dictate the efficiency of feed digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Meale
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on milk production and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:1465-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
10
|
A new xylanase from thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus sp. A4 with broad-range pH activity and pH stability. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 37:187-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Crystal structure of CelM2, a bifunctional glucanase–xylanase protein from a metagenome library. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 383:183-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
12
|
Giraldo LA, Tejido ML, Ranilla MJ, Ramos S, Carro MD. Influence of direct-fed fibrolytic enzymes on diet digestibility and ruminal activity in sheep fed a grass hay-based diet1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1617-23. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
13
|
Kim SJ, Lee CM, Han BR, Kim MY, Yeo YS, Yoon SH, Koo BS, Jun HK. Characterization of a gene encoding cellulase from uncultured soil bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 282:44-51. [PMID: 18355282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect cellulases encoded by uncultured microorganisms, we constructed metagenomic libraries from Korean soil DNAs. Screenings of the libraries revealed a clone pCM2 that uses carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a sole carbon source. Further analysis of the insert showed two consecutive ORFs (celM2 and xynM2) encoding proteins of 226 and 662 amino acids, respectively. A multiple sequence analysis with the deduced amino acid sequences of celM2 showed 36% sequence identity with cellulase from the Synechococcus sp., while xynM2 had 59% identity to endo-1,4-beta-xylanase A from Cellulomonas pachnodae. The highest enzymatic CMC hydrolysis was observable at pH 4.0 and 45 degrees C with recombinant CelM2 protein. Although the enzyme CelM2 additionally hydrolyzed avicel and xylan, no substrate hydrolysis was observed on oligosaccharides such as cellobiose, pNP-beta-cellobioside, pNP-beta-glucoside, and pNP-beta-xyloside. These results showed that CelM2 is a novel endo-type cellulase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kim
- Microbial Genetics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of cultivation pH and agitation rate on growth and xylanase production by Aspergillus oryzae in spent sulphite liquor. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:587-94. [PMID: 18239946 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cultivation pH and agitation rate on growth and extracellular xylanase production by Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 3485 were investigated in bioreactor cultures using spent sulphite liquor (SSL) and oats spelts xylan as respective carbon substrates. Xylanase production by this fungus was greatly affected by the culture pH, with pH 7.5 resulting in a high extracellular xylanase activity in the SSL-based medium as well as in a complex medium with xylan as carbon substrate. This effect, therefore, was not solely due to growth inhibition at the lower pH values by the acetic acid in the SSL. The xylanase activity in the SSL medium peaked at 199 U ml(-1) at pH 7.5 with a corresponding maximum specific growth rate of 0.39 h(-1). By contrast, the maximum extracellular beta-xylosidase activity pf 0.36 U ml(-1) was recorded at pH 4.0. Three low molecular weight xylanase isozymes were secreted at all pH values within the range of pH 4-8, whereas cellulase activity on both carbon substrates was negligible. Impeller tip velocities within the range of 1.56-3.12 m s(-1) had no marked effect, either on the xylanase activity, or on the maximum volumetric rate of xylanase production. These results also demonstrated that SSL constituted a suitable carbon feedstock as well as inducer for xylanase production in aerobic submerged culture by this strain of A. oryzae.
Collapse
|
15
|
Beauchemin K, Krehbiel C, Newbold C. Chapter 7 Enzymes, bacterial direct-fed microbials and yeast: principles for use in ruminant nutrition. BIOLOGY OF GROWING ANIMALS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
16
|
Effect of feeding cellulase enzyme on productive responses of pregnant and lactating ewes and goats. Small Rumin Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(03)00254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
17
|
Techapun C, Poosaran N, Watanabe M, Sasaki K. Thermostable and alkaline-tolerant microbial cellulase-free xylanases produced from agricultural wastes and the properties required for use in pulp bleaching bioprocesses: a review. Process Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Vicini JL, Bateman HG, Bhat MK, Clark JH, Erdman RA, Phipps RH, Van Amburgh ME, Hartnell GF, Hintz RL, Hard DL. Effect of feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or soluble sugars with malic acid on milk production. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:576-85. [PMID: 12647964 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two trials were conducted to evaluate effects of feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or soluble sugars and malic acid on milk production. In trial 1, 257 cows at four sites were fed a basal diet consisting of no more than 60% of forage DM as corn silage and less than 40% as alfalfa hay. Cows were assigned randomly within site, parity, and two stages of lactation to: 1) control; 2) enzyme A; 3) enzyme B; and 4) soluble sugars and malic acid. There was a 14-d pretreatment and an 84-d treatment period. Enzyme solutions were sprayed on either the forage component or the TMR each day while mixing feed. Trial 2 was similar, except 122 cows at one site in the United Kingdom were fed diets containing forage that was 75% corn silage and 25% grass silage, and all cows began the study between 25 to 31 DIM. Mean milk productions for 233 cows that completed trial 1 were 32.9, 32.5, 32.4, and 32.9 kg/d for control, enzyme A, enzyme B, and soluble sugars and malic acid, respectively. Mean milk productions for 116 cows that completed trial 2 were 28.2, 27.9, 28.8, and 28.4 kg/d, respectively. In vitro analyses of the activities of enzyme solutions indicated that all major cellulose and hemicellulose degrading activities were present; however, the pH optima (approximate pH = 4 to 5) were more acidic, and the temperature optimum (approximately 50 degrees C) was greater than normal pH and temperature in the rumen. If fibrolytic activity in the rumen is a major mechanism of action of supplemental fibrolytic enzymes, it appears that considerable activity of these preparations was lost due to conditions in the rumen. In conclusion, feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or malic acid with soluble sugars had no effect on milk production under the conditions used in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Vicini
- Animal Agriculture Business, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO 63198, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Effect of Feed Additives Supplement on Prerpartum and Postpartum Feed Intake, Milk Production and Metabolic Disorders of Dairy Cows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2002.44.5.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Dhiman T, Zaman M, Gimenez R, Walters J, Treacher R. Performance of dairy cows fed forage treated with fibrolytic enzymes prior to feeding. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|